Ukuthola Indawo Ethi Bona

“Ngisho noma ngabe iyindawo yokuhlala ephansi kakhulu, ayikho indawo efana nekhaya.”—UJohn Howard Payne.

KWAQALA ngempi, impi eyadonsa unomphela. Kwabe sekulandela isomiso, esasisibi. Ngemva kwesomiso kwalandela indlala. Abantu benza okuwukuphela kwento ababengayenza—bashiya imizi yabo beyofuna amanzi, ukudla nomsebenzi.

Batheleka ngezinkani emngceleni. Kodwa eminyakeni yamuva kwakusanda kwamukelwa ababaleki abayisigidi, futhi izwe elingumakhelwane lalingasenandawo. Amaphoyisa asemngceleni ayephethe iziqwayi aqinisekisa ukuthi akukho muntu ongena ngesinyenyela.

Isikhulu sendawo sezokufuduka sazichaza ngokungagwegwesi izizathu zokuvimba ababaleki ababefuna ukungena. “Abakhokhi ntela. Bonakalisa imigwaqo. Bagawula imithi. Baqeda amanzi. Cha, asisabafuni.”a

Izimo ezinjalo eziwusizi seziyinsakavukela. Abantu ababalekayo bathola ukuthi kuya kuba nzima ukuthola indawo ethi bona. Umbiko wamuva we-Amnesty International uyachaza: “Njengoba liye landa inani labantu abafuna isivikelo, namazwe aye anqikaza kakhulu ukunikeza leso sivikelo.”

Abanenhlanhla yokugcina befike ekamu lababaleki bangase bathole ukuphepha ngandlela-thile, kodwa leyo ndawo ayifani nasekhaya. Futhi izimo zasekamu zingase zibe zimbi ngempela.

Ukuphila Emakamu Ababaleki

“[Ekhaya] ungase ubulawe yinhlamvu, kodwa lapha [ekamu lababaleki] izingane zakho zibulawa yindlala,” kukhononda umbaleki othile wase-Afrika. Njengoba lo baba okhungathekile abona, amakamu amaningi anenkinga yokuswelakala kokudla namanzi kanye nokuntuleka kwenhlanzeko nendawo eyanele yokukhosela. Izizathu zisobala. Amazwe asathuthuka azithola esegcwele izinkulungwane zababaleki kungenzeka kakade anobunzima bokondla izakhamuzi zawo. Awanakuzisiza izixuku ezifika ngokungazelelwe emingceleni yawo. Kanti namazwe acebile, abhekene nezawo izinkinga, angase abe madolonzima ukusekela ababaleki abaningi abakwamanye amazwe.

Lapho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili bebaleka kwelinye izwe lase-Afrika ngo-1994, amakamu ababaleki akhiwa ngokubhuduzela ayentula amanzi nesimiso esifanele sokukhucululwa kwendle. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaqubuka ikholera eyabulala izinkulungwane ngaphambi kokuba inqandwe ekugcineni. Okubi nakakhulu ukuthi amabutho ahlomile azihlanganisa nababaleki abavamile futhi aqala ukulawula ukwabiwa kwempahla yosizo. Le nkinga yayingatholakali lapho kuphela. Umbiko weZizwe Ezihlangene uthi: “Ukuba khona kwabantu abahlomile phakathi kwababaleki kuye kwachaya abantu ezingozini ezinkulu. Kuye kwabenza besatshiswa, baxhashazwa futhi babuthelwa empini ngenkani.”

Abantu bendawo nabo bangase bahlupheke ngenxa yokuthutheleka okukhulu kwababaleki ababulawa yindlala. Esifundazweni samaChibi Amakhulu ase-Afrika, ezinye iziphathimandla zakhononda: “[Ababaleki] baye bageqa izinqolobane zethu zokudla, babhubhisa amasimu ethu, izinkomo nezindawo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, babangela indlala futhi basakaza nezifo eziwumqedazwe . . . [Bona] bathola usizo lokudla kuyilapho thina singatholi lutho.”

