Ingabe Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Kuntula Isisekelo?

UYINI umnyombo wenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? “Ngomqondo wako ophelele, ongokwesayensi, . . . ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kusho inqubo lapho ukuphila kwavela khona ezintweni ezingaphili kwase kuthuthukiswa ngokuphelele imvelo.” Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukaDarwin kubonisa ukuthi “cishe zonke izinto eziphilayo, noma okungenani zonke izici zazo ezithakazelisa kakhulu, zavela ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo okwakuzenzakalela.”—I-Darwin’s Black Box—The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution,a kaMichael Behe, isekela likaprofesa wesayensi yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo (biochemistry) eLehigh University, ePennsylvania, e-U.S.A.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obungaqaqeki—Ingabe Buyisithiyo Sokuziphendukela Kwemvelo?

Lapho uDarwin esungula inkolelo-mbono yakhe, ososayensi babenolwazi oluncane noma babengazi lutho ngobunkimbinkimbi obumangalisayo bengqamuzana eliphilayo. Isayensi yanamuhla yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo, okuwukuhlola amangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo, iye yembula obunye balobo bunkimbinkimbi. Iye yaphakamisa nemibuzo nokungabaza okukhulu ngenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin.

Amangqamuzana akhiwa ama-molecule. Amangqamuzana ayizakhi zazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. UProfesa Behe ungumRoma Katolika futhi uthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yikona okwabangela lokho okwenzeka kamuva ezilwaneni. Nokho, uyangabaza ngempela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungacacisa yini ukuthi ingqamuzana lavela kanjani. Ukhuluma ngezithuthi ezingama-molecule “ezithutha impahla kusuka endaweni ethile engqamuzaneni kuya kwenye indawo ‘emigwaqweni emikhulu’ eyakhiwe ngamanye ama-molecule . . . Amangqamuzana ahamba esebenzisa izithuthi, azandise ngokusebenzisa izithuthi, amunce ukudla ngezithuthi. Kafushane, izithuthi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zama-molecule zilawula zonke izinqubo ezenzeka engqamuzaneni. Ngaleyo ndlela imininingwane yokuphila ihlelwa kahle, futhi izithuthi zezinto eziphilayo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.”

Manje, wonke lomsebenzi wenzeka ngezinga elingakanani? Ingqamuzana elivamile limane nje lingamamilimitha angu-0,03 ubukhulu! Kuleso sikhadlana esincane, kwenzeka imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi ebalulekile ekuphileni. (Bheka umdwebo, emakhasini 8-9.) Akumangalisi ukuthi kuye kwathiwa: “Iphuzu liwukuthi ingqamuzana—sona kanye isisekelo sokuphila—liyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela eyisimangaliso.”

UBehe ubonisa ukuthi ingqamuzana lingasebenza kuphela njengento ephelele. Ngakho, alinakusebenza uma lakheka ngezinguquko eziza kancane kancane, ezibangelwa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Usebenzisa isibonelo sikanoxhaka. Lomshini olula ungasebenza kuphela uma zonke izingxenye zawo zihlanganisiwe. Ingxenye ngayinye iyodwa—ipulangwe, isipilingi, insimbi yokubamba—ayiwona unoxhaka futhi ayinakusebenza njengawo. Zonke izingxenye zidingeka ngasikhathi sinye futhi kufanele zihlanganiswe ukuze kube nonoxhaka osebenzayo. Ngokufanayo, ingqamuzana lingasebenza njengengqamuzana kuphela uma zonke izingxenye zalo zihlanganisiwe. Usebenzisa lomfanekiso ukuze achaze lokho akubiza ngokuthi “ubunkimbinkimbi obungaqaqeki.”b

Lokhu kuyibangela inkinga enkulu inqubo okuthiwa eyokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ehilela ukuvela kwezici eziwusizo, ezizuzwa kancane kancane. UDarwin wayazi ukuthi inkolelo-mbono yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kancane kancane ngokuzikhethela kwayo yayibhekene nenselele enkulu lapho ethi: “Uma bekungaboniswa ukuthi kwakukhona isitho esithile esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngokunokwenzeka esingavelanga ngoshintsho oluningi, oluncane nolulandelanayo, ngokuqinisekile inkolelo-mbono yami ibingawohloka.”—I-Origin of Species.

