Likuphi Izwe Elingenabo Ubugebengu?
Umngcwabo wakhe wawumkhulu kunayo yonke eyake yaba khona eMoscow esikhathini eside. Abantu abayizinkulungwane babeshaye ujenga emigwaqweni ukuze bahloniphe okokugcina insizwa yaseRussia eyayidutshulwe yabulawa ngesihluku ababulali ngo-March 1, 1995. Njengoba abulawa ngokudutshulwa emnyango wendlu yakhe, uVladislav Listyev, owaqokwa njengomlobeli wephephandaba ovelele ngonyaka ka-1994, wayengusaziwayo odume kakhulu kuthelevishini.
EMASONTWENI angaphansi kwamathathu kamuva, ngo-March 20, kwakuphithizela ekuseni esimisweni somzila ongaphansi komhlaba eTokyo lapho kuhlaselwa ngesisi esinobuthi. Kwafa abantu abaningana; abanye abaningi balimala kabi.
Khona-ke ngo-April 19, i-Oklahoma City yaba undab’uzekwayo kuthelevishini emhlabeni wonke. Kwakwesabeka njengoba abatakuli babekhipha izidumbu ezazilimele kabi emanxiweni esakhiwo sikahulumeni esasicekelwe phansi ibhomu lamaphekula. Kwafa abangu-168.
Ngasekupheleni kuka-June kulonyaka, okunye ukuhlasela okunjalo, ngaseDhahran, eSaudi Arabia, kwabulala amaMelika angu-19 futhi kwalimaza abangaba ngu-400.
Lezi zenzakalo ezine zibonisa ukuthi ubugebengu sebuqhamuka ngezinye izindlela. Ubugebengu “obuvamile” bunezelwa ngokwandayo izenzo zonya zobuphekula. Futhi zozine lezi zenzakalo—ngasinye ngendlela yaso ehlukile—zibonisa indlela wonke umuntu achayeke ngayo ekuhlaseleni kobugebengu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usekhaya, emsebenzini, noma emgwaqweni, ungaba isisulu sobugebengu. Ngempela, ukuhlola okuthile kwaseBrithani kwabonisa ukuthi cishe izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zabantu baseBrithani zicabanga ukuthi manje zisengozini kakhulu yokuba izisulu zobugebengu kunaseminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Kungenzeka sinjalo isimo endaweni ohlala kuyo.
Izakhamuzi ezigcina umthetho zilangazelela uhulumeni oyokwenza okungaphezu nje kokulawula ubugebengu. Zifuna uhulumeni oyobuqeda ngokuphelele. Futhi nakuba ukuqhathanisa amazinga obugebengu kungase kubonise ukuthi abanye ohulumeni baphumelela kangcono kunabanye ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu, isimo sisonke sibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni wabantu uyahluleka ukulwa nobugebengu. Noma kunjalo, akulona iphupho ukukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni uzobuqeda ngokushesha ubugebengu. Kodwa yimuphi lohulumeni? Futhi nini?
[Ibhokisi/Ibalazwe ekhasini 4, 5]
IZWE ELIGCWELE UBUGEBENGU
IYUROPHU: Incwadi yesiNtaliyane ethi (“Ithuba Nesela”) yathi esikhathini esifushane, inani lezenzo zobugebengu empahleni e-Italy lase “lifinyelele amazinga okwake kwacatshangwa ukuthi alinakuwafinyelela.” I-Ukraine, i-republic yezwe elaliyiSoviet Union, yabika izenzo zobugebengu ezingu-490 kulabo nalabo abangu-100000 ngo-1985 nezingu-922 ngo-1992. Ziyaqhubeka zanda. Akumangalisi ukuthi iphephandaba lesiRussia elithi (“Izimpikiswano Namaqiniso”) labhala: “Silangazelela ukuphila—ukuhlala siphila—ukusinda kulenkathi yesikhathi esabekayo . . . siyesaba ukuhamba ngesitimela—kungenzeka siphume kujantshi noma senziwe isilo sengubo; siyesaba ukuhamba ngendiza—ukuthunjwa kwandile noma indiza ingaphahlazeka; siyesaba ukuhamba emzileni ongaphansi komhlaba—ngenxa yokushayisana kwezitimela noma ukuqhuma; siyesaba ukuhamba emigwaqweni—ungase uzithele ezinhlamvwini zabadubulanayo noma uphangwe, udlwengulwe, ushaywe, noma ubulawe; siyesaba ukuhamba ngemoto—ingase ishiswe, ishaywe ngebhomu, noma yebiwe; siyesaba ukungena emaphaseshini ezakhiwo, ezindaweni zokudlela, noma ezitolo—ungalinyazwa noma ubulawe kwenye yalezi zindawo.” Umagazini waseHungary i-HVG wafanisa idolobha elihle laseHungary “nendlunkulu yeQembu Lezigelekeqe,” uthi kuleminyaka emithathu edlule, liye laba “umnyombo wazo zonke izinhlobo ezintsha zobugebengu . . . Izimo ezibangela ukwesaba ziyanda njengoba abantu bebona amaphoyisa engazimisele ukulwa namaQembu Ezigelekeqe.”
