Ukushushuluza Eqhweni Unqamule Izwe—Ingabe Kukulungele?

Ukushushuluza Eqhweni Unqamule Izwe—Ingabe Kukulungele?

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! ECANADA

“LANGLÄUFER LEBEN LÄNGER”—“Abashushuluza eqhweni banqamule izwe baphila isikhathi eside.” Lesi sisho esidumile sesiJalimane siqokomisa inzuzo abaningi abayibonayo emdlalweni wasebusika wokushushuluza eqhweni. Empeleni, emazweni amaningi lapho kuneqhwa eliningi khona ebusika, izwe lonke livame ukuba nemizila eminingi yabantu abashushuluza eqhweni. Kwamanye amazwe, kufakwa amabhodi abonisa ibanga phakathi kwamadolobha namadolobhana, futhi imizila eminingi ifakelwa izibani ukuze abashushuluzayo bakwazi ukuyisebenzisa lapho besuka ekhaya beya emsebenzini.

Nakuba kwakwenziwa abantu abambalwa kakhulu ngaphambi kwawo-1960, ukushushuluza eqhweni unqamule izwe kuye kwathandwa kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi eminyakeni yamuva nje emhlabeni wonke. Abanye balinganisela ukuthi abantu abangaba yizigidi ezine ngonyaka bajabulela lo mdlalo eNyakatho Melika iyodwa! Yini eyenza lo mdlalo ukhange futhi uthandwe? Awubizi futhi ulula. Uma uqhathaniswa nolunye uhlobo lokushushuluza—lokwehla ezintabeni—ezinye izici zokunqamula izwe zilula kakhulu. Umuntu oshushuluza ehle entabeni udinga amathuluzi nezingubo ezikhethekile, ezibizayo. Kufanele aye emagqumeni noma ezintabeni ezigcinelwe ukushushuluza ngokukhethekile lapho kufanele athenge khona amathikithi okukhuphukela phezulu esiqongweni nokufola isikhathi eside emgqeni wabantu abafuna ukukhuphuka. Ukushushuluza wehle entabeni kudinga namandla athile omzimba abaningi abaqalayo abangenawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushushuluza unqamule izwe kungajatshulelwa cishe yinoma ubani, kungakhathaliseki ubudala bakhe. Okuwukuphela kwezinto ezidingekayo yiqhwa, ukuqeqeshwa nje okuncane kanye nezicathulo zokushushuluza ezingabizi, amawudlu nezinti zokuqondisa.

Ukushushuluza unqamule izwe kungaba okuhlangenwe nakho okuvusa amadlingozi! Umuntu okwenzayo angaya cishe noma kuphi lapho efisa ukuya khona—anqamule amathafa namahlanze, amachibi kanye nemifula eneqhwa, ayongena emahlathini athule nezigodi ezisitshekelwe yiqhwa. Ukushushuluza eqhweni kunganika umuntu ithuba lokuzindla; okungasinika ithuba lokuthulula isifuba sethu kuMdali wethu futhi simbonge ngezimangaliso zokuphila. Ebusika, indalo kaJehova uNkulunkulu iba nesimo esihlukile. Ungqimba lweqhwa elimhlophe lwenza indawo ezungezile ibe nokuthula. Umhlaba ubonakala uhlanzekile futhi umusha, njengokungathi kukhona okusha okusazotholakala ngawo. Ukunqamula ehlathini, ezihlahleni ezimbozwe yisithwathwa, kuthoba inhliziyo nengqondo. Umsindo wezinto eziyimishini uyashabalala, futhi ngokushesha esikuzwayo kuba yizicathulo zokushushuluza kuphela.

Uma kuhlanganyelwa njengomkhaya noma njengeqembu labangane, ukushushuluza kuba ithuba lokushaywa umoya eliletha ubunye. Emazweni asenyakatho yeYurophu namuhla, eminye imikhaya ihamba ngesitimela amakhilomitha angu-20 noma angu-30, bese yehla, ishushuluze ndawonye ibuyele ekhaya.