Ingqamuzana eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokungaqaqeki liyisithiyo esikhulu sokukholelwa kuyinkolelo-mbono kaDarwin. Okokuqala, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akunakucacisa ukuthi izinto ezingaphili zashintsha kanjani zaba eziphilayo. Bese kuba khona inkinga yengqamuzana lokuqala eliyinkimbinkimbi, okufanele livele ngasikhathi sinye liyinto ehlangene. Ngamanye amazwi, ingqamuzana (noma, unoxhaka) kufanele livele isigubhukane, lihlangene futhi lisebenza!

Ubunkimbinkimbi Obungaqaqeki Besimiso Sokushuba Kwegazi

Esinye isibonelo sobunkimbinkimbi obungaqaqeki yinqubo iningi lethu eliyithatha kalula lapho silimala—ukushuba kwegazi. Ngokuvamile, noma iluphi uketshezi luvuza ngokushesha esitsheni esibhobokile futhi luqhubeke njalo kuze kube yilapho leso sitsha singasenalutho. Nokho, lapho silimala noma sisikwa okuthile, ukopha kunqamuka ngokushesha ngenxa yokwakheka kwehlule. Nokho, njengoba odokotela bazi, “ukushuba kwegazi kuyisimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi ngempela, esihlangene esinezingxenye eziningi zamaprotheni asebenzelanayo.” Lamaprotheni ashukumisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi isimiso sokushuba kwegazi. Lenqubo yokuzelapha eyenziwe ngobuciko “ixhomeke ngokuphelele esikhathini nasejubaneni izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezenzeka ngalo.” Kungenjalo, lonke igazi lomuntu belingajiya futhi liqine, noma ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubengopha aze afe. Isikhathi nejubane kuyizihluthulelo ezibalulekile.

Ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo kuye kwabonisa ukuthi ukushuba kwegazi kuhilela izici eziningi, zonke okufanele zibe khona ukuze lenqubo iphumelele. UBehe uyabuza: “Lapho igazi seliqalile ukushuba, yini elinqanda ukuba lingaqhubeki kuze kube yilapho lonke . . . seliqinile?” Uchaza ukuthi “ukwakheka, ukulinganiselwa, ukushuba nokuncibilika kwehlule egazini” kwakha isimiso esihlangene sokuphila. Uma ingxenye ethile ihluleka, khona-ke lesi simiso siyahluleka.

URussell Doolittle, ongumsekeli wokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi onguprofesa wesayensi yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo e-University of California, uyabuza: “Lenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi nelinganiselwe ngokucophelela kangaka yavela kanjani? . . . Indida iwukuthi, uma iprotheni ngayinye yayixhomeke ekushukunyisweni ngenye, lesi simiso sasingavela kanjani? Ingxenye ethile yalenqubo yayingaba usizo kanjani ngaphandle kwaso sonke isimiso?” Esebenzisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo njengesisekelo, uDoolittle uzama ukuchaza umsuka walenqubo. Nokho, uProfesa Behe ubonisa ukuthi “bekuyodingeka inhlanhla enkulu ukufaka izakhi zofuzo ezifanele ezindaweni ezifanele.” Ubonisa ukuthi incazelo kaDoolittle nolimi lwakhe olulula kumboza ubunzima obukhulu.

Ngakho, esinye sezithiyo eziyinhloko zenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isithikamezo esingangentaba sobunkimbinkimbi obungaqaqeki. UBehe uthi: “Ngigcizelela ukuthi ukuzikhethela kwemvelo, okuyisisekelo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo kukaDarwin, kuphumelela kuphela uma kunokuthile okufanele kukhethwe—okuthile okuwusizo njengamanje, hhayi esikhathini esizayo.”

