Ukulwela Ukuqeda Ubugebengu
“INTSHA Ithi Isithukuthezi Siyimbangela Eyinhloko Yobugebengu Bezingane,” kusho isihloko esikhulu ephephandabeni eliphambili laseBrithani. Elinye lathi: “Kusolwa Ingxabano Yasekhaya Ngokwenyuka Kobugebengu.” Kanti elesithathu lathi: “Izinto Eziluthayo ‘Zibangela Izinkulungwane Zobugebengu.’” Umagazini i-Philippine Panorama walinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angu-75 abo bonke ubugebengu bobudlova eManila ayenziwa abantu abasebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa.
Ezinye izici nazo zingaba nengxenye ekubangeleni ukuziphatha kobugebengu. Umhloli-jikelele wamaphoyisa aseNigeria wabhekisela “ebumpofwini obuhambisana nokuceba kakhulu” njengesinye salezi zici. Kubalwa nokucindezela kontanga namathemba omsebenzi afiphele, ukungaqini komthetho, ukuwohloka okuvamile kwezindinganiso zomkhaya, ukungahloniphi igunya nomthetho, nobudlova obukhulu ngokweqile kumafilimu nakuma-video.
Esinye isici ukuthi abantu abaningi abasakholelwa ukuthi ubugebengu abukhokheli. Isazi esithile sezokuhlalisana kwabantu eBologna University e-Italy saphawula ukuthi eminyakeni eminingi, “inani lamacala okweba abikiwe nenani labantu ababoshelwa wona liyangqubuzana.” Saphawula ukuthi “inani lababoshwayo uma liqhathaniswa nengqikithi yamacala okweba abikiwe liye lancipha kusuka kumaphesenti angu-50 kuya kwangu-0,7.”
Ayadabukisa kodwa ayiqiniso amazwi e-New Encyclopædia Britannica: “Kubonakala sengathi ukwanda kobugebengu kuyisici sayo yonke imiphakathi yanamuhla enezimboni, futhi ayikho intuthuko emthethweni noma ekujeziseni izigebengu okungathiwa iye yaba negalelo elinamandla kulenkinga. . . . Emphakathini wanamuhla wasemadolobheni, lapho ukuchuma ngokwezomnotho nempumelelo yomuntu siqu kuyizindinganiso eziyinhloko khona, asikho isizathu sokucabanga ukuthi amazinga obugebengu ngeke aqhubeke anda.”
Ingabe Lombono Uphambene Kakhulu?
Ingabe isimo sibi kakhulu ngaleyo ndlela? Ingabe ezinye izindawo azibiki ukuncipha kobugebengu? Yiqiniso, ezinye ziyakubika, kodwa izibalo zingadukisa. Ngokwesibonelo, kwabikwa ukuthi ubugebengu ePhilippines bancipha ngamaphesenti angu-20 ngemva kokuqala kokunqatshelwa kwezibhamu. Kodwa i-Asiaweek yachaza ukuthi esinye isikhulu sikholelwa ukuthi amasela ezimoto nabaphangi bamabhange bayeka ukweba izimoto nokuphanga amabhange babe “sebephendukela ekuthumbeni.” Ukuphangwa kwamabhange okumbalwa nokwebiwa kwezimoto kwayinciphisa ingqikithi yamacala obugebengu, kodwa lokhu kuncipha akuzange kusho lutho uma kucatshangelwa ukwanda kokuthunjwa kwabantu ngokuphindwe kane!
Ubika ngeHungary, umagazini i-HVG wabhala: “Uma ziqhathaniswa nengxenye yokuqala ka-1993, izibalo zobugebengu zinciphe ngamaphesenti angu-6,2. Amaphoyisa akhohlwa ukusho ukuthi ukuncipha . . . ngokuyinhloko kubangelwa izinguquko kwezokuphatha.” Isilinganiso semali samacala okweba, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukucekela phansi impahla ayebhaliswa ngaphambili senyuswa ngamaphesenti angu-250. Ngakho ubugebengu bempahla obuhilela amazinga angaphansi kwalesi silinganiso awasabhaliswa. Njengoba ubugebengu bempahla buyingxenye yesithathu kwezine yabo bonke ubugebengu kulelizwe, lokhu kuncipha kwakungelona neze iqiniso.
Kuyavunywa ukuthi akulula ukuthola izibalo ezinembile zobugebengu. Esinye isizathu siwukuthi izenzo eziningi zobugebengu—mhlawumbe ezifinyelela kumaphesenti angu-90 kweminye imikhakha—azibikwa. Kodwa ukuphikisana ngokuthi ubugebengu bunciphile noma buye banda empeleni akusizi ngalutho. Abantu balangazelela ukuba ubugebengu buqedwe, hhayi ukuba bumane buncishiswe.
Ohulumeni Bayazama
Ukuhlola kweZizwe Ezihlangene kwango-1990 kwembula ukuthi amazwe athuthuke kakhulu asebenzisa isilinganiso esingamaphesenti amabili kuya kwamathathu esabelo sawo sezimali sonyaka ekulawuleni ubugebengu, kuyilapho amazwe asathuthuka esebenzisa imali engaphezulu nakakhulu kunaleyo, isilinganiso esingamaphesenti angu-9 kuya kwangu-14. Ukwandisa inani lamaphoyisa nokuwanikeza izikhali ezingcono kuyinto eza kuqala kwezinye izindawo. Kodwa imiphumela iyahlukahluka. Ezinye izakhamuzi zaseHungary ziyakhononda: “Awekho amaphoyisa anele okubamba izigebengu kodwa ahlala ekhona awokubamba abantu abephula imithetho yomgwaqo.”