Noma kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuthi inkinga enkulu kunazo zonke yiqiniso lokuthi amakamu amaningi ababaleki esikhashana agcina eseyizindawo zokuhlala unomphela. Ngokwesibonelo, ezweni elithile eMpumalanga Ephakathi, kuhlaliswé ababaleki abangaba ngu-200 000 ekamu ekuqaleni elalakhelwe ingxenye yesine yalelo nani. Elusizi, omunye wabo wathi: “Sizoshonaphi?” Laba babaleki osekuyisikhathi eside behlupheka banamathuba omsebenzi alinganiselwe ezweni elibamukele, kanti abangamaphesenti angu-95 bachazwa njengabangasebenzi noma abakhokhelwa iholo elincane. Isikhulu sezababaleki savuma: “Angazi ngempela ukuthi baphila kanjani.”

Kodwa uma izimo zasemakamu ababaleki zibonakala zizimbi, kungenzeka zimbi nakakhulu kubantu abafudukayo kodwa abangenakukwazi ukuphuma ezweni lakubo.

Usizi Lokufuduka

NgokukaKhomishane WeZizwe Ezihlangene Ophethe Ezababaleki, “ubukhulu bale nkinga, ukuhlupheka kwabantu ekubangelayo, kanye nethonya layo ekuthuleni nasekulondekeni komhlaba wonke, kuye kwenza ukufuduka ngaphakathi ezweni kwaba yindaba ekhathaza kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.” Ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene, laba bantu abangenamakhaya ngokuvamile basengozini enkulu kunababaleki.

Ayikho inhlangano yomhlaba wonke enakekela inhlalakahle yabantu abafudukayo, futhi ngokuvamile imithombo yezindaba ayilunaki usizi lwabo. Ohulumeni babo, abasuke bengene shí empini yohlobo oluthile, bangase bangazimiseli noma bangakwazi ukubavikela. Ngokuvamile imikhaya iyahlukana lapho kubalekwa ezindaweni eziyingozi. Njengoba ngokuvamile bephoqeleka ukuba bahambe ngezinyawo, abanye abantu abafudukayo abaluqedi ngisho nohambo lokuya endaweni elondekile.

Abaningi balaba bantu abafudukayo bafuna isiphephelo emadolobheni, lapho bephila khona ngokuhlupheka emijondolo noma ezakhiweni ezishiywe dengwane. Abanye babuthana emakamu esikhashana, ngezinye izikhathi ahlaselwa amabutho ahlomile. Ngokuvamile, baningi abantu abafayo phakathi kwabo kunakunoma yiliphi elinye iqembu ezweni.

Ngisho nemizamo emihle yokusiza ekuqedeni ukuhlupheka kwalaba bantu abafudukayo ingase ibhuntshe. I-State of the World’s Refugees 2000 iyachaza: “Phakathi neshumi leminyaka lokugcina ekhulwini lama-20, izinhlangano zosizo ezisebenza emazweni akhungethwe yimpi zasindisa izinkulungwane zabantu futhi zenza lukhulu ekudambiseni ukuhlupheka kwabo. Nokho, isifundo esikhulu esisifundile kulelo shumi leminyaka ukuthi phakathi nezikhathi zempi, amaqembu alwayo angasizakala kalula ngezinkonzo zosizo, futhi lokhu kungaba nomphumela ongahlosiwe wokuqinisa igunya leziphathimandla ezibangela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Futhi, izinto ezithunyelwa yizinhlangano zosizo zingaxhasa imizamo yempi, okubhebhethekisa impi kuyenze iqhubeke isikhathi eside.”

Ukufuna Indlela Engcono Yokuphila

Ngaphandle kwababaleki nabantu abafuduka ngaphakathi ezweni lakubo, kunenani elandayo lababaleka ngenxa yezomnotho. Kunezizathu eziningana ezibangela lokhu. Igebe phakathi kwamazwe acebile nampofu emhlabeni liyaqhubeka likhula, futhi nsuku zonke izinhlelo zethelevishini zibukisa ngendlela yokuphila yakwamanye amazwe acebile kubantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeni. Sekulula ukuhambela wonke umhlaba, futhi kulula ukungena nakwamanye amazwe. Izimpi zombango kanye nokubandlululwa kobuhlanga nokwenkolo nakho kushukumisela abantu ukuba bathuthele emazweni acebile.

Kodwa nakuba abathile abafudukayo—ikakhulukazi labo abanezihlobo emazweni athuthukile—bethutha ngempumelelo, abanye bagcina bonakalise ukuphila kwabo. Labo abawela ezandleni zabashushumbisi abayizigebengu basengozini enkulu ngokukhethekile. (Bheka amabhokisi ahambisana nalesi sihloko.) Umkhaya kufanele ucabangele lezi zingozi ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuthutha ngenxa yezizathu zezomnotho.

