Indaba Yemifula Emibili
Ngumlobeli we-Phaphama! eNdiya
Imifula emibili eyimithombo eyinhloko yokuphila ezwekazini laseNdiya yondla amakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Njengoba isuka ezinguzungeni zamaqhwa ezingaqhelelene okutheni ezintabeni ezinde kakhulu, ngamunye ugeleza ngendlela eyisimangaliso ibanga elingaba ngamakhilomitha angu-2 400, ngokuyinhloko inqamula emazweni amabili. Ithululela ezilwandle ezimbili. Umfula ngamunye uyisiqalo somphakathi wasendulo. Ngamunye kwaqala inkolo enkulu usukhona. Ngamunye abantu bayawazisa ngenxa yezipho zawo, omunye uyakhulekelwa ngisho nanamuhla. Amagama ayo? I-Indus neGanges, lona wamuva lapha eNdiya waziwa ngokuthi iGanga.
NGENXA yokuthi isintu sidinga amanzi ukuze siphile futhi sichume, imiphakathi yakuqala yayakha eduze nemifula. Ngenxa yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi imifula yayenziwa onkulunkulu noma onkulunkulukazi, imilando yakuqala ingase isithwe yizinganekwane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulu ngomlando we-Indus neGanga, eNdiya eyaziwa nangokuthi iGanga Ma, (uMama iGanga).
Kokubili kumaHindu nakumaBuddha, iNtaba iKailash engamamitha angu-6 714 ukuphakama nechibi eliseduze iLake Manasarovar, kuyizindawo zokuhlala onkulunkulu. Isikhathi eside, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi imifula emikhulu emine yayigeleza isuka kuleli chibi iphuma emilonyeni yezilwane. Umfula webhubesi kwakuyi-Indus, futhi umfula wepigogo kuyiGanga.
Abantu baseTibet babengabafuni abantu bakwamanye amazwe ababehlola izwe. Kodwa, ngo-1811 udokotela ohlinza izilwane waseNgilandi owayeqashwe yi-East India Company wahamba wadabula leli zwe eshintshashintsha ukubukeka kwakhe. Wathi ayikho imifula eyayigeleza isuka eManasarovar, nakuba kwakukhona imifudlana eyayigelezela kuleli chibi. Imithombo yale mifula yomibili i-Indus neGanga yaze yatholakala ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. I-Indus isuka eTibet, enyakatho yeHimalaya, futhi iGanga yayisuka emhumeni weqhwa emithambekeni yaseHimalaya esenyakatho yeNdiya.
Lapho Kwaqala Khona Impucuko Yasendulo
Kukholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi zakuqala zezwe laseNdiya zahamba zaya ngasempumalanga e-Indus Valley. Lapha abavubukuli baye bathola izinsalela zemiphakathi ephucuke kakhulu emanxiweni anjengaseHarappa naseMohenjo-Daro. Ngasekuqaleni kwamashumi eminyaka ekhulu lama-20, lokhu okwatholakala kwashintsha umbono wokuthi abantu ababehlala eNdiya kuqala kwakuyizizwe ezingozulane ezingaphucukile. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-4 000, iMpucuko Yase-Indus yayisezingeni elilinganayo nelaseMesopotamia, uma yayingaledluli. Ubufakazi bemigwaqo ewuxhaxha ephambanayo, izindlu ezinezitezi nemizi enezindlu eziqashisayo, amapayipi endle asesimweni esikahle, izinqolobane zokusanhlamvu ezinkulu, amathempeli, kanye nezindawo zokugeza ngenxa yokuhlanzwa okuwumkhuba, konke kukhomba emphakathini wasedolobheni ophucukile. Kukhona nezimpawu ezikhomba ukuxhumana kwezohwebo phakathi kweMesopotamia neMpumalanga Ephakathi, i-Indus ivula indlela eya oLwandle lwase-Arabia ukusuka ebangeni elingamakhulu amakhilomitha maphakathi nezwe.