‘Ukuthula Dú Ngendlela Eyinqaba’

UProfesa Behe uthi abanye ososayensi baye batadisha “izinqubo zokubala zokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma izinqubo ezintsha zokubala zokuqhathanisa nokuchaza ukwaziswa okuwuchungechunge.” Nokho, uyaphetha: “Lezi zinqubo zokubala zisikisela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwangempela kuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane, ngokungahleliwe; azibuvezi (futhi azinakubuveza) ubufakazi.” (Emazwini okugcina omalukeke sizenzele.) Ngaphambili wathi: “Uma ucwaninga ezincwadini zesayensi zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi ugxila embuzweni wokuthi amangqamuzana—isisekelo sokuphila—aba khona kanjani, uzithola zithule dú ngendlela eyinqaba. Ubunkimbinkimbi besisekelo sokuphila buye bachitha umzamo wesayensi wokusichaza; amangqamuzana asewumgoqo onganqamuki wokwamukeleka kwenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin embulungeni yonke.”

Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi okufanele icatshangelwe ososayensi abaqaphile: “Inqubo ye-photosynthesis yavela kanjani? Kwaqala kanjani ukuthuthwa kwezinto ngaphakathi engqamuzaneni? Inqubo ye-biosynthesis ye-cholesterol yaqala kanjani? I-retinal yahileleka kanjani ekhonweni lokubona? Imizila yokudlulisa ukwaziswa yama-phosphoprotein yasunguleka kanjani?”c UBehe uyanezela: “Lona kanye iqiniso lokuthi ayikho ngisho neyodwa kulezi zinkinga ecatshangelwayo, ingasaphathwa eyokuyixazulula, kuyisibonakaliso esinamandla sokuthi inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin iyisisekelo esinganele sokuqonda umsuka wezimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo.”

Uma inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin ingenakusichaza isisekelo samangqamuzana esiyinkimbinkimbi, khona-ke ingaba kanjani imbangela egculisayo yokuba khona kwezigidi zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezisemhlabeni? Phela, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo akukwazi ngisho nokuveza izinhlobo zezinto ezintsha ngokuvala amagebe aphakathi kwazo.—Genesise 1:11, 21, 24.

Izinkinga Ngokuqala Kokuphila

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ingase ibonakale inengqondo kangakanani kwabanye ososayensi, kumelwe ekugcineni babhekane nalombuzo, Ngisho noma singathi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zavela ngokuzikhethela kwemvelo, ukuphila kwaqala kanjani? Ngamanye amazwi, inkinga ayikho ekusindeni kwezinamandla, kodwa isekufikeni kwezinamandla futhi ezingezokuqala! Nokho, njengoba kubonisa amazwi kaDarwin ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo kweso, wayengenandaba nenkinga yokuthi ukuphila kwaqala kanjani. Wabhala: “Ukuthi izinzwa zishesha kanjani ukuzwela ekukhanyeni akusikhathazi nakancane njengoba kungasikhathazi nokuthi ukuphila kwaqala kanjani.”

Umlobi wezesayensi waseFrance uPhilippe Chambon wabhala: “UDarwin ngokwakhe wazibuza ukuthi imvelo yazikhetha kanjani izinto ezazisavela ngaphambi kokuba zisebenze ngokuphelele. Uhla lwezimfihlakalo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo lude. Futhi izazi zanamuhla zezinto eziphilayo kufanele zivume, kanye noProf. Jean Génermont wase-University of South Paris e-Orsay, ukuthi ‘inkolelo-mbono eqanjiwe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ayikwazi ukuwuchaza ngokunganqikazi umsuka wezitho eziyinkimbinkimbi.’”

