Ukubuka Okwezwe

Amabhomu Agqitshwayo Achazwa Kabusha

Angaphezu kuka-135 amazwe asesayine iSivumelwano Sase-Ottawa sokuvimbela amabhomu agqitshwayo, futhi i-United States kuhlelwe ukuba nayo isisayine ngo-2006. “Kodwa kunombono obangela ukukhathazeka ngobuchwepheshe obuklanyelwe ukushintsha incazelo yalokho amabhomu avinjelwe ayikho,” kusho i-New Scientist. “IJapane . . . ikholelwa ukuthi iziqhumane ezisakazwe emabhishi aziwona amabhomu agqitshwayo uma nje zilawulwa ngemishini. . . . Esikhundleni sokubizwa ngokuthi amabhomu agqitshwayo, zibizwa ngokuthi ‘into edutshulwa isakazeke.’” I-United Sates manje isebenzisa amabhomu agqitshwayo enzelwe abantu ukuze ivikele amabhomu enzelwe izinqola zempi, ngakho iklama amabhomu agxumayo okuhlasela izinqola zempi ukuze abhuntshise imizamo yokuvumbulula izindawo ezinamabhomu. Uma ezinye izindawo ezinamabhomu zivunjululwa noma ziqedwa ukuze kwenziwe indlela enkundleni, amabhomu okuhlasela izinqola zempi asele “azothungatha athole ukuthi amanye amabhomu awasekho abese egxuma aze ahleleke ngendlela evamile futhi,” kubika lo magazini. La mabhomu azilwelayo “azoqhutshwa insinjana enamandla enamatheliswe kuwo ngaphansi okufanele iwaqhube ibanga elingaphezu kwamamitha ayishumi emoyeni.”

Ukwanda Kweminyaka Yokuphila

Umbiko wamuva weZizwe Ezihlangene wentuthuko yabantu uthi iminyaka okulindeleke ukuba umuntu ayiphile yenyuka ngeminyaka engu-12,8 ePeru phakathi neminyaka engu-25 edlule. Nakuba iminyaka okwakulindeleke ukuba umuntu ayiphile phakathi kuka-1970 no-1975 kwakuyiminyaka engu-55,5, yenyuka yaba iminyaka engu-68,3 phakathi kuka-1995 no-2000. Iphephandaba i-Peruano lithi ukwanda kweminyaka yokuphila kuwumphumela wokunakekela kwezempilo okuthuthukisiwe, okuye kwanciphisa izinga lokufa kwezinsana kusuka kwezingu-115 kweziyinkulungwane kuya kwezingu-43 kweziyinkulungwane, nokwezingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwemihlanu ubudala kusuka kwezingu-178 kweziyinkulungwane kuya kwezingu-54 kweziyinkulungwane phakathi nenkathi efanayo. I-Peruano ithi kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi nenkathi yeminyaka emihlanu ezayo, “abantu abangamaphesenti angu-23 emphakathini bazofika eminyakeni engu-60 ubudala.”

Ivithamini Eyinzuzo

Lapho sisebenza nge-computer, amehlo ethu ahlale esabela ekukhanyeni okugqamile nokulufifi okuvelayo, kuphawula i-Zdrowie, umagazini wezempilo wasePoland. Uma le misebe yokukhanya inamandla, amehlo ethu athatha kakhulu i-rhodopsin, isakhi sombala esimunca ilanga esenza sibone. Uvithamini A ubalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwe-rhodopsin. Ngokwe-Zdrowie, imithombo ecebile kavithamini A ihlanganisa isibindi ne-cod-liver oil. Abantu okudingeka banciphise amafutha ne-cholesterol ekudleni kwabo, bangadla ukudla okune-beta-carotene, umzimba oyishintsha uyenze uvithamini A ngosizo lokukhanya kwelanga. I-beta-carotene itholakala ezilimweni ezinombala ophuzi, owolintshi, obomvu noluhlaza kanye nasezithelweni ezinjengamabhilikosi, amapentshisi, amapulamuzi omisiwe, amakhabe nomango.

Izingozi Zomakhalekhukhwini

Imigwaqo ayizona kuphela izindawo lapho ukusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini kungase kudale khona izingozi. Izikhulu zikajantshi eJapane zithi abagibeli abalindé emapulatifomu bagxila kakhulu ekukhulumeni kumakhalekhukhwini bese bekhohlwa ukuthi bakuphi. Phakathi kwezingozi zamuva ezibikwe i-Asahi Evening News kunensizwa eyayincike ngasonqenqemeni lwepulatifomu ikhuluma kumakhalekhukhwini. Lapho inganakile igobisa ikhanda ibonisa inhlonipho kumuntu eyayikhuluma naye, ikhanda layo lagudlwa isitimela esasiza. Ngenhlanhla, yasinda yathola nje kuphela “umhuzuko ngenhla kweso layo langakwesokudla.” Kodwa kwesinye isenzakalo, “umfundi wasesikoleni esiphakeme owayekhuluma kumakhalekhukhwini wancika onqenqemeni lwepulatifomu washaywa isitimela wafa.” Izisebenzi zaseziteshini zesitimela zibika ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi abantu bawisela omakhalekhukhwini babo emizileni yesitimela. Insizwa eneminyaka engu-26 ubudala eyagxumela phansi ukuze icoshe ucingo lwayo, isitimela “sayipitshiza yafa.” Izikhulu zikajantshi zicela abantu “ukuba bakhumbule ukuthi amapulatifomu kajantshi ayizindawo eziyingozi kakhulu.”

