Izizwe Azikafundi Namanje
“Ukube nje abantu bebengafunda emlandweni—yeka ukuthi kukhulu kangakanani obuyosifundisa kona! Kodwa amehlo ethu aphuphuthekiswa yiMizwelo Enamandla nokuShisekela Amaqembu, bese kuthi ukukhanya okunikezwa yiZinto Ezisehlele kube yisiphefu esikuyingemuva lomkhumbi esikhanyisa amagagasi angemva kwethu kuphela!”—USamuel Taylor Coleridge.
UYAVUMELANA yini nale mbongi eyiNgisi uSamuel Coleridge? Kungenzeka yini ukuthi sesiphuphuthekiswe kangako yimizwelo enamandla ngenkambo ethile size siphinde amaphutha adabukisayo ezizukulwane ezidlule?
IziMpi Zenkolo
Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela ezinye zezinto abantu abazenza eziMpini Zenkolo. Ngo- 1095 C.E., uPapa Urban II wanxusa “amaKristu” ukuba aphuce amaSulumane iZwe Elingcwele. Amakhosi, izikhulu, amaqhawe nabantu abavamile kuzo zonke izizwe ezilawulwa ngu-Urban II basabela kulolo bizo lwakhe. Ngokwesazi-mlando esithile senkathi ephakathi, “asikho isizwe esasiphila ngomthetho kaKristu” esingazange sigijimele ukuyosekela le nkambo.
Isazi-mlando uZoé Oldenbourg sithi iningi labalwa izimpi zenkolo “lalikholelwa ukuthi ukujoyina impi kwakuwukuhlanganyela ngokuqondile enkonzweni kaNkulunkulu ngokwaKhe. Uthi lalizibona lifeza indima “yezingelosi ezibhubhisayo ezihlasela abantwana bakadeveli.” Umlobi uBrian Moynahan uthi lalikholelwa nawukuthi “bonke abafayo babeyothola umqhele wabafel’ ukholo ezulwini.”
Abalwa izimpi zenkolo mhlawumbe babengaqapheli ukuthi izitha zabo nazo zazinenkolelo efanayo. Encwadini yaso ethi Shorter History of the World, isazi-mlando uJ. M. Roberts sithi amasosha angamaSulumane, nawo aya empini eqiniseka ukuthi ayelwela uNkulunkulu nokuthi “ukufela enkundleni ulwa namambuka kwakuyoba nomvuzo wokungena epharadesi” ezulwini.
Zombili lezi zinhlangothi zazifundiswe ukuthi zazilwa impi yokulunga—evunyelwa futhi ebusiswa nguNkulunkulu. Abaholi benkolo nabezombangazwe bakhuthaza lezi zinkolelo futhi bagqugquzela imizwelo yabalandeli babo. Zombili lezi zinhlangothi zenza izenzo zonya ezingachazeki.
Abantu Abanjani?
Abantu abanjani abenza lezi zinto ezesabekayo? Iningi labo babengabantu abavamile—bengahlukile neze kubantu banamuhla. Akungabazeki ukuthi abaningi babo babeshoshozelwa yimibono yokufuna okuhle nesifiso sokulungisa amaphutha ababewabona ezweni lesikhathi sabo. Njengoba imizwelo yabo yayishukunyiswe ngokunamandla, babengaqapheli ukuthi lapho belwela “ubulungisa,” babeletha ukungabi nabulungisa, ubuhlungu, nokuhlupheka emakhulwini ezinkulungwane zamadoda, abesifazane, nabantwana ayehaqwe yimpi.