Ngo-1996 isikebhe esidala saketuka oLwandle iMediterranean, kwaminza abantu abangu-280. Lezi zisulu zazingababaleki baseNdiya, ePakistan naseSri Lanka ababekhokhe imali engaba ngu-R50 000 kuya ku-R70 000 ukuze bangene eYurophu. Ngaphambi kokwephuka komkhumbi, kwase kuphele amasonto kakade bebulawa yindlala, ukoma nokuxhashazwa ngokomzimba. “Uhambo lokuya ekuchumeni” lwaphenduka isimo esidabukisayo esagcina siyinhlekelele.

Cishe bonke ababaleki, abantu abafudukayo, noma ababaleki abangemthetho banomlando odabukisayo abangawulandisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yiziphi izizathu eziye zabangela ukuba laba bantu bashiye imizi yabo—kungaba yimpi, ukushushiswa, noma ubumpofu—ukuhlupheka kwabo kuphakamisa imibuzo: Ingabe le nkinga iyoke ixazululwe? Noma ingabe ukuthutheleka kwababaleki kuyolokhu kwanda?

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 8]

Usizi Lwababaleki Abangemthetho

Ngaphandle kwababaleki nabantu abafudukayo, kukhona “ababaleki abangemthetho” ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-15 kuya kwezingu-30 emhlabeni wonke. Abaningi babo abantu abanethemba lokubalekela ubumpofu—mhlawumbe kanye nokubandlululwa nokushushiswa—ngokuya emazweni acebile.

Njengoba amathuba okuba umbaleki osemthethweni eye ancipha eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwavela uhwebo olusha lwababaleki abangemthetho. Eqinisweni, ukushushumbiswa kwababaleki sekuyibhizinisi elingenisa imali emaqenjini obugebengu omhlaba wonke. Abanye abaphenyi balinganisela ukuthi kungenisa imali engamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-104 ngonyaka, futhi akunazingozi abashushumbisi ababhekana nazo. UPino Arlacchi, isekela likanobhala-jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene, wabiza lesi simo ngokuthi “imakethe yobugebengu ekhula ngokushesha kunazo zonke emhlabeni.”

Ababaleki abangemthetho abanaso nhlobo isivikelo somthetho, futhi ngokuvamile abashushumbisi babaphuca izincwadi zabo zokungena kwamanye amazwe. Ababaleki abanjalo bangase batholakale emafektri okugqilazwa, emisebenzini yasezindlini, embonini yezokudoba, noma emisebenzini yezolimo. Abanye bagcina sebedayisa ngomzimba. Uma bebanjwa yiziphathimandla, cishe bayobuyiselwa emazweni akubo, bempofu. Uma bekhononda ngezimo ezimbi abasebenza kuzo, bangase bashaywe noma baxhashazwe ngokobulili noma imikhaya yakubo eyasala emuva isongelwe ngobudlova.

Ngokuvamile amaqembu obugebengu anxenxa ababaleki ngokubathembisa imisebenzi eholela kahle. Ngenxa yalokho, umkhaya ompofu ungase udayise yonke impahla yawo ukuze nje uthumele ilungu elilodwa lomkhaya eYurophu noma e-United States. Uma umbaleki engenamandla okukhokhela izindleko zakhe, kulindeleke ukuba asebenze akhokhe isikweleti sakhe, esingase sibe imali efinyelela ku-R346 000. ‘Ukuphila okusha’ akuthenjiswa kuphenduka ukugqilazwa.

[Isithombe]

Ababaleki abangekho emthethweni eSpain

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 9]

Ukuqedwa Kobumsulwa

Umkhaya wakubo kaSiri wawuhlala ezintabeni zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia, lapho abazali bakhe babenamasimu elayisi khona. Ngolunye usuku owesifazane othile watshela abazali bakaSiri ukuthi wayengamtholela umsebenzi oholela kahle edolobheni. Kwakunzima ukwenqaba isithembiso sakhe sika-R17 000—okuyimali enkulu kubalimi basezintabeni. Kodwa ngokushesha uSiri wazithola evalelwe esikhungweni sezifebe. Abanikazi bale ndawo bamtshela ukuthi uma efuna ukudedelwa, kufanele abakhokhele u-R70 000. Ngaleso sikhathi uSiri wayeneminyaka engu-15 ubudala.

