Ukubuka Okwezwe

Umtapo Omusha Wase-Alexandria Awunazincwadi

Umtapo omkhulu wase-Alexandria, “owawudume ngokuthi uqukethe lonke ulwazi lwesintu ngesikhathi sikaKristu, . . . waqothulwa umlilo ngo-47 B.C. futhi wagcina usunyamalele ngekhulu lesi-7 A.D.,” kuphawula i-Wall Street Journal. Ngosizo lwamanye amazwe ama-Arabhu kanye ne-United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, elaseGibithe liye lakha umtapo omusha e-Alexandria elinethemba lokuthi uyoba ngcono kunomtapo omdala. “Izitezi zokuqala ezine zingaphansi komhlaba. Lo mtapo ozungezwe yichibi lamanzi elicwebezelayo, unamakheshi angu-17, amafasitela azihlanzayo kanye nesimiso sokuphepha esiphambili kangangokuba singacisha imililo ngaphandle kokushiya ngisho neconsi lamanzi encwadini enombhalo ongavamile.” Nokho, i-Journal iyaqhubeka ithi “lo mtapo untula isici esisodwa esibalulekile. Izincwadi.” Leli phephandaba linezela ukuthi ngemva kokuchitha imali eshisiwe phakathi neminyaka eminingi yokwakha, “imali egcinelwe ukuthola izincwadi zalo mtapo incane kangangokuba umphathi walo mtapo, . . . uMohsen Zahran, kumelwe ahambe ekhankasela izincwadi ezinhle ngoba nje zitholakala mahhala.” UMnu. Zahran uthi abamfuni umnakekeli womtapo onguchwepheshe ngoba “ngeke sikwazi ukumholela.” Lo mtapo omusha unendawo yokugcina imiqulu eyizigidi ezingu-8.

Ubuhlungu Besitho Esinqamukile

“Abantu abayizingini bavame ukuba nobuhlungu obubeleselayo obuzwakala sengathi buvela esithweni esinqamukile, noma bezwe kugijima igazi esithweni esingekho uma othile ebathinta ubuso,” kubika umagazini i-New Scientist. Lo magazini uyachaza: “Uma ingxenye ethile yobuchopho ingasenazo izinzwa—ngenxa yokunqunywa kwesitho noma ukulimala umhlandla—izinzwa ezizungezile zingena endaweni efile, zenze umsebenzi wazo.” Uyanezela: “Lokhu kuvame ukunikeza abantu umuzwa wokuthi isitho esinqamukile sisekhona, noma babe nezinhlungu ezibeleselayo.”

Iphunga Elibi Lomlomo Namathuba Omsebenzi

“Akulona ihaba ukuthi [iphunga elibi lomlomo] lenza abaningi balahlekelwe yimisebenzi,” kusho udokotela wamazinyo u-Ana Cristina Kolbe kumagazini wezebhizinisi waseBrazil i-Exame. Umhlaziyi wezisebenzi ophethe, uLeandro Cerdeira uyanezela: “Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, abantu balahlekelwa yimisebenzi eminingi bengaqondi neze ukuthi iyini ngempela inkinga.” Ocwaningweni olwenziwa emadolobheni amabili amakhulu eBrazil, abantu abangamaphesenti angu-40 okwaxoxwa nabo babene-halitosis, noma iphunga elibi lomlomo. Phakathi kwezimbangela ezivame kakhulu kubalwa ukucindezeleka nokudla okungenayo i-fiber. Ukuze badambise inkinga, uDkt. Kolbe utusa ukuba abanale nkinga bathathe iholidi lezinsuku ezimbalwa futhi badle imifino kakhulu. Njengesixazululo sesikhashana, izisebenzi ezine-halitosis zingahahaza ngengxube yengcosana ye-hydrogen peroxide namanzi.

Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Okwandayo

Iphephandaba laseFrance i-Monde libika ukuthi ngokombiko we-World Health Organization (WHO) othinta amazwe angu-105, isilinganiso sabantu abazibulalayo kulawo mazwe senyuka ngamaphesenti angu-60 phakathi kuka-1950 no-1995. UDkt. José-Maria Bertolote, umxhumanisi womnyango we-WHO wezempilo yengqondo, walinganisela ukuthi abantu abayisigidi babezozibulala ngo-2000 nokuthi abanye abayizigidi eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-20 babezozama ukuzibulala. Nokho, kungenzeka izibalo zangempela ziphakeme kakhulu kunalokho. Ngokwalo mbiko, baningi abantu abazibulala unyaka ngamunye kunalabo abafa kuzo zonke izimpi zezikhali emhlabeni wonke zihlangene. UDkt. Bertolote uthi phakathi kwalabo abaneminyaka engu-15 kuya kwengu-35, ukuzibulala “sekungenye yezimbangela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokufa.”