Uma sicabangela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo cishe akunakuveza izinhlobonhlobo eziningi kangaka zezinto eziphilayo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ingabe ukuthola kunzima ukukholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto zaziphendukela ngengozi ngendlela efanele? Ingabe uyazibuza ukuthi izidalwa ezithile zazingasinda kanjani empini yokusinda kwezinamandla lapho zazisavela amehlo? Noma lapho zisavela iminwe engasebenzi ngaphambi kokuba zibe nomzimba womuntu? Ingabe uyazibuza ukuthi amangqamuzana asinda kanjani uma ayesesimweni sokungapheleli futhi esinganele?

URobert Naeye, ongumlobeli kamagazini i-Astronomy nongumsekeli wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wabhala ukuthi ukuphila emhlabeni kuwumphumela “wochungechunge olude lwezenzakalo zengozi [ezenzeka] ngayo kanye indlela efanele ukuze sibe khona, njengokungathi siwine emdlalweni wokubheja wezindodla zemali izikhathi eziyisigidi ngokulandelana.” Lowo mcabango mhlawumbe ungasetshenziswa kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo namuhla. Amathuba alokho mancane kakhulu. Nokho, kulindeleke ukuba sikholelwe ukuthi ngengozi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakhiqiza nowesilisa nowesifazane ngasikhathi sinye ukuze kuqhutshekiselwe phambili uhlobo lokuphila olusha. Okunciphisa lawo mathuba nakakhulu ukuthi kufanele futhi sikholelwe ukuthi owesilisa nowesifazane abavelanga nje ngasikhathi sinye kodwa futhi bavelela endaweni efanayo! Ukuba babengazange bahlangane, babengeke bazale!

Ngokuqinisekile, kuwukweqisa ukukholelwa ukuthi izigidi zezinto eziphilayo eziphelele zaba khona ngezingozi ezaphumelela ngokuphindaphindiwe.

Kungani Iningi Likukholelwa?

Kungani abaningi kangaka bethanda futhi bemukela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo njengokuphela kwembangela yokuphila emhlabeni? Esinye isizathu siwukuthi kuwumbono owandile ofundiswa ezikoleni nasemayunivesithi, futhi uzidonsela amanzi ngomsele uma ungazwakalisa ukungabaza okuthile. UBehe uthi: “Abafundi abaningi bafunda ezincwadini zabo indlela yokubheka umhlaba njengomkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nokho, abafundi indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kukaDarwin okwakungase kukhiqize ngayo noma isiphi isimiso ezimisweni zokuphila eziyinkimbinkimbi esichazwa yilezo zincwadi.” Uyanezela: “Ukuze siqonde kokubili ukuphumelela kwenkolelo-mbono kaDarwin njengegunya nokwehluleka kwayo njengesayensi ukuchaza umsuka wamangqamuzana, kudingeka sihlole izincwadi ezisetshenziselwa ukufundisa abafisa ukuba ososayensi.”

“Ukuba bekungaxoxwa nabo bonke ososayensi emhlabeni, iningi beliyothi likholelwa ukuthi inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin iyiqiniso. Kodwa ososayensi, njenganoma ubani omunye, basekela iningi lemibono yabo ezwini labanye abantu. . . . Futhi, ngeshwa, umkhakha wezesayensi uye wakuchilizela eceleni ukugxekwa ngoba wesaba ukunikeza abakholelwa endalweni amandla. Kuyindida ukuthi ngenxa yomzamo wokuvikela isayensi, ukugxekwa kokuzikhethela kwemvelo okuqondile okungokwesayensi kuye kwashaywa indiva.”d

Imuphi umbono osebenzayo nonokwethenjelwa okhona esikhundleni senkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo? Isihloko sethu sokugcina kulolu chungechunge sizodingida lowo mbuzo.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]

“Uma bekungaboniswa ukuthi kwakukhona isitho esithile esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngokunokwenzeka esingavelanga ngoshintsho oluningi, oluncane nolulandelanayo, ngokuqinisekile inkolelo-mbono yami ibingawohloka.”

