IMyanmar—“IZwe Legolide”
NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EMYANMAR
PHAKATHI kwezintaba ezakha umngcele ongokwemvelo nomakhelwane balo base-Asia kukhona “iZwe Legolide.” Eningizimu-ntshonalanga, kukhona usebe lweBay of Bengal noLwandle i-Andaman olugudla ugu olungamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-2 000. Entshonalanga kuneBangladesh neNdiya; enyakatho kuneChina; kanti empumalanga kuneLaos neThailand. Likhudlwana kuneMadagascar futhi lincane kunesifundazwe saseNyakatho Melika, iTexas. Yini igama laleli zwe? IMyanmar, ngaphambili eyayiyiBurma.
Njengoba izakhamuzi zayo zokuqala zaziyibiza ngokuthi iZwe Legolide, iMyanmar inemithombo eminingi yengcebo: uwoyela negesi, ithusi, ithini, isiliva, i-tungsten namanye amaminerali, kanye namatshe ayigugu, njengesafire, isimaragidu, irubi ne-jade. Ezinye izinto eziyigugu zihlanganisa amahlathi emvula anezingodo eziyivelakancane njenge-teak, i-rosewood ne-padauk. Kula mahlathi kuhlala nezilwane eziningi zasendle—izinkawu, amahlosi, amabhere, izinyathi nezindlovu, uma sibala nje ezimbalwa. Kodwa amagugu angempela eZwe Legolide abantu balo.
Abantu BaseMyanmar
Njengoba ngokuvamile bemnene futhi benokuthula, abantu baseMyanmar banenhlonipho futhi banomoya wokungenisa izihambi. Baphatha izivakashi ngenhlonipho nangesizotha. Izingane zivame ukubiza amadoda amadala ngokuthi omalume nabesifazane abadala ngokuthi o-anti.
Izivakashi eziya eMyanmar zivame ukuphawula ukuba bushelelezi kwesikhumba sabantu abadala. Abesifazane bathi esinye isizathu sokuba babukeke bebasha yisimonyo esinombala osagolide ngokuphaphathekile—i-thanaka—esivela esihlahleni i-thanaka. Abesifazane bagxoba igatsha etsheni eliyisicaba eliqinile bese bethela amanzi kancane, benze inhlama yokugcoba ecolisekile, abayigcoba ebusweni benze imidwebo ewubuciko. Ngaphandle kokuthi iyathambisa futhi iyapholisa, i-thanaka ivikela isikhumba elangeni elishisayo nelihangulayo.
Isembatho sabesilisa nabesifazane eMyanmar yi-lungi, eyenziwa kalula ngokuthunga uhlanganise indwangu engaba amamitha amabili ubude ibe isiyingi. Ngemva kokungena kuyo, owesifazane usonga i-lungi esiswini njengesiketi, abese eyishutheka okhalweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, owesilisa uwabamba womabili amachopho awabophele ngaphambili okhalweni. Njengoba inesizotha futhi ikudedela, i-lungi iyafaneleka ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Uma uvakashela emakethe uyabona ukuthi abantu baseMyanmar banamakhono—bayizingcweti zokuphotha usilika, izinto zokuhloba ezenziwe ngesandla nokuqopha ukhuni. I-teak, i-padauk nezinye izinhlobo zezingodo kuye kwenziwa ngazo izithombe ezikhangayo zabantu, amahlosi, amahhashi, izinyathi nezindlovu. Ngisho nezinto ezivamile njengamatafula, amakhabethe nezihlalo kuhlotshiswa ngokuqoshwa ngobuciko. Kodwa uma uzimisele ukuthenga, zilungiselele ukuba nixoxisane ngentengo!
Abantu baseMyanmar babuye bahambe phambili ekwenzeni izinto ezihlotshiswe kahle ezipendwe nge-lacquer—izitsha, izingqoko namabhokisi anezivalo. Kodwa okwenza izinto zabo zivelele ukuthi zenziwa ngemiklamo nezindlela zokuqopha abazenzela zona. Indlela eyinhloko iqala ngokuphothwa kwemicu yoqalo olubushelelezi ibe nezikhala. (Izinto zezinga eliphezulu ziqala ngokuphicwa koqalo noboya behhashi ndawonye.) Kulolu hlaka ingcweti ipenda cishe izingqimba ezingu-7 nge-lacquer, eyenziwe ngokuxuba amafutha e-thisei, noma isihlahla se-lacquer namathambo esilwane agxotshwe acoliseka futhi ashiswa.
Uma i-lacquer seyomile, umbazi uqopha umklamo phezu kwaleyo nto ngensimbi yokuloba. Khona-ke, ngemva kokupendwa nokupholishwa, umphumela awuwona nje kuphela umsebenzi omuhle wobuciko kodwa okuthile okuwusizo ekhaya.