Izimo Zengqondo Nezingozi Zasezindizeni

Isihloko sephephandaba laseSingapore i-Straits Times sikhomba ubudlelwano noma ukuxhumana egumbini labashayeni bendiza njengenye yezimbangela ezihamba phambili zezingozi zezindiza. Lo mbiko uthi “ubudlelwano basegumbini lokushayela indiza phakathi kukakaputeni kanye nomsizi wakhe buhlelwe ngokwezikhundla e-Asia. Ukaputeni ungubasi ongenakuphikiswa, kangangokuthi umshayeli ongumsizi obona iphutha angase angabaze ukuliveza ngoba esaba ukubekela igunya likakaputeni inselele.” Ngokwaleli phephandaba, abantu bangase babone ingozi ezokwenzeka kodwa bathule “ngoba bangase bazibangele amazinyo abushelelezi.” Noma bangase babe nomuzwa wokuthi ngeke abakholelwe ngenxa “yesikhundla sabo.” Egumbini labashayeli bendiza, ukungakhulumi komsizi kakaputeni kungase kwandise amathuba engozi.

Ama-coral Asenkingeni Enkulu

Kusukela eNingizimu Afrika kuya eNdiya, izixhobo zama-coral e-Indian Ocean zisenkingeni enkulu, kusho i-Economist. Izazi zezinto eziphila olwandle muva nje zithole kwethusa ukuthi “kuye kwafa izixhobo zama-coral zasolwandle ezingu-50-95% eminyakeni emibili edlule.” Isizathu ukuthi ama-coral awakwazi ukumelana nokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa elingu-1 kuya ku-2 °C isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto ambalwa. “Ngo-1998, izinga lokushisa eSeychelles lalingu-3 °C ngaphezu kokuvamile ngaleyo nkathi amasonto ambalwa,” kusho lo mbiko. Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu “kuwubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokufudumala kwembulunga yonke.” Ukufa kwama-coral kwadla amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-494 eziQhingini zaseMaldive ngo-1998/99. I-Economist ithi izivakashi ezilindele ukubona izixhobo ezinhle “zihamba zidangele ngemva kokubona inqwaba yemvithi empunga.” U-Olof Linden, oyisekela lomhleli walo mbiko, wathi “ingxenye enkulu yezinto zemvelo ezihlukahlukene kule planethi isimane yaphazamiseka.” Ngenxa yokuthi izixhobo zama-coral ziyizindawo ezibalulekile zokulondoloza izilwane zasolwandle, le nhlekelele iwuphawu lwenkinga emiphakathini eseduze kogu lolwandle ephila ngokudoba.

Isehlukaniso Kwasebethathe Umhlalaphansi

EFrance “inani lemibhangqwana eneminyaka engaphezu kuka-55 ubudala ehlukanisayo liye lenyuka ngamaphesenti angu-52 eminyakeni emine,” kubika iphephandaba i-Figaro. Phakathi nenkathi efanayo, izinga lesehlukaniso emibhangqwaneni eneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-70 liye laphindeka kabili nangaphezulu, kanti ngabesifazane kakhulu abafuna isehlukaniso. Enye imbangela ubunzima ekuzivumelaniseni nempilo yokuhlala ekhaya. Izinkinga okwakuphileka nazo lapho umngane womshado esasebenza ngokuvamile azibekezeleleki lapho bobabili abangane bomshado sebesekhaya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, liyenyuka inani labesifazane abazimele ngokwezimali abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50 ubudala. Maningi amathuba okuba laba besifazane bahlukanise nabayeni abangathembekile kunabesifazane bezizukulwane ezidlule. Nakuba amadoda asethathe umhlalaphansi evame ukuthola umngane womshado osemusha, liyanda inani labesifazane abaneminyaka evile kwengu-60 nengu-70 abangebona abafelokazi abagcina bezihlalela bodwa.

Umoya Wokupha EFrance

Abesifazane bayaphana kakhulu kunamadoda, nabantu abadala kunentsha. Lezi iziphetho ezimbili ezafinyelelwa yinhlolo-vo eyathatha unyaka wonke eyayenziwa i-Fondation de France, inhlangano esiza umphakathi. Imiphumela yembula ukuthi isigamu sabantu baseFrance siyaphana, amaphesenti angu-28 abo aphana kaningana ngonyaka ngemali, ngesikhathi, noma ngenye indlela. Lo mbiko wathola ukuthi “ukuba nenkolo nokuzibandakanya nenhlangano ethile” kuthuthukisa umoya wokupha. Ngokwalolu cwaningo, iphephandaba laseParis i-Monde lichaza umuntu waseFrance oncishanayo ngokuthi insizwa engashadile nengasonti, ngokunokwenzeka ehlala oGwini LwaseMediterranean noma emaphandleni.

Ukuqubuka Kwengculaza

Bangaphezu kwezigidi ezinhlanu abantu abangenwe igciwane lengculaza ngonyaka ka-2000, kusho umbiko we-Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) ne-World Health Organization. Lokhu kwenza ukuba inani labantu abane-HIV emhlabeni wonke libe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-36, okungaphezulu ngamaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-50 ezilinganiso ezenziwa ngo-1991. Lo mqedazwe uqubuke ngamandla eMpumalanga Yurophu, lapho inani labantu abanaleli gciwane—ngokuyinhloko abazijova ngezidakamizwa—licishe laphindeka kabili ngonyaka. Lo mbiko uphawula nokuthi imizamo yokuyivimbela emazweni omhlaba acebile iye yabhuntsha, njengoba ingculaza isakazeka ngokuyinhloko phakathi kwalabo abazijova ngezidakamizwa namadoda angongqingili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani labantu abasanda kungenwa yileli gciwane emazweni ase-Afrika eningizimu yeSahara, lapho kunabantu abayizigidi ezingu-25,3 abanegciwane, libonakala limile ngokokuqala ngqá. Kusukela kwagqashuka lo mqedazwe, bangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-21 abantu asebefile ngenxa yalesi sifo.