IziMpi Zenkolo—‘Ukuzikhohlisa Okusabekayo’
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-ITALY
EMINYAKENI ecishe ibe amakhulu angu-9 edlule, ngo-1096, iMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala yayisizoqala. Uma wawuhlala eNtshonalanga Yurophu ngaleso sikhathi, wawungase ubone ibutho elikhulu lamadoda, lihamba ngezinqola, amahhashi, nemikhumbi. Laliyohlasela iJerusalema, umuzi ongcwele, owawukade ubuswa ngamaSulumane kusukela ngekhulu le-7 C.E.
Leyo kwakuyiMpi Yenkolo yokuqala. Iningi lezazi-mlando libala ezingu-8 ezinkulu. Lolu hambo lwashiya izibazi emlandweni wobudlelwano beMpumalanga neNtshonalanga. Lwaluhambisana nokubulawa kwabantu konya okwakwenziwa egameni likaNkulunkulu noKristu. IMpi Yenkolo yokugcina enkulu yaqala eminyakeni engu-174 kamuva, ngo-1270.
Igama elithi “crusade [impi yenkolo]” livela egameni lesiLatini elithi crux, elisho “isiphambano.” Amaqembu eyesehambe izikhathi eziningi athungela uphawu lwesiphambano ezingutsheni zawo.
Izimbangela
Isisusa esasimenyezelwe seziMpi Zenkolo sasiwukuthatha iJerusalema nalokho okuthiwa ithuna elingcwele kumaSulumane. Kodwa kwakunezimbangela ezingaphezu kwalokho. Ngaphandle kwezenzakalo ezimbalwa, ubudlelwano phakathi kwalabo ababezibiza ngamaKristu ababehlala eMpumalanga Ephakathi namaSulumane kwakuzolile uma kuqhathaniswa. Isici esibalulekile esaholela eziMpini Zenkolo kwakuyiziyaluyalu zezombangazwe, ezomnotho, nesimo senkolo esasiseYurophu.
Ngekhulu leshumi nanye, izindawo ezintsha zasemaphandleni zasetshenziselwa ukulima, kuzanywa ukwandisa umkhiqizo wokudla. Kwase kuphilwa ngendlela entsha ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Nenani labantu lalanda. Nokho, lapho indlala ibangela ukuba abalimi abancane abaningi babe mpofu, abaningi babalekela emadolobheni, lapho babelindwe khona ukusweleka kwemisebenzi nokuhlupheka. Kwakuqubuka imibhikisho eminingi.
Ababephethe ezigungwini zabefundisi kwakuyizikhulu eziningi zamakhosi. Labophakimpi abangochwepheshe babefuna ukusebenzisa ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe okwakubangelwe ukuwa kombuso kaCharlemagne futhi banqobe imibuso emisha.
Nesonto laseRoma lalibhekene nenkathi yeziyaluyalu. Ngo-1054 lahluleka ukulawula iSonto laseMpumalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abefundisi abaningi basolwa ngokuziphatha okubi nangokuzigaxa kwezombangazwe.
Isicelo EClermont
Kulesi simo uPapa Urban II wamemezela iMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala. Ngokwakhe impi yokunqoba iJerusalema nePalestina yayizofeza izinjongo eziningana. Yayizoqinisa ubunye beLobukholwa LaseNtshonalanga futhi iqinisekise ukuvelela kweSonto LaseRoma. Yayizobakhulula emibangweni engapheli phakathi kwezigaba eziphakeme. Laba babezosebenzisa amakhono abo ezempi enjongweni “ephakeme,” babe uphiko lwezempi lwesonto, ukuze bathole izinzuzo ezingokwenkolo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, bazuze ngokomnotho.
Ngo-November 27, 1095, u-Urban wenza isicelo sakhe, phambi komkhandlu waseClermont, eFrance. Isonto lanikeza umbono ongemuhle ngezitha zalo, njengezifanelwe isijeziso saphezulu. UFoucher de Chartres, umpristi owaba nengxenye eMpini Yenkolo Yokuqala, wathi impi yayidingekile ukuze kuvikelwe “amaKristu” aseMpumalanga kumaSulumane. Labo abafela endleleni noma empini bathenjiswa intethelelo esheshayo yezono. Ngaleyo ndlela, esikhundleni sokuba izikhulu zilwe zodwa, zazingaguqula imibango yazo ibe impi “engcwele” emelene “nabangewona amakholwa.” Kulowo mkhandlu, kwezwakala ukumemeza okwakuzoba isiqubulo seMpi Yenkolo Yokuqala esithi: “Kuyintando kaNkulunkulu!”
Ukuhamba Okubili
Lapho nje usuku lokuhamba, u-August 15, 1096, selumisiwe, upapa waqinisekisa ukusekela kwezikhulu ezibekiwe, ezaziphathiswe imisebenzi yezempi. Isonto laqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwempahla yabo kuze kuqedwe lomsebenzi. Abampofu bacelwa ukuba basekele ngeminikelo.