Muva nje ohulumeni abaningi baye bakuthola kudingeka ukushaya imithetho eqinile yokulwa nobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, umagazini i-Time uthi njengoba “ukuthumba kudlangile kulo lonke elaseLatin America,” ohulumeni lapho baye basabela ngemithetho “eqinile kodwa engaphumeleli. . . . Ukushaya imithetho kungenye into,” uyavuma, “ukuyisebenzisa kuyinto ehlukile.”
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi eBrithani ngo-1992 kwakunezimiso zokugada zomphakathi ezingaphezu kuka-100 000, ezazihlanganisa okungenani amakhaya ayizigidi ezine. Izinhlelo ezifanayo zasetshenziswa e-Australia maphakathi nawo-1980. I-Australian Institute of Criminology ithi injongo yazo ukunciphisa ubugebengu “ngokuqaphelisa izakhamuzi ngokuphepha komphakathi, ngokuthuthukisa isimo sengqondo nokuziphatha kwezakhamuzi ekubikeni ubugebengu nezenzakalo ezisolisayo emphakathini nangokunciphisa ukuchayeka ebugebengwini ngosizo lokuphawula izimpahla nokufaka izinhlabamkhosi eziphumelelayo.”
Kwezinye izindawo kwakusetshenziswa isimiso esiyinxanxathela samathelevishini ukuze kuxhunyaniswe iziteshi zamaphoyisa nezindawo zezentengiselwano. Amakhamera e-video asetshenziswa amaphoyisa, amabhange, nezitolo njengezinto zokuvimbela ubugebengu noma njengamathuluzi okuthungatha izephula-mthetho.
ENigeria amaphoyisa anezindawo zokuhlola izimoto emigwaqweni emikhulu ukuze azame ukubamba abaphangi nabantu abeba izimoto. Uhulumeni usebumbe iqembu kwezohwebo lokumelana nezenzo zokukhwabanisa. Amakomiti okusebenzelana kwamaphoyisa nomphakathi abunjwa abaholi bomphakathi atshela amaphoyisa ngezenzo zobugebengu nabantu abasolekayo.
Abantu abavakashela ePhilippines baphawula ukuthi ngokuvamile amakhaya awasali engenamuntu futhi abantu abaningi banezinja zokugada. Osomabhizinisi baqasha onogada abazimele ukuze bavikele amabhizinisi abo. Izinhlabamkhosi zezimoto zithengiswa kahle kakhulu. Abantu abanamandla okwenza kanjalo baphendukela ezindaweni ezilondeke kakhudlwana noma ezinezakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe.
Iphephandaba laseLondon i-Independent lathi: “Njengoba kuncipha ukuthembela emthethweni, izakhamuzi zihlela izindlela zokuvikela imiphakathi yazo ngamanani andayo.” Futhi abantu abaningi ngokwengeziwe bayahloma. Ngokwesibonelo, e-United States kulinganiselwa ukuthi ingxenye yemikhaya yakhona inesibhamu okungenani esisodwa.
Ohulumeni bahlala besungula izindlela ezintsha zokulwa nobugebengu. Kodwa uV. Vsevolodov, we-Academy of Home Affairs e-Ukraine, uthi ngokwemithombo ye-UN, abantu abaningi abaneziphiwo bathola “izindlela ezihlukile zokwenza ubugebengu” kangangokuba “ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi zomthetho” akukwazi ukubafinyelela. Izigebengu ezihlakaniphile zifaka izindodla zemali emabhizinisini nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi, zizihlanganise nawo kanjalo “zizitholele izikhundla eziphakeme emphakathini.”
Ukuphelelwa Ukwethemba
Inani elandayo labantu kwamanye amazwe seliqala nokukholelwa ukuthi uhulumeni ngokwawo uyingxenye yalenkinga. I-Asiaweek yacaphuna umphathi weqembu elilwa nobugebengu ethi: “Amaphesenti angaba ngu-90 abantu abasolekayo esibabophayo amaphoyisa noma amasosha.” Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiqiniso noma cha, imibiko enjengalona yaholela ilungu lesishaya-mthetho ukuba lithi: “Uma labo abafungiswa ukuba basekele umthetho bona ngokwabo beyizaphula-mthetho, umphakathi wethu usenkingeni.”
Amahlazo okonakala ahilela izikhulu aye aphazamisa ohulumeni ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, okwaliqeda ngisho nakakhulu ithemba lezakhamuzi. Ngaphandle kokuphelelwa ithemba ekhonweni lohulumeni lokuqeda ubugebengu, abantu sebengabaza ukuzimisela kwabo ukwenza kanjalo. Uthisha othile wabuza: “Lezi ziphathimandla zingalwa kanjani nobugebengu lapho zona ngokwazo zingene shí kulenkinga?”
Ohulumeni bayashintshashintsha, kodwa ubugebengu abushintshi. Nokho, kunesikhathi esizofika ngokushesha lapho ubugebengu buyobe bungasekho!
[Izithombe ekhasini 7]
Okokuvimbela ubugebengu: Isimiso esiyinxanxathela sekhamera ehambisana ne-TV, isango lensimbi eligoqwayo, nonogada nenja eqeqeshiwe
[Isithombe ekhasini 8]
Ubugebengu benza abantu babe iziboshwa ezindlini zabo