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 10]

Engqamuzaneni, “kunobuchwepheshe obuphakeme nobuyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo.”—Evolution: A Theory in Crisis

Iziyalezo ezikuyi-DNA yengqamuzana, “uma bezingabhalwa phansi, bezingagcwalisa izincwadi eziyinkulungwane ezinamakhasi angu-600.” —National Geographic

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 11]

“Lezi zinqubo zokubala zisikisela ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwangempela kuyinqubo eyenzeka kancane kancane, ngokungahleliwe; azibuvezi (futhi azinakubuveza) ubufakazi.”

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 12]

“Kuyindida ukuthi ngenxa yomzamo wokuvikela isayensi, ukugxekwa kokuzikhethela kwemvelo okuqondile okungokwesayensi kuye kwashaywa indiva.”

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 8]

I-molecule Nengqamuzana

Isayensi yokusebenza kwamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo—“ukuhlolwa kwaso kanye isisekelo sokuphila: ama-molecule akha amangqamuzana nezicubu, ashukumisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali zokugaya ukudla, i-photosynthesis, ukuvikeleka ezifweni, nokunye.”—I-Darwin’s Black Box.

I-molecule—“ingxenyana encane kunazo zonke isakhi noma ikhemikhali engahlukaniswa ibe yiyo ngaphandle kokushintsha izici zayo zamakhemikhali noma zokwakheka; iqembu lama-athomu afanayo noma ahlukene elihlanganiswe amandla amakhemikhali.”—I-American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language.

Ingqamuzana—isakhi esiyisisekelo sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. “Wonke amangqamuzana ayizinto ezihleleke kakhulu ezibangela ukwakheka nokusebenza kwento ephilayo.” Umuntu omdala unamangqamuzana amangaki? Ayizigidi zezigidi eziyikhulu (100 000 000-000 000)! Sinamangqamuzana angaba ngu-155 000 kulelo nalelo sentimitha-skwele lesikhumba, kanti ubuchopho bomuntu bunama-neuron ayizigidi zezinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya ezigidini zezinkulungwane eziyikhulu. “Ingqamuzana liyisihluthulelo sokuphila ngoba kulapho amanzi, usawoti, ama-molecule amakhulu nolwelwesi kwakha khona ukuphila ngempela.” —I-Biology.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 9]

‘Ubunkimbinkimbi Obungenakuqhathaniswa’ Bengqamuzana

“Ukuze siqonde ubunjalo bokuphila njengoba buye bembulwa ukusebenza kwama-molecule, kumelwe sikhulise ingqamuzana izikhathi eziyizigidi eziyinkulungwane lize libe nobukhulu obungamakhilomitha angamashumi amabili futhi lifane nendiza enkulu ngokwanele ukuba imboze idolobha elikhulu njengeLondon noma iNew York. Khona-ke besiyobona into enobunkimbinkimbi obungenakuqhathaniswa nomklamo ozivumelanisa nezimo. Ngaphandle kuleli ngqamuzana besiyobona izigidigidi zezimbobo, njengezimbobo zomkhumbi-mkhathi omkhulu, zilokhu zivuleka zibuye zivaleke ukuze njalo kungene futhi kuphume izinto. Uma besingangena kwenye yalezo zimbobo besiyobona ubuchwepheshe obuphakeme nobuyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo. Besiyobona amaphasishi amade ahlelekile namapayipi aphumela nxazonke kusuka emngceleni wesiyingi sengqamuzana, amanye aya esikhungweni esilawula inkumbulo kuyi-nucleus kanti amanye aya ezikhungweni zokuhlanganisa izinto neziqondisayo. I-nucleus ngokwayo ibiyoba indawo enkulu eyisiyingi enobukhulu obungaphezu kwekhilomitha, efana nesakhiwo esilula esinama-molecule e-DNA asongene angamakhilomitha amaningi, wonke apakishwe ngononina. Bekuzohamba imikhiqizo eminingi engakathintwa kuwo wonke lamapayipi ngokuhleleka okukhulu iya futhi ibuya ezikhungweni ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganisa izinto ezingaphandle kwengqamuzana.

