Ukubuka Okwezwe

Imfucumfucu Olwandle

Ibhodlela elintshingwe olwandle liyothatha iminyaka eyinkulungwane ukubola bese linyamalala. Amaphepha athatha izinyanga ezintathu ukubola, kanti umentshisi, izinyanga eziyisithupha. Izinqamu zikagwayi zingangcolisa ulwandle unyaka owodwa kuya kwemihlanu; izikhwama zepulasitiki, iminyaka eyishumi kuya kwengu-20; izinto ze-nylon, iminyaka engu-30 kuya kwengu-40; amathini, iminyaka engu-500; kanti i-polystyrene, iminyaka engu-1 000. Lezi zibalo ziyingxenye nje yokwaziswa okukhishwe yi-Legambiente, inhlangano yezemvelo yase-Italy, ukuze ikhuthaze ababhukudi ukuba bangangcolisi indawo lapho beya ebhishi. “Ingabe le mibono ayikona ukweqisa?” kubuza iphephandaba i-Corriere della Sera. Liyaphendula: “Amathani angu-605 emfucumfucu eye yaqoqwa yizisebenzi zokuzithandela ze-Clean Beaches ngasogwini lwe-Italy kusukela ngo-1990 kuze kube namuhla abonisa ukuthi akukhona ukweqisa.”

Izingane Nokulumba

Ngokwephephandaba laseLondon i-Independent, inyunyana yothisha ithi “izingane zisengozini yokuchayeka ezintweni zobuSathane nokulumba ezitholakala kuyi-internet.” Inhlolo-vo yaseBrithani ye-Association of Teachers and Lecturers (ATL) yembula ukuthi izingane ezingaphezu kwesigamu ezineminyaka engu-11 kuya kwengu-16 ubudala “zinesithakazelo ekulumbeni nasezintweni ezinamandla angaphezu kwawemvelo,” ingxenye yesine “inesithakazelo esikhulu,” kanti ingane eyodwa kweziyisithupha ithi “yafikelwa ukwesaba” lapho ibheka izinto zokulumba. UPeter Smith, unobhala-jikelele we-ATL, uyaxwayisa: “Kulula ukuba intsha ivakashele amakhulukhulu ezingosi ezikhuluma ngobuthakathi, ukwenza iziphonso nezinqubo zokudonsa igazi, abantu abadala bebe bengenayo indlela yokulawula lokho ekufundayo. . . . Lokhu kuwumkhuba obangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu phakathi kwentsha. Abazali nothisha kufanele bafundise izingane nentsha ngezingozi zokuzitika ngokulumba ngaphambi kokuba zingene shí kuko.”

Ungephuzi Ukufaka Ukudla Okushisayo Esiqandisini

UBessie Berry, umphathi we-U.S. Department of Agriculture Meat and Poultry Hotline, uthi kuyiphutha ukushiya ukudla okushisayo etafuleni ukuze kuphole ngaphambi kokukufaka esiqandisini. “Ngisho nokudla okuphuma kuhhavini noma okusuka esitofwini” kufanele kufakwe esiqandisini ngokushesha uma kungeke kudliwe. Njengoba kuchazwe kuyi-Tufts University Health & Nutrition Letter, “uma ufaka ukudla okuphekiwe esiqandisini ngokushesha, kulapho amagciwane ayingozi ezonqandeka ngokushesha ukuba angasakazeki.” Kodwa ingabe lokhu ngeke kulimaze isiqandisi noma kusikhandle? UNksz. Berry uthi cha. Iziqandisi zesimanje ziklanyelwe ukugcina ukudla okushisayo. Umqondo wokuthi azikwazi ukugcina ukudla okunjalo kungenzeka ususelwa emuva esikhathini samabhokisi okuqandisa, ukushisa okwakwenza ukuba iqhwa lawo lincibilike. Nokho, kunezinyathelo ezimbili zokuphepha okufanele zithathwe: Uma ufaka into enkulu esiqandisini—njengenkukhu ephelele, imbiza enesobho noma ukudla okuphekwe ngesitsha sokupheka esikhulu—kufanele ifakwe ezitsheni ezincane kuqala, kungenjalo ngeke iphole ngokushesha ngaphakathi ukuze kufe amagciwane. Futhi kufanele kube nesikhala phakathi kokudla okushisayo nokunye ukudla esiqandisini ukuze kube nomoya owanele ozopholisa leso sitsha ngokushesha.

Amaphimbo E-computer Aveza Imizwa

Ngomzamo wokwenza amaphimbo e-computer azwakale enobungane, ososayensi bebelokhu befuna izindlela zokuwenza aveze imizwa. Ngokwephephandaba lesiJalimane i-Gießener Allgemeine, iqembu labacwaningi laseTechnical University of Berlin lahlaziya indlela amaphimbo ashintsha ngayo kuye ngokwemizwa ehlukahlukene. Abadlali bafunda imisho ethile ngezindlela ezihlukene—ngentukuthelo, ukudumala, ukudinwa, injabulo, ukwesaba nokucasuka. Le misho yabe isihlaziywa—uhlamvu nohlamvu—ukuze kutholakale ukuphakama kwephimbo, ijubane, umfutho nokuphimisela ngokucacile. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isimo senjabulo noma sentukuthelo sandisa ijubane nokuphakama kwezwi. Izinhlamvu zamagama zazigcizelelwa futhi ziphinyiselwa kahle. Lapho umuntu ediniwe, esaba, noma edumele, inkulumo yayinensa futhi iphimbo lishintshe. Ukwesaba kwakwenza iphimbo lithi ukuphakama. Uma umuntu elusizi, imisipha yephimbo yayivevezela kancane bese iphimbo liba yisihosho futhi lehle. Lezi zici zafakwa emaphimbweni okwenziwa ukuze ahlolwe kutholakale ukuthi abalalele “bangathola yini ukuthi umuntu wayezizwa kanjani ngempela.” Labo abasebenza ngamaphimbo okwenziwa nemishini ethungatha izwi baye babonisa isithakazelo esikhulu kulo mkhankaso.