Bekulokhu kungenjalo yini lokhu kuwo wonke umlando? Abazange yini abaholi abanethonya ngokuphindaphindiwe bashukumise izigidi ezingenakubalwa zabantu—ngokuvamile ezazingasoze zikucabange ukuhlanganyela ezenzweni ezinjalo—ukuba zilwe izimpi zobulwane nezobuqaba nezitha zazo zenkolo nezombangazwe? Ubizo lokuya empini nhlangothi zombili nokuzisholo ukuthi uNkulunkulu usekela uhlangothi ngalunye lwenza ukucindezelwa ngobudlova kwabaphikisi bezombangazwe nezenkolo kwaba semthethweni. Lwaluyingxenye yesimiso esasesikhona omashiqela ababesizakala ngaso amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. UMoynahan uthi lokhu kuyindlela “eyayizosetshenziswa abasunguli bokuQothulwa Kwesizwe nabokuhlanzwa kwesizwe banamuhla njengoba yasetshenziswa ekusunguleni impi yenkolo yokuqala.”
Ungase uthi, ‘Kodwa abantu abanengqondo namuhla bebengeke bavume ukusetshenziswa ngaleyo ndlela. Angithi manje sesiphucuke kakhulu?’ Bekufanele kube njalo. Kodwa ingabe kukhona yini esikufundile emlandweni? Ubani obengasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi kunjalo uma ecabangela umlando wale minyaka eyikhulu edlule?
IMpi Yezwe Yokuqala
Ngokwesibonelo, okwenzeka eziMpini Zenkolo kwenzeka futhi ngesikhathi sempi yezwe yokuqala. URoberts uthi “kungenye yezindida zango-1914 ukuthi kuwo wonke amazwe izixuku zabantu, bazo zonke izinhlangano, izinkolo nezizinda, ngokumangalisayo ziye zaya empini ngokuzithandela futhi zijabule.”
Kungani izixuku zabantu abavamile zaya “empini ngokuzithandela futhi zijabule”? Ngenxa yokuthi izindinganiso nezinkolelo zazo ziye zalolongwa amafilosofi angaleso sikhathi, njengoba kuye kwaba njalo ngabantu abangaphambi kwazo abaya empini ngokuzithandela. Nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi abanye babeshukunyiswe yizimiso zokulwela inkululeko nobulungisa, akungabazeki ukuthi abaningi babeshukunyiswe umuzwa wokuzidla wokuthi isizwe sakubo sasiphakeme kunezinye, ngakho kwakufanele ukuba sibuse.
Laba bantu bashukunyiselwa ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi impi yayiyingxenye engenakugwenywa yesimiso sezinto semvelo—uhlobo oluthile “lwesidingo semvelo.” Umlobi uPhil Williams uthi “imfundiso kaDarwin yezenhlalo,” ngokwesibonelo, yabhebhethekisa umqondo wokuthi impi yayiyindlela esemthethweni “yokuqothula izinhlobo zokuphila okungafaneleki ukuba ziqhubeke zikhona.”
Iqiniso liwukuthi ngamunye wayecabanga ukuthi inkambo yakhe yayifanele. Kwaba namiphi imiphumela? Umlobi oyisazi-mlando uMartin Gilbert uthi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I, “ohulumeni bashoshozela ubuhlanga, ubuzwe nobuhlakani bezempi”—futhi abantu balandela ngaphandle kokuthandabuza. Isazi sezomnotho uJohn Kenneth Galbraith sakhulela emaphandleni aseCanada phakathi naleyo mpi. Sathi ngapha nangapha, abantu babekhuluma “ngobuwula obusobala bempi yaseYurophu.” Babethi: “Abantu abahlakaniphile . . . abahlanganyeli ebuhlanyeni obunjalo.” Kodwa nalapha, kwaphinda kwaba njalo. Kwaba namiphi imiphumela? Amasosha aseCanada angaba ngu-60 000 ayephakathi kwamasosha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-9 afa nhlangothi zombili kulesi senzakalo esibi esagcina saziwa ngokuthi impi yezwe yokuqala.
Akukho Sifundo Esafundwa
Phakathi namashumi amabili eminyaka alandela, umoya ofanayo waqala ukuzibonakalisa futhi ngokudlondlobala kobuFascist nobuNazi. AmaFascist aqala ukusebenzisa “inkulumo-ze engokwesiko yemifanekiso yegunya nezinganekwane ukuze ashukumise imizwelo yabantu,” kubhala uHugh Purcell. Ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu alisebenzisa kwakuyinhlanganisela enamandla yenkolo nezombangazwe, ethandazela ukuba uNkulunkulu abusise amabutho awo.