I-AFRIKA: I-Daily Times yaseNigeria yabika ukuthi “izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme” ezweni elithile laseNtshonalanga Afrika zibhekene “negagasi lokwesaba, elibangelwa amalungu amahlelo omshoshaphansi: cishe kuze kube seqophelweni lokuthiya ukuphishekela noma iyiphi imfundo enenjongo.” Yaqhubeka: “Leli gagasi lisakazeka ngokwandayo, lihambisana nokufa kwabantu nokulahlekelwa izimpahla.” Ngokuphathelene nelinye izwe lase-Afrika, i-Star saseNingizimu Afrika sabika: “Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zobudlova: ingxabano emiphakathini, nobudlova bobugebengu obuvamile. Uhlobo lokuqala lunciphe ngokuphawulekayo, kanti olwesibili seludlangile.”
AMAZWE ASE-OCEANIA: I-Institute of Criminology yase-Australia yalinganisela ukuthi ubugebengu lapho bunezindleko “okungenani ezingama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-27 [amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-97] unyaka ngamunye, noma ezingama-dollar angaba ngu-1600 [amaRandi angu-5700] ngendoda ngayinye, owesifazane, nomntwana.” Lokhu “kungamaphesenti angaba ngu-7,2 omkhiqizo walelizwe ohlanganisiwe.”
AMAZWE ASEMELIKA: I-Globe and Mail yaseCanada yabika ukwanda kobudlova bobugebengu eCanada phakathi nenkathi yamuva nje yeminyaka engu-12 elandelanayo, konke “okuyingxenye yomkhuba obangele ukwanda kobudlova ngamaphesenti angu-50 kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule.” Kanti i-Tiempo yaseColombia yabika ukuthi eColombia, kwathunjwa abantu abangu-1714 onyakeni wamuva nje, “okuyinani elingaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kunakho konke ukuthunjwa kwabantu okwabikwa emlandweni emhlabeni wonke phakathi nenkathi efanayo.” NgokoMnyango Wezobulungisa waseMexico, kwakwenziwa ubugebengu bobulili enhloko-dolobha yakhona njalo emahoreni amane onyakeni wamuva nje. Umkhulumeli wesifazane wathi ikhulu lama-20 liye laphawuleka ngokululazwa kwabantu. Waphetha: “Siphila esizukulwaneni esixhaphazayo.”
EMHLABENI WONKE: Incwadi ethi The United Nations and Crime Prevention ipha- wula “ukwanda kobugebengu okunga- guquguquki emhlabeni wonke ngawo- 1970 nangawo-1980.” Ithi: “Inani leze- nzo zobugebengu ezigcinwe emla- ndweni lenyuka lisuka ezigidini ezingaba ngu-330 ngo-1975 laya ezigidini ezingaba ngu-400 ngo-1980 futhi kulinganiselwa uku- thi lafinyelela ezigidini ezingu-500 ngo-1990.”
[Umthombo Wesithombe]
Map and globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1995 Digital Wisdom, Inc.
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 3]
Earth on pages 3, 6, and 9: NASA photo