Iminyaka Engu-500 Yokucekela Phansi

Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lwe-World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) lwembula ukuthi elaseBrazil lilahlekelwe amaphesenti angu-37 ezifunda zalo ezintathu zemvelo eziyinhloko kusukela kwaqala inkathi yokwenziwa kwamakoloni eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 edlule. Iphephandaba i-Estado de S. Paulo liphawula ukuthi kuze kube namuhla, kuye kwacekelwa phansi amaphesenti angu-93 ehlathi lase-Atlantic, amaphesenti angu-50 endawo eyihlanze kanye namaphesenti angu-15 esifunda sase-Amazon.” UGaro Batmanian, umqondisi ophethe i-WWF eBrazil, uthi: “Lapho amaPutukezi efika kule ndawo, athola isinindolo sehlathi namanzi amaningi ayewaqabuka. Lokho kwabangela umbono oyiphutha wokuthi yonke into etshalwa lapha ithela kahle nokuthi asikho isidingo sokushintsha ubuchwepheshe babeLungu buvumelane nezimo zendawo.” Uthi lokhu kwaba yisiqalo sokucekelwa phansi kwehlathi laseBrazil ngase-Atlantic.

Izinto Zokuthutha Ezihlanzekile Zesikhathi Esizayo

Iphephandaba i-Australian liyabika: “Ubuchwepheshe bamabhetri obungase bushintshe ibhizinisi lezimoto emhlabeni wonke sebuyatholakala.” Ubuchwepheshe bamabhetri buwalungele ngokukhethekile amabhasi asemadolobheni ngoba bunciphisa umsindo futhi abukhiphi musi ongcolisayo. La mabhasi ayokwazi ukuhlanganisa ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-300 ngaphambi kokufaka amanye amabhetri, abe nesivinini esingamakhilomitha angu-80 ngehora futhi akwazi ukuthwala abantu abangu-70. La mabhasi ayothengiselwa izinkampani zokuthutha kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngemali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-7 lilinye, futhi kulindeleke ukuba aqale ukusebenza ekupheleni kuka-2002. Amabhetri angase asetshenziselwe nezimoto esikhathini esizayo, kodwa okwamanje awakenziwa. UProfesa Ferdinand Panik uthi: “Kufanele sinciphise izindleko, ubukhulu nesisindo sezimiso zamabhetri ukuze zivumelane nezinjini zezimoto zamanje.”

“Izitembu Zokuziqhayisa”

I-New York Times iyabika: “Izitembu zokuziqhayisa, eziwumkhiqizo wamuva wenkathi yokuzidla, seziqalile ukusetshenziswa eCanada.” Manje abantu bangazenzela izitembu “ezinesithombe sosana, umfundi ophothule izifundo, umbhangqwana ojabulayo noma inja ethembekile.” Abafaka isicelo bathumela ifomu kanye nesithombe nemali yokukhokha. Babe sebethola ikhasi elinamafulemu angu-25 apendwe ngegolide anamathelayo anegama elithi “Canada” kanye nezitembu kanye nekhasi lesibili elinezithombe eziningi eziphindiwe, ezifakwa kula mafulemu. Nokho, lezi zitembu zibiza imali engaphezulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunezitembu ezivamile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthengiswa izitembu zomkhonzo “eziyovumela amakhasimende ukuba avumelanise izincwadi zawo nendlela azizwa ngayo noma nomyalezo awubhalayo,” kusho uMicheline Montreuil, umqondisi wokukhiqizwa kwezitembu zePosi LaseCanada. Ukuze angashiywa ngemuva, la mazwe i-Australia, iBrithani, iSingapore neSwitzerland nawo aye akhiqiza ezawo izitembu zokuziqhayisa. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo ezingenamkhawulo zingaba yinselele kubaqongeleli bezitembu.

Izifo Ziqhathaniswa Nezinhlekelele

Umbiko wenhlangano yeSiphambano Esibomvu uthi nakuba izinhlekelele, ezinjengezikhukhula nokuzamazama komhlaba, zibikwa kabanzi ezindabeni, izifo ezithathelwanayo zibulala abantu abengeziwe. Ikhuluma ngalokhu, i-New York Times ithi: “Inani labantu abafe nyakenye ngezifo ezithathelwanayo njengengculaza, isifo sofuba nomalaleveva liphindwe izikhathi ezingu-160 kunenani labantu abafa nyakenye ekuzamazameni komhlaba eTurkey, eziphephweni zaseNdiya nasezikhukhuleni zaseVenezuela . . . Babalelwa ezigidini ezingu-150 abantu abaye babulawa yilezo zifo ezintathu kuphela kusukela ngo-1945 uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi ezingu-23 eziye zafa ezimpini phakathi nenkathi efanayo.” NgokukaPeter Walker, umlobi walo mbiko, imbangela yale nkinga ukunganakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi. Wathi: “Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe, kunesimiso esithile sokunakekelwa kwempilo, kodwa ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwamadolobha, akunalutho.” Ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezingu-13 nyakenye bebulawa yizifo ezithathelwanayo kwakungase kuvinjelwe ngokuchitha nje amaRandi angu-35 ekunakekeleni impilo yomuntu ngamunye. Lesi sihloko siphetha ngokuthi: “Imali echithwa ekushintsheni ukuziphatha kwabantu isindisa ukuphila kwabantu abaningi kunemali yezinto ezibizayo njengezibhedlela nemishini yobuchwepheshe ephambili.”