Ithonya Lenkolo Likhulu
Cishe amaphesenti angu-85 abantu baseMyanmar bangamaBuddha; abasele ngokuyinhloko bangamaSulumane namaKristu. Njengasengxenyeni enkulu eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, inkolo ifeza indima eyinhloko ekuphileni kwabantu abaningi eMyanmar. Kodwa amasiko athile enkolo awajwayelekile ezivakashini eziningi.
Ngokwesibonelo, izindela ezingamaBuddha zenza isifungo sokungamthinti umuntu wesifazane. Ngakho ngenxa yenhlonipho, abesifazane abasondeli kakhulu eduze kwezindela. Amasiko enkolo anethonya ngisho nasekuhambeni ngamabhasi. Umuntu waseNtshonalanga angase axakwe uphawu ebhasini oluthi: “Sicela ningambuzi umshayeli ukuthi sizofika ngasikhathi sini.” Ingabe abashayeli sebekhathele abagibeli abangenasineke? Cha. AmaBuddha kule ndawo akholelwa ukuthi ama-nat (imimoya) azocasulwa umbuzo onjalo futhi angase abambezele ibhasi!
Umlando WeMyanmar
Umlando wasendulo weMyanmar awuqondakali kahle, kodwa kubonakala sengathi amaqembu ezizwe amaningana athuthela lapho evela emazweni angomakhelwane. AmaMon ngokusobala yiwo etha leli zwe igama elithi iSuvannabhumi—okusho ukuthi “iZwe Legolide.” AmaTibeto-Burman aqhamuka empumalanga yezintaba zaseHimalaya, futhi amaTai ayeqhamuka ezweni namuhla eliyiningizimu-ntshonalanga yeChina. Indawo yaseMyanmar emazombezombe yagcina izizwe zihlukene—yingakho kunamaqembu amaningi ezizwe nezilimi.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, abaseBrithani baqala ukufika bevela eNdiya eyayisanda kuba yikoloni. Baqale bahlala endaweni engaseningizimu futhi ekugcineni bagcwala izwe lonke. Ngo-1886, iBurma, njengoba iMyanmar yayibizwa kanjalo ngaleso sikhathi, yayisihlangene neNdiya ebuswa abaseBrithani.
Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, leli zwe laba inkundla yokulwa okubi, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngo-1942, amabutho amaJapane axosha abaseBrithani. Kamuva kwakhiwa “Ujantshi Wokufa” odume kabi. Lo mzila ongamakhilomitha angu-400 wawunqamula ehlathini elibi nasentabeni uxhumanisa iThanbyuzayat, eBurma neNong Pladuk, eThailand. Ngenxa yokuswelakala kwensimbi, ingxenye enkulu yalo jantshi yakhiwa ngensimbi eyayikhishwe emizileni eMalaya ephakathi (manje okuyiMalaysia). Ingxenye encane yalo msebenzi—ukwakha ibhuloho phezu koMfula iKwai—kamuva yaba yisisekelo sebhayisikobho edumile.
Ngosizo lwezindlovu ezingu-400, amadoda angaphezu kuka-300 000—iziboshwa zempi nabantu baseNdiya neBurma—akha ujantshi. Amashumi ezinkulungwane afela emsebenzini. Njengoba wawuhlaselwa njalo ngamabhomu amaButho Asizanayo, lo jantshi wasetshenziswa kancane kakhulu futhi ekugcineni wayekwa. Kamuva, ingxenye enkulu yemizila yawo yakhishwa futhi yasetshenziswa kwenye indawo.
Ekugcineni, abaseBrithani bazilwela, baphinde balidla leli zwe eJapane ngo-1945. Kodwa ukubusa kweBrithani kwakungokwesikhashana, ngoba iBurma yazimela yaphuma ngaphansi kweBrithani ngo-January 4, 1948. Ngo-June 22, 1989, iZizwe Ezihlangene zamukela ngokomthetho igama elisha laleli zwe, iMyanmar.
IZwe Lezinhloko-dolobha Ezisagolide
IMyanmar iye yaba nezinhloko-dolobha eziningi phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, enkabeni yeMyanmar kuneMandalay, edume ngokuthi iDolobha Legolide. Njengoba ligcwele imibhoshongo engamasonto yazo zonke izinkathi, leli dolobha labantu abangu-500 000 laliyinhloko-dolobha yokugcina ngaphambi kokuba kuphathe iBrithani. INkosi uMindon yadlulisela njengefa udumo lwasebukhosini eMandalay ngo-1857, lapho izakhela isigodlo esikhulu yona nezindlovukazi zayo. Ibanga elingamakhilomitha-skwele amane edolobha elidala liphakathi kwezindonga ezingamamitha angu-8 ukuphakama, eziwugqinsi olungamamitha amathathu ezansi. Umsele ongamamitha angu-70 uzungeza izindonga.