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka izinhlekelele zemvelo—mhlawumbe ukuzamazama komhlaba noma izikhukhula zemifula ezinkulu—kubonakala sengathi zanciphisa umphakathi wasedolobheni i-Indus Valley. Lokhu kwabangela ukuba kungabi bikho okwakuzovimba ukuhlasela kwenqwaba yezizwe eziyimihambima ezivela e-Asia Ephakathi, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-Aryan. Zaxosha abaningi ababehlala edolobheni zabaweza umfula, kwase kuthi impucuko yasendulo eyayisichumile ngase-Indus yashona ngaseningizimu yeNdiya, lapho namuhla kubusa khona uhlanga lwamaDravidian njengolunye lwezinhlanga ezinkulu eNdiya.
Lapho zithuthela ngasempumalanga zinqamula eNdiya, ezinye izizwe zama-Aryan zagoba amadlangala emathafeni aseGanga. Ngakho ukuhlukanisa kwama-Aryan izwekazi kwasungula isiko lalo elivelele enyakatho yeNdiya, ngokuyinhloko elihlangene noMfula iGanga, lapho lisekhona khona kakhulu namuhla.
Imifula Emibili Nezinkolo Ezimbili
Lokho okwatholwa ezemivubukulo kubonisa ukufana phakathi kwenkolo eyayikhona e-Indus Valley naleyo eyayiseMesopotamia. Ezinye izinto eziyizikhumbuzo zobuHindu, osekuyisikhathi eside kucatshangwa ukuthi buyinkolo yama-Aryan, ziye zatholakala ezinsaleleni zamadolobha ase-Indus. Ngokuhlanganiswa konkulunkulu nezinkolelo zenkolo zenkathi engaphambi kwama-Aryan neyama-Aryan, kwavela inkolo yobuHindu. Ama-Aryan aqale abheka i-Indus njengengcwele, kodwa njengoba ayeya ngasempumalanga futhi ezinza eGanga, aqala ukukhulekela lowo mfula. Njengoba kwakudlula amakhulu eminyaka, amadolobha anjengeHaridwar, i-Allahabad neVanarasi akhiwa eGanga. Lawa agxila enkolweni yobuHindu. Namuhla izigidi zabantu abaya ezindaweni ezingcwele zithutheleka ezikhungweni ezinjalo zizocwila emanzini aseGanga, okuthiwa ayaphilisa futhi ayahlanza.
Nakuba ubuHindu baqalwa ngase-Indus, ubuBuddha baqala ngaseGanga. USiddhārtha Gautama, obizwa ngokuthi uBuddha, washumayela intshumayelo yakhe yokuqala eSarnath, eduze neVaranasi. Kuthiwa lapho eneminyaka engu-79 ubudala wahlamba wawela lapho iGanga ibanzi kakhulu khona.
Injani Le Mifula Namuhla?
Amanzi alo mfula namuhla ayingozi kakhulu kunaseminyakeni engu-4 000 edlule, lapho abantu babedonselwa osebeni lwe-Indus neGanga ukuze baphile. Ukuze isekele imiphakathi emikhulu yaseNdiya, ePakistan naseBangladesh, le mifula kufanele ilawulwe kahle. (Bheka ibalazwe ekhasini 16-17.) Kuye kwadingeka ukuba kwenziwe izivumelwano namanye amazwe, njengoba le mifula igeleza idlule emazweni angaphezu kwelilodwa. Phakathi kokunye, iPakistan iye yakha iDamu iTarbela okuyidamu lokunisela elingamakhilomitha amathathu ubude namamitha angu-143 ukuphakama. Njengoba lingelinye lamadamu amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, limumethe indawo engama-cubic meter angu-148-500 000. ISiziba saseFarakka, esiseGanga, senza ukuba kuhlale kunamanzi anele emfuleni ukuze kwandiswe ukuhamba ngemikhumbi eduze neTheku laseCalcutta.
Njengoba kunjalo ngemifula eminingi, ukungcola kuyinkinga enkulu eGanga. Ngakho-ke ngo-1984 uhulumeni waseNdiya wamisa iGanga Action Plan. Kwagxiliswa ukunakekela ekuguquleni indle ibe umanyolo noma i-biogas, kuchezukiswe amapayipi endle athululela emfuleni, futhi kwenziwe imishini yokushintsha udoti wamakhemikhali.