Nokho, abanye basuka ngaphambi kosuku olumisiwe. Lesi kwakuyisixuku esingaqeqeshiwe nesingalaleli esasihlanganisa abesifazane nezingane. Sasibizwa ngama-pauper Christi (izimpofana zikaKristu). Umgomo waso: IJerusalema. Sasiholwa abavusi besiyaluyalu, mhlawumbe owayaziwa kakhulu kuso kwakunguPeter the Hermit (uNkom’idlayodwa), indela eyayisiqale ukushumayeza uquqaba ngasekupheleni kuka-1095.
Ngokomlandisi wenkathi ephakathi u-Albert wase-Aix, uPeter wayeke waya eJerusalema ngaphambili. Kuthiwa ngobunye ubusuku wabona umbono lapho uKristu amnxusa ukuba aye kuyinzalamizi yaseJerusalema, eyayizomnika incwadi emncomayo ukuze abuyele nayo eNtshonalanga. U-Albert wathi iphupho lafezeka futhi wathi ngemva kokuthola lencwadi, uPeter walibangisa eRoma, lapho ahlangana khona nopapa. Ukulandisa kuka-Albert kuxuba izinto ezingokoqobo nazisungulela zona, kodwa lokho okuthiwa amaphupho, imibono, nezincwadi kwakungamathuluzi anamandla ekuholeni uquqaba.
Ibutho elabuthana kuPeter the Hermit lasuka eCologne ngo-April 20, 1096. Ngenxa yokungabi nazo izinto ezazizodingeka ohambweni lwasolwandle, ama-pauper kwadingeka abhekane nohambo olude ngezinyawo noma ngezinqola eziwohlokile elibangise eZweni Elingcwele. Njengoba ngokushesha azithola esephelelwe ukudla kanye nezikhali, endleleni aqala ukuphanga abantu bendawo ababethuswa ukufika ngokungazelele kwaloluquqaba olungalawuleki “lwamasosha kaKristu.”
Abokuqala abahlaselwa yiwo kwakungamaJuda aseYurophu, ayebekwa icala lokuboleka ababhishobhi abonakele imali. Abalandeli bakaPeter the Hermit benza izenzo zonya bezenza kumaJuda, ezindaweni ezinjengaseRouen naseCologne, umuzi okwasukelwa kuwo. U-Albert wase-Aix uthi lapho amaJuda eMainz “ebona ukuthi amaKristu ayengashiyi ngisho nabantwana abancane futhi engenaluzwela kubo bonke, amaJuda adumela abafowabo, amakhosikazi, omama, nodadewabo futhi abulalana wodwa. Into eyayidabukisa kakhulu ukuthi omama babenquma izintamo zabantwana babo abasancela noma babagwaze, bekhetha ukuba bazibulalele bona kunokuba babulawe abangasokiwe.”
Baphinde benza izenzo ezifanayo ohambweni olwaluya amazweni aseBalkan, endleleni eya e-Asia Minor. Ukuze agweme ukuba kuphinde kusuke iziyaluyalu ezinjalo, lapho isixuku sesifike eConstantinople, uMbusi u-Alexius I walungiselela ama-pauper indlela eyayihamba ogwini lwase-Asia. Lapho, abesifazane abaningi nezingane kanye nabagulayo nabagugile babulawa amabutho amaSulumane. Ngabambalwa kuphela abasinda abaphumelela ukubuyela eConstantinople.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngehlobo lika-1096, amabutho aqeqeshiwe aqala uhambo. Lawa ayeholwa abaholi abadumile balolo lusuku. Ukusuka kusengaphambili okwakungalawuleki kwama-pauper, kwakumkhathazile uPapa Urban, owenza amalungiselelo okuqondisa uhambo lwamabutho lokuya eMpumalanga. Labo ababelungiselela ukuhamba manje kwakumelwe babonise ukuthi banazo izinto ezanele zokuzisekela. Inhloso yalokhu kwakuwukulinganisela ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane, izingane, abagugile, nabampofu.
Ukunqoba Nokunye Ukubulawa Kwabantu Abaningi
Ngemva kokubuthana eConstantinople, amaviyo, izikhulu zempi, nama-pauper ayesindile aqhubeka ebheke emgomweni wawo. Kwabuye kwagqugquzelwa izenzo zobudlova egameni likaNkulunkulu. Umlandisi uPetrus Tudebodus ulandisa ukuthi phakathi nokuvinjezelwa kwe-Antiyokiya, ngemva kokubulala izitha zawo, amabutho ezimpi zenkolo “aphonsa zonke izidumbu zazo engcwabeni loquqaba futhi abuyela ekamu [lawo] namakhanda ayenqunyiwe ukuze athole isibalo sawo, ngaphandle kwemithwalo yamahhashi emine yalawo makhanda, athunyelwa ogwini, kumanxusa ababusi baseBabiloni.”