USiri wayengenakukwazi ukukhokha lesi sikweleti. Washaywa futhi waxhashazwa ngokobulili ukuze abambisane nabathumbi bakhe. Uma nje ayesewusizo, wayengeke adedelwe. Iqiniso elibuhlungu liwukuthi izifebe eziningi ezinjalo zigcina zidedelwe—kodwa zibuyele emakhaya ziyobulawa yingculaza.

Uhwebo olufanayo luyachuma kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba. Umbiko wango-1999 othi International Trafficking in Women to the United States walinganisela ukuthi kunabesifazane nezingane abangu-700 000 kuya kwabangu-2 000 000 abashushumbiswa unyaka ngamunye, iningi labo ukuze liyodayisa ngomzimba. Abanye bayakhohliswa, abanye bavele bathunjwe; kodwa cishe bonke baphoqelelwa ukuba basebenze bengathandi. Ikhuluma ngabathumbi bayo, intombazane yaseMpumalanga Yurophu eyakhululwa eqenjini labaphathi bezifebe yathi: “Ngangingacabangi ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka. Laba bantu bayizilwane.”

Ezinye izisulu ezineshwa ziye zalandwa ngisho nasemakamu ababaleki, lapho kunzima khona ukuziba izithembiso zokuthola umsebenzi nemali enhle eYurophu noma e-United States. Kwabesifazane abaningi, ukufuna ukuphila okungcono kuye kwabaholela ebugqilini bobulili.

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 10]

Bala Izindleko Ngaphambi Kokuthutha Ngezizathu Zezomnotho

Ngenxa yamaqembu amaningi obugebengu ahileleke ekushushumbiseni ababaleki kanye nobunzima bokungena ngokusemthethweni emazweni asethuthukile, obaba nabayeni kufanele bacabangisise ngemibuzo elandelayo ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo.

1. Ingabe ngempela isimo sethu sezomnotho sibi kangangokuba omunye wethu noma umkhaya wonke kumelwe uthuthele ezweni elineholo elingcono?

2. Zingakanani izikweleti esizongena kuzo ukuze sikhokhele lolu hambo, futhi sizozikhokha kanjani?

3. Ingabe kulungile ukuhlukanisa umkhaya ngenxa yezinzuzo zezomnotho ezingase zingatholakali? Abantu abaningi abafuduka ngokungemthetho bakuthola kunzima ukuthola umsebenzi ozinzile emazweni asethuthukile.

4. Ingabe kufanele ngiyikholelwe imibiko yamaholo aphakeme nezinzuzo zezenhlalo? IBhayibheli lithi “ongenalwazi uyakholwa ngamazwi onke, kepha oqondileyo uyaqaphela ukunyathela kwakhe.”—IzAga 14:15.

5. Nginasiphi isiqinisekiso sokuthi ngeke sizithole sesiphethwe yinhlangano yobugebengu?

6. Uma iqembu elinjalo lobugebengu lihlela uhambo, ingabe ngiyaqonda ukuthi umkami—noma indodakazi yami—angase azithole ephoqelelwa ukuba adayise ngomzimba?

7. Ingabe ngiyaqonda ukuthi uma ngingena ezweni ngokungemthetho, ngingase ngingawutholi umsebenzi ozinzile futhi ngingase ngibuyiselwe kwelakithi, ngilahlekelwe yiyo yonke imali engiyisebenzisé ohambweni?

8. Ingabe ngicabanga ukuba umbaleki ongemthetho noma ukusebenzisa izindlela zokungathembeki ukuze ngingene ezweni elicebile?—Mathewu 22:21; Heberu 13:18.

[Umdwebo/Ibalazwe ekhasini 8, 9]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Ukusabalala Kwababaleki Nezisebenzi Ezifudukayo

Izindawo ezinababaleki abaningi nabantu abafudukile

→ Izindawo izisebenzi ezifudukayo ezilibangisa kuzo ngokuyinhloko

[Imithombo]

Sources: The State of the World’s Refugees; The Global Migration Crisis; and World Refugee Survey 1999.

Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Isithombe ekhasini 7]

Umbaleki ofudukile ulindele ukuphiwa indawo

[Umthombo]

UN PHOTO 186226/M. Grafman