“Besiyobamba ongezansi ngenxa yamandla okulawula abonakala ekuhambeni kwezinto eziningi kangaka emapayipini abonakala engapheli, konke ngokuvumelana okukhulu. Kuyo yonke indawo esizungezile, yonke indawo lapho siqalaza khona, besiyobona izithuthi ezinhlobonhlobo ezinjengamarobhothi. Besiyoqaphela ukuthi izakhi ezilula kunazo zonke ezisebenza engqamuzaneni, ama-molecule amaprotheni, ziyizinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokumangalisayo, ngayinye enama-athomu angaba yizinkulungwane ezintathu ahlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kubonakale zonke izinhlangothi. Besiyomangala ngisho nakakhulu lapho sibuka imisebenzi engavamile yalezi zithuthi eziyinqaba zama-molecule, ikakhulukazi lapho siqaphela ukuthi, naphezu kolwazi esinalo lwe-physics nokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, umsebenzi wokuklama isithuthi sama-molecule esinjalo esisodwa—okuwukuthi i-molecule yamaprotheni eyodwa esebenzayo—ubuyoba ngaphezu kwamandla ethu okwamanje futhi mhlawumbe ubungenakufinyelelwa kuze kube okungenani sekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elizayo. Kodwa ukuphila kwengqamuzana kuxhomeke emisebenzini ebumbene yama-molecule amaprotheni ahlukahlukene ayizinkulungwane, eqinisweni angamashumi ezinkulungwane.”—I-Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 10]

Amaqiniso Nezinganekwane

“Kumuntu ozizwa engabophekile ukulinganisela ukucwaninga kwakhe ezintweni ezingahlakaniphile, isiphetho esiqondile siwukuthi izimiso eziningi zamakhemikhali ezintweni eziphilayo zaklanywa. Aziklanywanga imithetho yemvelo, ngengozi noma ngempoqo; kunalokho, zahlelwa. . . . Isisekelo sokuphila emhlabeni, izakhi zako ezibaluleke kakhulu, siwumkhiqizo womsebenzi ohlakaniphile.”—I-Darwin’s Black Box.

“Akukho kungabaza ukuthi ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu yomzamo wentshiseko izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zahluleka ukuqinisa [inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo] kunoma isiphi isimo esiphawulekayo. Iqiniso liwukuthi imvelo ayizange ibe uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezifunwa inkolelo-mbono kaDarwin, futhi inkolelo yokuthi indalo yavela ngengozi ayikaqinisekiswa.”—I-Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.

“Ithonya lenkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo emikhakheni ehluke ngokuphelele kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo lingesinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu emlandweni sendlela umbono ocatshangelwayo ongenabufakazi obungokwesayensi obuyiqiniso ongalolonga ngayo ukucabanga kwawo wonke umphakathi futhi ubuse umbono wenkathi ethile.”—I-Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.

“Noma iyiphi isayensi yesikhathi esidlule . . . eyenqaba amathuba okuklanywa noma okudalwa njengesandulela ayisabi ukufuna iqiniso, futhi iba inceku (noma isigqila) semfundiso yefilosofi eyinkinga, okungukuthi, ukukholelwa emvelweni.”—I-Origins Research.