Umsuka

Abanye bangase bacabange ukuthi ukushushuluza eqhweni unqamule izwe kuyinto entsha, kodwa kade kwaba khona. Ngo-1927, kwatholakala amadwala aqoshiwe ayesenezinkulungwane zeminyaka ekhona esiqhingini saseRødøya, eNorway. Omunye umdwebo ubonisa umzingeli ogqoke isifihla-buso sikanogwaja. Ubonakala eshushuluza ngezicathulo zeqhwa ezinde. Muva nje, emaxhaphozini aseScandinavia, izisebenzi zathola amakhulu ezicathulo zeqhwa zasendulo ezazisesimweni esihle. Ukushushuluza eqhweni kwakuyindlela yokuhamba yabantu bokuqala basenyakatho yeYurophu phakathi nobusika obude lapho likhithikile. Kwakuyingxenye enkulu yokuphila kangangokuthi babekhulekela futhi badumise ngisho nonkulunkulu nonkulunkulukazi wokushushuluza eqhweni! Namuhla amadolobha namadolobhana amaningi aseNorway naseSweden anezinsalela zalezo zinkolelo zasendulo emagameni awo. Phela, lona kanye igama elithi Scandinavia kungenzeka libhekisela kunkulunkulukazi wabashushuluzi baseqhweni, uSkade.

Nakuba sekungamakhulu eminyaka ukushushuluza eqhweni kuyingxenye edingekile yokuphila enyakatho yeYurophu, ukuthandwa kwako njengomdlalo emhlabeni wonke kwaze kwaqala ekhulwini le-19. Ngaleso sikhathi abaseNorway bathuthukisa izicathulo zokushushuluza ngokuzakha kabusha, ngokuzenza zicije nangokuzilolonga. Baklama namabhande okubopha izithende nezinzwane ayekhona ngaphambi kwamabhande asetshenziswa namuhla. ETelemark, indawo enezintaba eningizimu ephakathi yeNorway, baqala imiqhudelwano ehlukahlukene. Kukholelwa ukuthi umjaho wokuqala owalotshwa phansi nowanqunyelwa isikhathi wokushushuluza wabanjelwa lapho, kanti owanqoba wahlanganisa ibanga elingamakhilomitha amahlanu ngemizuzu engaba ngu-30. Umncintiswano wokushushuluza unqamule izwe wanda emazweni asenyakatho yeYurophu ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, kodwa kwakuyisenzakalo esihlukile esenza waziwa emhlabeni wonke.

Ngo-1888 umhloli wamazwe waseNorway uFridtjof Nansen wahola iqembu elanqamula iGreenland lishushuluza eqhweni. Ngemva kwalokho wabhala incwadi ngalesi senzakalo okwathi ngo-1891 yahunyushwa ngesiNgisi, isiFulentshi nesiJalimane. Lokhu kulandisa, okwakuchaza uhambo lwakhe olunzima lokunqamula leli zwe lase-Arctic eliwugwadule, kwabathakazelisa abafundi benkathi yeNdlovukazi uVictoria. Kwavusa isifiso esinamandla sokunqoba izingwadule ezazingakaze zihanjwe muntu.

Ngawo-1960, kwahlelwa uhambo lwemikhaya lokushushuluza eqhweni ezweni kabanzi. Izikhungo zokushushuluza ezazigxile ekunqamuleni izwe zaqala ukwanda ngokushesha. Abaklami bakuphawula lokhu, kwase kuvela amathuluzi amasha enziwe ngobuchwepheshe. Kwangenela ngisho nezimfashini, okwenza ukushushuluza kwaba undabuzekwayo. Ngenxa yokuthi umphakathi wawufuna izindawo zokushushuluza, omasipala abaningi baqala ukulungisa zonke izindawo ezazitholakala, kuhlanganise nezindawo zegalofu namapaki emadolobheni.

Izinzuzo Ezingokomzimba

Ukushushuluza unqamule izwe kubhekwa njengomunye wemidlalo ephephile ethandwayo. Nakuba ukuwa kungabangela imihuzuko, ukulimala kabi akuvamile, futhi ngokuvamile kwenzeka lapho oshushuluzayo edlulela endaweni ekhuphukelayo neyizintaba.