Izisulu Zokudlwengulwa ENingizimu Afrika

I-World Press Review ithi: “Unyaka ngamunye, kudlwengulwa abantu abayisigidi eNingizimu Afrika.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi kudlwengulwa othile njalo ngemizuzwana engu-30. Lesi sihloko sithi “eNingizimu Afrika kunenani eliphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni labantu abadlwengulwayo bagcine bebulewe.” Leli nani liphakeme ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-12 kunelase-United States, elingelesibili kulo luhlu, nakuba iNingizimu Afrika inenani labantu abayizigidi ezingu-40 kuphela. Lesi sihloko siyanezela: “Kwamanye amazwe, abantu bangase bakudlwengule, bakugcweleze, noma bakubulale. Kodwa eNingizimu Afrika bayakudlwengula ngaphambi kokuba bakubulale, ngenxa nje yokuthi banethuba lokwenza kanjalo. Ngokuvamile ezinye izenzo zobugebengu zihambisana nokudlwengula cishe ngokuzenzakalelayo. Futhi, “ukudlwengula sekuyingxenye yesiko lokuthwasisa amalungu amasha eqembu lezigilamkhuba,” okuthi uma esuka lapho abulale izisulu zawo. Phakathi kwezici eziwumthelela kule ndaba ezibalwe yilesi sihloko yizinga eliphakeme lokunukubezwa kwezingane nombono owandile wokuthi ukuphila akuyinto yalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sihloko sithi ukuhlola okwenziwa eGoli ngo-1988 “kwembula ukuthi izinsizwa zikholelwa ukuthi abesifazane babekujabulela ukudlwengulwa kodwa babengakuvezi lokho, nokuthi uma uphola nentombazane, unelungelo lokufuna ukulala nayo.”

Ukuhlinza Ngaphandle Kwegazi ENingizimu Afrika

Iphephandaba laseNingizimu Afrika i-Mercury liyabika: “Izibalo zengculaza eziphakeme ngendlela eshaqisayo ziye zaholela elinye lamaqembu amakhulu ezibhedlela ezizimele eNingizimu Afrika ukuba likhethe ‘ukwelapha nokuhlinza ngaphandle kwegazi.’” UDokotela Efraim Kramer, umqondisi wezokwelapha walolu hlelo, wathi: “Inhloso yethu iwukukhuthaza umkhakha wezokwelapha ukuba unikeze iziguli ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha nokuhlinzwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa igazi elinikelwe.” Nakuba kunodokotela okungenani abangu-800 eNingizimu Afrika abelapha futhi bahlinze ngaphandle kwegazi, kuyaqala ngqá ukuba iqembu lezibhedlela linqume ukusebenzisa uhlelo oluthinta izwe kabanzi. UDokotel’ uKramer uthi ukusabela kodokotela “kwakukuhle kakhulu.” I-Mercury iyaphawula: “Kuye kwasungulwa izindlela eziphumelelayo zokwelapha ngaphandle kwegazi, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yamaqembu enkolo anjengoFakazi BakaJehova, enqabayo ukwelashwa ngegazi elinikelwe.”

Amaphilisi Kavithamini C Angokwemvelo

I-azarole, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-jungle cherry, ingaba amasentimitha amabili nje ubukhulu. Kodwa, lesi sithelo esimuncu sinovithamini C ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 kunewolintshi kanye nezikhathi eziyikhulu kunolamula. Ucwaningo olwenziwa eSan Martín State University eTarapoto, ePeru, lubonisa ukuthi amagremu ayikhulu kalamula omuncu ngempela anamamiligremu angu-44 kavithamini C, kanti isilinganiso esifanayo se-azarole sinamamiligremu angu-4 600. “Amaphilisi” amane nje kuphela angokwemvelo alezi zithelo anesilinganiso sikavithamini C esidingwa umuntu omdala nsuku zonke. Ngokwephephandaba i-Comercio, kwenziwa imizamo yokubona ukuthi i-azarole, “isithelo esibola kalula,” singatshalwa yini ngenjongo yokudayiswa esikhundleni se-coca.

Iseluleko Esiyingozi

Umagazini i-Psychology Today uthi: “Imithombo yezindaba nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezidumile zikhuthaza umbono wokuthi ‘ukukhipha’ [intukuthelo] kuyasiza. Kodwa lesi seluleko siyingozi asilona usizo.” Ngokwesazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sase-Iowa State University uBrad Bushman, “ukukhipha intukuthelo empeleni kubhebhethekisa ulaka.” Abantu abahlolwa “abakhipha intukuthelo” ngokushaya umgodla wokuzivivinyela isibhakela babenolaka nonya ngokuphindwe kabili kunalabo abangazange bakwenze lokho. Lesi sihloko sithi ngisho “nabantu abafunda isihloko esikhuluma ngezinzuzo zokukhuluma ngaphambi kokushaya lo mgodla babethambekele ekulweni kunabanye.” UBushman uthi: “Esikhundleni sokuzama ukubohlisa ulaka, mane uluyeke ngokuphelele. Bala izikhathi eziyishumi—noma eziyikhulu, uma kudingekile—futhi intukuthelo izodlula.”

Imbobo Enkulu Kunazo Zonke Kuyi-ozone

Phakathi no-September 2000, isiphuphutheki se-NASA esibheka ungqimba lwe-ozone sathola imbobo enkulu kunazo zonke ongqimbeni lwe-ozone ngaphezu kwe-Antarctic. Libika kanjalo iphephandaba i-Clarín laseBuenos Aires, e-Argentina. Le mbobo yatholakala ngaphezu kwendawo engaba amakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-28,3, okwakudlula irekhodi langaphambili ngamakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwesigidi. Ubukhulu bale mbobo bamangalisa ososayensi. UDkt. Michael Kurylo we-NASA wathi lokhu “kwandisa ukukhathazeka ngongqimba lomhlaba lwe-ozone olonakala kalula.” Isazi se-physics uRubén Piacentini we-National Committee for Space Activities yase-Argentina sathi nakuba okwamanje le mbobo ingaphezu kwe-Antarctica engahlali muntu, “ingagcina isifinyelele engxenyeni eseningizimu [ye-Argentina].” I-Clarín iphawula ukuthi i-ozone isebenza njengesivikelo ngokunciphisa amandla abhubhisayo emisebe yelanga e-ultraviolet.