Umuntu “owayeyiciko lokugqugquzela izixuku futhi eyigagu elihlakaniphile,” kwakungu-Adolf Hitler. Encwadini ethi Hitler and Nazism, uDick Geary uthi njengabaholi abaningi besikhathi esidlule, uHitler wayekholelwa ukuthi ‘izixuku zazingalawulwa yizingqondo zazo kodwa yimizwelo.’ UPurcell uthi uHitler wasizakala ngalobu buthakathaka babantu ngokusebenzisa ngobuqili isu elidala lokwenza abantu bazonde isitha esifanayo—njengalapho “enza ukuba amaJalimane esabe futhi acasukele amaJuda.” UHitler wanyundela amaJuda, ethi, ‘UmJuda ungcolisa isizwe samaJalimane.’
Okwethusayo ngayo yonke le nkathi ukuthi izigidi zabantu ababonakala behloniphekile zavuselwa kalula ekucekeni inkumbula yabantu. UGeary uyabuza: “Kwenzeka kanjani ukuba abantu bezwe elalithi liphucukile bangamane babekezelelane kunokuba babandakanyeke ebuqabeni obunyantisayo bombuso wamaNazi?” Futhi akukhona nje ukuthi kwakuyizwe “eliphucukile” kodwa futhi lalithi lingelobuKristu! Abantu banxenxelwa kulokhu ngoba bakhetha amafilosofi namacebo abantu esikhundleni sezimfundiso zikaJesu Kristu. Yeka ukuthi baningi kangakanani abesilisa nabesifazane abaqotho nabanemibono emihle abaye baholelwa ezenzweni zonya olunyantisayo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi!
Isazi sefilosofi esingumJalimane uGeorg Hegel uthi: “Okusehlele nomlando kufundisa ukuthi izizwe nohulumeni abazange neze bafunde emlandweni noma benze ngokuvumelana nanoma yiziphi izifundo ababengase bazithole kuwo.” Abaningi bangase bangavumelani nefilosofi kaHegel ngokuphila, kodwa bambalwa abangaphikisana nalawo mazwi. Ngokudabukisayo, kubonakala sengathi abantu banobunzima obukhulu bokufunda okuthile emlandweni. Kodwa ingabe kumelwe kube njalo ngawe?
Ngokuqinisekile, isifundo esicacile okufanele sifundwe yilesi: Sidinga okuthile okungathenjelwa ngaphezu kwamafilosofi abantu anamaphutha ukuze sigweme izinhlekelele ezenziwa yizizukulwane ezidlule. Kodwa uma kungezukuba amafilosofi abantu, yini-ke okufanele iqondise ukucabanga kwethu? Eminyakeni engaphezu kwenkulungwane ngaphambi kweziMpi Zenkolo, abafundi bakaJesu Kristu babonisa ukuthi iyiphi inkambo okufanele ilandelwe amaKristu eqiniso—inkambo okuwukuphela kwayo enengqondo. Ake sihlole ukuthi yini ayenza ukuze agweme ukuhileleka ezimpini ezachitha igazi zosuku lwawo. Kodwa kungenzeka yini ukuba izizwe zanamuhla zifunde indlela yokwenza lokho, kanjalo zigweme izimpi? Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izizwe zenzani, liyoba yini ikhambi likaNkulunkulu lokuqeda lonke lolu sizi lwabantu?
[Izithombe ekhasini 22]
Izimpi zabantu ziye zahambisana nezenzo zobuqaba nokuhlupheka
[Izithombe ekhasini 23]
Ngenhla: Ababaleki endaweni ekhungethwe yimpi
Abantu abathi baphucukile babengahileleka kanjani ezenzweni ezinjena zobudlova obungazekeki?
[Imithombo]
Rwandan refugees: UN PHOTO 186788/J. Isaac; collapse of World Trade Center: AP Photo/Amy Sancetta