Ngo-July 15, 1099, iJerusalema lawela kumabutho ezimpi zenkolo. URaymond wase-Aguilers uyalandisa: “Kwakuwumbukwane onyantisayo. Ezinye [zezitha], ezazinenhlanhla, zazinqunywe amakhanda; ezinye zawa ezindongeni izidumbu zazo zizimbobombobo imikhonto; ezinye eziningi zasha emalangabini omlilo. Wawubona inqwaba yamakhanda anqunyiwe, izandla, nezinyawo emigwaqweni nasezinkundleni zomuzi.” Kodwa amabutho ezimpi zenkolo, aphinde azama ukubeka izaba zokuthethelela ubudlova obabenziwa egameni lenkolo.
Ukuphela Kombono Okhohlisayo
Ukunqoba kwaholela ekwakhiweni koMbuso waseJerusalema wesiLatini. Lombuso wawusengozini ngenxa yemibango eyaqubuka phakathi kwezikhulu zamakhosi ezase zizinze eMpumalanga. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaSulumane azihlela kabusha kwezempi. Ayengazimisele nakancane ukulahlekelwa yizwe lasePalestina.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye iziMpi Zenkolo zahlelwa, eyokugcina yayingo-1270. Nokho, ngenxa yokwehlulwa, abaningi baqala ukukungabaza ukufaneleka kwezenzo ezinjalo ezazenziwa egameni lenkolo. Babecabanga ukuthi ukube uNkulunkulu uyazivumela ngempela izimpi “ezingcwele,” ngokuqinisekile ubeyobasekela labo abathi bazenza ngesibusiso sakhe. Nokho, kusukela ngekhulu le-13 kuqhubeke, izazi-mthetho zesonto zazama ukuthethelela izimpi zenkolo ezinjalo nendima yabefundisi kuzo.
Intshiseko eyayibhebhezele amabutho empi yenkolo yokuqala yaqala ukuncipha. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuqhubeka kwezimpi ekugcineni kwakuyowulimaza umnotho waseNtshonalanga. Ngakho-ke baqala ukulwa nezitha zangaphakathi zeLobukholwa zaseYurophu: ama-Arabhu eSpain, “amambuka,” nabantu abangamaqaba baseNyakatho.
Ngo-1291, umuzi wase-Acre, inqaba yokugcina yamabutho ezimpi zenkolo, wawela ezandleni zamaSulumane. IJerusalema ‘neThuna Elingcwele’ laqhubeka lisezandleni zamaSulumane. Phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amabili yezingxabano, ukukhathalela ezomnotho nezombangazwe bekulokhu kubusa ezindabeni zenkolo. Isazi-mlando esingumNtaliyane uFranco Cardini siyaphawula: “Manje iziMpi Zenkolo, kancane kancane zaphenduka inkimbinkimbi yezombangazwe nezomnotho, ukuncintisana ngamandla okuyinkimbinkimbi okuhlanganisa ababhishobhi, izikhulu zezigodlo, amakhosi, abaqoqi beminikelo, nabaphathi bamabhange. Kulombango . . . isimemezelo sokuthatha ithuna likaJesu saphelelwa ukubaluleka kwaso.” UCardini futhi uthi: “Umlando weziMpi Zenkolo uwumlando wephutha elikhulu, inkohliso eyinkimbinkimbi, edabukisa kakhulu, nehlekisayo, umbono okhohlisayo walo lonke eLobukholwa.”
Isifundo Esingazange Sinakwe
IziMpi Zenkolo nokuhluleka kwazo kwakumelwe kusifundise ukuthi ubugovu bezomnotho nesifiso sokuvelela kwezombangazwe kungaholela ekushisekeni ngokweqile nasekubulaweni kwabantu abaningi. Kodwa lesi sifundo asizange sinakwe. Ubufakazi bubonakala ezingxabanweni eziningi eziye zaqhubeka zingcolisa izingxenye eziningi zeplanethi yethu ngegazi. Kulezi, inkolo ngokuvamile isebenza njengesigubuzelo sezinto ezinengekayo.
Nokho lokhu ngeke kuqhubeke isikhathi eside. Ngokushesha umoya owakhuthaza iziMpi Zenkolo noqhubeka ukhuthaza izimpi “ezingcwele” zanamuhla uzodlula nayo yonke inkolo yamanga naso sonke isimiso esingaphansi kokubusa kukaSathane.—IHubo 46:8, 9; 1 Johane 5:19; IsAmbulo 18:4, 5, 24.
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 12]
The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck
[Izithombe ekhasini 15]
Phezulu: Amathuna amaJuda eWorms, eJalimane—isikhumbuzo sokubulawa kwabantu abaningi eMpini Yenkolo Yokuqala
Kwesobunxele: Ikhanda eliqoshiwe lesosha lezimpi zenkolo
Eceleni kakhulu kwesobunxele impela: Uphawu olusesihlangwini sesigaba esidumile esasilwa ezimpini zenkolo
[Umthombo]
Crest and head: Israel Antiquities Authority; photos: Israel Museum, Jerusalem