Ngo-1885 abaseBrithani badingisa owalandela uMindon, iNkosi uThibaw, bamyisa eNdiya, kodwa bashiya isigodlo singenziwe lutho. Kodwa iMpi Yezwe II ayizange isishiye, futhi sacoboshiswa umlilo. Bengasatshiswa, abantu baseMyanmar bakha isigodlo esihle esifana nesakuqala kanye nezakhiwo zaso zokhuni ezinkulu ezinombala obomvu nosagolide esizeni sokuqala. Izivakashi zamukelekile ukuba zisibone.
Ebangeni elingamakhilomitha angu-160 ukusuka eMandalay kunePagan. Nayo yayiyinhloko-dolobha, yasungulwa phakathi nenkulungwane yokuqala yeNkathi Evamile futhi yayisikhazimula ngekhulu le-11; kodwa yasala dengwane eminyakeni engu-200 kamuva. Noma kunjalo, amakhulu amathempeli agugile nemibhoshongo engamasonto asakazeke emadolobhaneni amancane—asikhumbuza udumo lwakuqala.
Inhloko-dolobha yanamuhla, iYangon (eyayaziwa ngokomthetho ngokuthi iRangoon kwaze kwaba ngo-1989), iyidolobha eliphithizelayo elinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu, kugcwele izimoto ezishaya amahutha, amabhasi namathekisi avuleke ezinhlangothini. Nakuba izakhiwo eziningi ezindala ezisikhumbuza izinsuku zekoloni laseBrithani zigudla izindlela eziphahlwe yimithi zaseYangon, leli dolobha selinamahhotela esimanje nezakhiwo zamahhovisi ezikhotha amafu.
Phakathi kwalezi zakhiwo kunombhoshongo iShwedagon Pagoda opendwe ngokusagolide ongamamitha angu-98 owembula ingcebo nokuhlakanipha kwezokwakha kwezikhathi zasendulo. Kuthiwa lo mbhoshongo uzungezwe amadayimane angaba ngu-7 000 namanye amatshe ayigugu. Isiqongo sawo sinedayimane elinesisindo esingama-carat angu-76. Njengezakhiwo zasendulo eziningi eMyanmar, iShwedagon iye yavithizwa futhi yashaywa ukuzamazama komhlaba nezimpi, futhi ingxenye enkulu yayo iye yakhiwa kabusha.
Kodwa abanye bathi iSule Pagoda esagolide yiwona mhlobiso wangempela waseYangon. Njengoba ingamamitha angu-46 ukuphakama, iSule Pagoda eneminyaka engu-2 000 ubudala yakha isiqhingi sokuqondisa izimoto (traffic island) esibalulekile enhlanganweni yemigwaqo emikhulu yedolobha emine. Lo mbhoshongo uzungezwe yizitolo.
Igolide Elingokomoya
Ngo-1914, ababili babaFundi BeBhayibheli Bezizwe Zonke (njengoba oFakazi BakaJehova babaziwa kanjalo ngalezo zinsuku) bafika eRangoon besuka eNdiya, befuna abantu abazisa igolide leqophelo eliphezulu—igolide elingokomoya. Ngo-1928 nango-1930, kwafika izithunywa zevangeli ezengeziwe, kwathi ngo-1939, kwabe sekusungulwe amabandla amathathu anoFakazi abangu-28. Ihhovisi legatsha loFakazi BakaJehova laseNdiya eliseBombay laliqondisa umsebenzi kulelo zwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1938. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-1940, igatsha lase-Australia laliqondisa umsebenzi. Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ngo-1947, kwavulwa igatsha lokuqala laseMyanmar eRangoon.
Ngo-January 1978, ihhovisi legatsha lathuthelwa eMgwaqweni u-Inya. Isakhiwo esinezitezi ezintathu sibizwa ngokuthi iKhaya LaseBethel LaseMyanmar. Umkhaya waseBethel wabangu-52 umatasa unakekela izidingo zoFakazi abangu-3 000 abashumayelayo kulelo zwe. Izilimi eziningi zaseMyanmar zenza ukuhumusha kube ingxenye enkulu yomsebenzi owenziwa kuleli gatsha. Ukuzikhandla koFakazi BakaJehova kwenezela esinye ‘isigaxa segolide’ ezintweni eziningi eziyingcebo yaleli Zwe Legolide.
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(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
BANGLADESH
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