Ngenxa yokuthi indlela yokuhamba lapho kushushuluzwa iyashelela futhi inesigqi, amalunga nemisipha akukhandleki ngokweqile. Ngokuvamile odokotela bezemidlalo batusa ukushushuluza njengekhambi kulabo ababhinyika lapho begijima noma begibele ibhayisikili. Kungomunye wemidlalo embalwa esebenzisa yonke imisipha yomzimba eyinhloko, ngakho oshushuluzayo uvivinya wonke umzimba. Inhliziyo namaphaphu kuzuza kakhulu, kanti abashushuluza njalo banomfutho wegazi nokushaya kwenhliziyo okuphansi kunabantu abangenzi lutho. Ngakho, abashushuluza eqhweni babalwa phakathi kwabasubathi abayimiqemane kakhulu emhlabeni.

Amathuba amancane okulimala kanye nokuhamba ngendlela eshelelayo nenamandla kwenza ukushushuluza eqhweni kube yinto ekhangayo kwasebekhulile. Kwamanye amazwe asenyakatho yeYurophu, kuyinto evamile ukubona asebekhulile beshushuluza eqhweni.

Ukushushuluza kwenza umzimba ufudumale, ngakho umuntu anganethezeka nakuba kubanda. Uma kubanda kakhulu, ngokuvamile abasubathi abashushuluzayo baqhudelana begqoke izingubo ezilula, bengawafakanga ngisho namagilavu. Nokho, abangebona ochwepheshe kumelwe bazivikele ngokwanele izandla nezinyawo emakhazeni. Abashisekeli abanolwazi ngalo mdlalo ngokuvamile bayagqishela lapho begqoka, baqala ngokuthile okufudumele ngaphansi bese begqoka ijazi elingangeni manzi namoya ngaphezulu. Lokhu kubenza banethezeke futhi bangagodoli noma bashise ngokweqile. Bamane bakhumule noma banezele izingubo kuye ngesidingo. Abazali abahlakaniphile benza kahle ngokuqiniseka ukuthi izingane zabo ezincane zigqoke ngendlela efanele, ngoba imizimba emincane yezingane iyashesha ukugodola kuneyabantu abadala. Njengoba umzimba usheshe uzwele emakhazeni, basengozini yokushazwa.

Yenza Ubusika Bakho Bujabulise

Inkulumo ethi “uma ukwazi ukuhamba, ungashushuluza eqhweni” iyisiqubulo esivamile kubashushuluzi abanqamula izwe ngenxa yokuthi indlela yokuhamba kulo mdlalo ihlobene eduze nokuhamba okuvamile. Nakuba la magama eyiqiniso ngandlela-thile, abaningi kithi bangazuza kakhulu uma bengachitha ihora noma amabili beqeqeshwa uthisha onguchwepheshe. Kunezikhungo zokushushuluza ezifundisa abantu ngabanye noma amaqembu, futhi ngokushesha nje, imfundamakhwela ingafunda ngokushushuluza unqamule izwe—ukuhamba endaweni eyisicaba, ukukhuphuka umqansa, ukwehla ngokucophelela, kanye nokuma! Lapho sebeboniswe la makhono ayisisekelo, abantu abaningi basuke sebekulungele ukuphuma baye ngaphandle.

Ngo-1890, lapho ekhuluma ngokushushuluza unqamule izwe, uFridtjof Nansen wathi: “Akukho okuqinisa imisipha nokwenza umzimba ube namandla njengalokhu.” Mhlawumbe nawe ungawujabulela lo mdlalo. Ungase wenze isikhathi sakho sasebusika sijabulise.

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Ukushushuluza unqamule izwe akubizi futhi kungajatshulelwa abantu babo bonke ubudala

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Izicathulo zeqhwa zasendulo ezatholakala eVoss, eNorway

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[Isithombe ekhasini 26]

Idwala eliqoshiwe elibonisa umshushuluzi waseqhweni

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Foto: Inge Ove Tysnes / Syv søstre forlag