“Kuyinganekwane . . . ukuthi uCharles Darwin wayixazulula inkinga yomsuka wobunkimbinkimbi bezinto eziphilayo. Kuyinganekwane ukuthi sinokuqonda okuhle noma ngisho nokulinganiselwe ngomsuka wokuphila, noma ukuthi izincazelo ezizwakalayo zibhekisela kuphela kulokho okuthiwa izimbangela ezingokwemvelo. Ngempela, lezi kanye nezinye izinganekwane zefilosofi zokukholelwa emvelweni zinesikhundla esithile. Umuntu akazigxeki ngokweqile lapho enabantu abahloniphekile. Kodwa futhi akufanele azamukele ngokunganaki.”—I-Origins Research.

“Ngasese ososayensi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi isayensi ayinakuwuchaza umsuka wokuphila. . . . UDarwin akazange neze abucabange ubunkimbinkimbi obubabazekayo obukhona ngisho nasezintweni zokuphila eziyisisekelo.”—I-Darwin’s Black Box.

“Ukuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana akusekelwe emthonjeni ongokwesayensi. . . . Kukhona ukugomela kokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okunjalo kwenzeka, kodwa akukho nokukodwa okusekelwa ukuhlola noma izibalo ezihambisana nakho. Njengoba engekho okwazi ngokuqondile ukuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana ngokwemvelo, futhi ungekho umthombo wokusekela ulwazi okuthiwa lukhona, kungashiwo ngempela ukuthi . . . ukugomela kukaDarwin kokuziphendukela kwamangqamuzana ngokwemvelo kumane nje kuwukuzigqaja.”—I-Darwin’s Black Box.

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 12]

Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo—‘Ukuzama Inhlanhla’

Ngokuqinisekile inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo injengesifiso somgembuli. Ngani? Ngoba ngokwabasekeli bayo, iyanqoba noma ibhekene namathuba amancane kakhulu.

URobert Naeye uyabhala: “Ngenxa yokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuyinhloko kuwukuzama inhlanhla, noma isiphi isenzakalo sesikhathi esidlule esasingabonakala sisincane sasingase sithi nje ukwehluka, sinqamule ukuziphendukela kwethu ngokwemvelo ngaphambi kokuvela kwabantu.” Kodwa kunalokho, kufanele sikholelwe ukuthi wonke amathuba enhlanhla ahamba kahle, ngokuphindaphindiwe. UNaeye uyavuma: “Uchungechunge lwezihibe lukwenza kucace ukuthi ukuvela kokuphila okuhlakaniphile kunzima kakhulu kunokuba ososayensi babecabanga. Kungenzeka kunezinye izithiyo ososayensi abangakanqwamani ngisho nokunqwamana nazo.”

[Umdwebo ekhasini 8, 9]

Umdwebo Wengqamuzana Owenziwe Waba Lula

Ama-ribosome

Izindawo lapho kwenziwa khona amaprotheni

I-cytoplasm

Indawo ephakathi kwe-nucleus nolwelwesi lwengqamuzana

I-endoplasmic reticulum

Izingcwecwe zolwelwesi ezigcina noma zithuthe amaprotheni enziwe ama-ribosome anamathele kuzo

I-nucleus

Iyisikhungo esilawula imisebenzi yengqamuzana

I-nucleolus

Indawo lapho kwenziwa khona ama-ribosome

Ama-chromosome

Aqukethe i-DNA yengqamuzana, ipulani elawulayo yezakhi zofuzo

I-vacuole

Igcina amanzi, usawoti, amaprotheni nama-carbohydrate

I-lysosome

Igcina ama-enzyme agaya ukudla

I-Golgi body

Iqembu lezikhwama zolwelwesi ezithwala futhi zisakaze amaprotheni enziwe ingqamuzana

Ulwelwesi Lwengqamuzana

Isembozo esilawula okungenayo nokuphumayo engqamuzaneni

I-centriole

Ibalulekile ekwandeni kwamangqamuzana

I-mitochondrion

Isikhungo esikhiqiza i-ATP, ama-molecule anikeza ingqamuzana amandla

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Izingxenye ezihlukene aziwona unoxhaka—kumelwe uphelele ukuze usebenze njengonoxhaka