Nokho, inkinga yokubuyisela imifula yomhlaba ebuhleni nasekuhlanzekeni kwayo kwakuqala ibonakala ingaphezu kwamandla ezinhlangano zabantu. Kodwa ngokushesha uNkulunkulu uzolungisa isimo. Ngaphansi kokubusa koMbuso wakhe, ‘imifula iyoshaya ihlombe’ lapho wonke umhlaba usuphenduka ipharadesi.—IHubo 98:8.
[Ibhokisi/Ibalazwe ekhasini 16, 17]
I-Indus Enamandla
Njengoba kunemifudlana eminingi kangaka ehlanganayo yakhe umfula i-Indus, kuye kwaba nempikiswano ngokuthi ukuphi ngempela umthombo walo mfula. Kodwa into eqinisekile ukuthi lo mfula omkhulu usuka phezulu eHimalaya. Njengoba ugeleza uye ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga bese uhlangana neminye imifudlana endleleni, lo mfula ugeleza indawo engaba ngamakhilomitha angu-320 unqamule ethafeni eliphakeme laseTibet, “uphahla lwezwe.” Njengoba lo mfula usondela ngasemingceleni yaseNdiya esifundeni saseLadakh, unqamula ezintabeni, ugudle emaweni wenze umsele phakathi kwezintaba zaseHimalaya nezaseKarakoram. Uma ususeNdiya, wehlela ngebanga elingaba amamitha angu-3 700 endaweni engamakhilomitha angu-560. Phakathi nalokhu kwehlela uya ngasenyakatho bese ujika ngomfutho ngasemaphethelweni asentshonalanga eHimalaya, lapho uhlangana khona neGilgit, umfula omkhulu osuke ushona uvumbuka uvela eHindu Kush. Amanzi abe esegeleza eya ngaseningizimu adabule ePakistan. Ithubeleza phakathi kwezintaba, ishwileka ngomfutho, i-Indus ekugcineni ifika emathafeni bese igeleza inqamule iPunjab. Leli gama lisho “Imifula Emihlanu,” njengemifula emihlanu emikhulu—iBeas, iSutlej, iRavi, iJhelum neChenab—egeleza njengeminwe evuliwe yesandla esikhulu izohlangana ne-Indus bese ihamba nayo kuze kuphele uhambo lwayo olukhulu lwebanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-2 900.
IGanga Ehlonishwayo
Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayikhulu eningizimu yomthombo we-Indus oseHimalaya, iGanga iqala uhambo lwayo lwamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-2 500 oluya eBay of Bengal. Endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kwangu-3 870, kuphophoma umthombo wamanzi eqhweni elifana nomlomo wenkomo, elibizwa ngokuthi i-Gaumukh ngesiHindi, wenze umfudlana obizwa ngokuthi iBhagirathi. Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-214 ukusuka emthonjeni, uhlangana nomunye umfudlana, i-Alaknanda, eDevaprayag. Le mifudlana emibili kanye neMandakini, iDhauliganga nePindar yakha iGanga.
Njengoba yehla eningizimu-mpumalanga yezwekazi, iGanga ihlangana neminye imifula emikhulu njengeYamuna e-Allahabad eNdiya bese kuba iBrahmaputra enamandla eBangladesh. Isabalala njengomoya wesiphephetha-moya, iGanga nemingenela yayo inisela ingxenye eyodwa kwezine zendawo yaseNdiya, amathafa avundile aseGanga. Isimiso salo mfula sikhukhula amanzi aphezulu endaweni engamakhilomitha-skwele angu-1 035 000 futhi sondla ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yabantu baseNdiya, manje abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane, kwenye yezindawo ezinabantu abaningi kakhulu emhlabeni. EBangladesh ufike uvuleke kakhulu, njengolwandle lwezwe, olunayo yonke inhlobo yemifula egelezayo. IGanga ibe isihlukana ibe imifula emikhulu eminingi nemifudlana bese iba ngomunye wemifula engenela olwandle ngezizalo eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni.
[Ibalazwe]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
Tibet
PAKISTAN
Indus
Jhelum
Chenab
Sutlej
Harappa
Mohenjo-Daro
INDIA
Ganga
Yamuna
Brahmaputra
Allahabad
Varanasi
Patna
Calcutta
BANGLADESH
NEPAL
BHUTAN
[Umthombo]
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[Izithombe]
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[Umthombo]
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