Ibuya Lidalwa Yini?

EMINYAKENI engaba ngu-40 edlule, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi izifo ezivamile ezithwalwa izinambuzane njengomalaleveva, i-yellow fever, nodenga zase ziqothuliwe ezindaweni eziningi zomhlaba. Kodwa kwenzeka imbedumehlwana—izifo ezithwalwa izinambuzane zaqala ukuqubuka futhi.

Kungani? Okokuqala, ezinye izinambuzane nezilokazane ezizithwalayo ziye zafunda ukumelana nezibulali-zinambuzane nemithi esetshenziselwa ukuzinqanda. Le nqubo engokwemvelo yokufunda ukuphila nesimo esithile iye yathola umfutho kokubili ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kwezibulali-zinambuzane nasekusetshenzisweni kabi kwemithi. Incwadi ethi Mosquito ithi: “Emizini eminingi empofu, abantu bathola imithi, basebenzise eyanele ukuba idambise nje izimpawu zesifo, bese bebeka esele ukuze bayisebenzise lapho ukugula kubuya futhi.” Ngenxa yokuthi abakuphothuli ukuzelapha, amagciwane anamandla angase aphunyuke aqhubeke ephila emzimbeni womuntu abese ezala isizukulwane esisha esingayizwa imithi.

Ukuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu

Isici esibalulekile saleli buya lezifo ezithwalwa izinambuzane kuye kwaba ukuguquka kwesimo semvelo nesomphakathi. Isibonelo salokhu ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni wonke. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi ukwenyuka kwamazinga okushisa embulungeni yonke kuzobhebhethekisa izinambuzane ezithwala izifo zingene emazweni manje anamazinga okushisa aphansi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kakade sekuqalile ukwenzeka lokhu. UDkt. Paul R. Epstein weCenter for Health and the Global Environment, eHarvard Medical School, uyaphawula: “Kokubili izinambuzane nezifo ezithwalwa izinambuzane (kuhlanganise umalaleveva nodenga) manje seziyatholakala ezindaweni ezisezintabeni e-Afrika, e-Asia, naseLatin America.” ECosta Rica, isifo sodenga siye seqa izintaba lezo kuze kube manje ebezilokhu zisivimbela ukuba singadluleli ngalé koGu LwePacific, futhi manje sesitholakala kulo lonke leli zwe.

Kodwa isimo sezulu esishisayo senza okungaphezu kwalokhu. Kwezinye izindawo siye saguqula imifula yaba amachitshana kuyilapho kwezinye izindawo siye saletha izimvula nezikhukhula ezishiya amathantala amanzi amile. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo, amanzi amile aba yindawo ekahle kabi omiyane abazalela kuyo. Isimo sezulu esishisayo sibuye futhi sifushanise nesikhathi sokuchanyuselwa komiyane, okusheshisa ukwanda kwabo, kwenze ibe yinde nenkathi yomiyane. Omiyane basithanda kakhulu isimo sezulu esishisayo. Amazinga okushisa aphakeme afinyelela ngisho nangaphakathi esiswini sikamiyane bese andisa izinga lokwanda kwamagciwane abangela izifo, ngaleyo ndlela kwande amathuba okuba umuntu angenwe isifo ngokulunywa kanye nje kuphela. Nokho, zikhona nezinye izizathu zokukhathazeka.

Isibonelo Sendlela Izifo Ezisakazeka Ngayo

Izinguquko esimweni somphakathi wabantu nazo zingaba nomthelela ezifweni ezithwalwa izinambuzane. Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani lokhu, kudingeka sibhekisise indima yezinambuzane. Ezifweni eziningi, isinambuzane simane nje sakha ingxenye eyodwa kweziningi ekudluliselweni kwesifo. Kungenzeka ukuba isilwane noma inyoni igcine isifo ngezinambuzane ezisemzimbeni wayo noma ngokufukamela amagciwane egazini layo. Uma isilwane noma inyoni ikwazi ukuqhubeka iphila nalesi simo, ingase futhi ibe isidleke saleso sifo.

Cabangela isifo saseLyme, esahlonzwa ngo-1975 futhi sabizwa ngendawo yaseLyme, eConnecticut, e-U.S.A., lapho saqala khona ukuvela. Kungenzeka ukuthi igciwane lesifo saseLyme lafika eNyakatho Melika eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule namagundane noma nemfuyo eyayisemikhunjini evela eYurophu. Ngemva kokuba ikhizane lohlobo lwe-Ixodes lidle igazi lesilwane esinamagciwane alesi sifo, la magciwane afike ahlale esiswini saleli khizane. Kamuva lapho leli khizane liluma esinye isilwane noma umuntu, lingadlulisela la magciwane egazini lesilwane noma umuntu elimlumayo.

Enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States, isifo saseLyme siyisifo sendawo—ngoba sekuyisikhathi eside sikuleyo ndawo. Isidleke esiyinhloko samagciwane esifo saseLyme kule ndawo yigundane elinemilenze emhlophe. La magundane agcina namakhizane, ikakhulukazi amakhizane asakhula. Amakhizane asekhulile akhetha ukuhlala ezinyamazaneni lapho ethola khona ukudla aphinde futhi akhwelane khona. Lapho ikhizane lesifazane eselikhulile selisuthi igazi, liqathakela phansi enhlabathini lizalele amaqanda alo, okuyovela kuwo izibungwana ezingabantwana bawo kuqale kabusha umjikelezo wokukhula kwawo.

Ushintsho Lwezimo

Sekuyiminyaka amagciwane ehlalisana nezilwane nezinambuzane kodwa engabangeli izifo kubantu. Kodwa ukushintsha kwezimo kungabangela ukuba isifo sendawo sibe umqedazwe—isifo esingena abantu abaningi emphakathini. Yiluphi ushintsho olwaba khona esifweni saseLyme?

Esikhathini esidlule, izilwane ezidla ezinye zazisiza ekuvimbeleni ukuthintana kwamakhizane ahlala ezinyamazaneni nabantu ngokunciphisa isibalo salezi zinyamazane. Lapho abelungu abafika kuqala begawula amahlathi ukuze balime, isibalo salezi zinyamazane sancipha nakakhulu nezilwane ezidla lezi zinyamazane zajokola. Kodwa maphakathi nawo-1800, lapho abalimi beqhubekela entshonalanga ukuba bayolima khona, amapulazi amaningi ashiywa, ngakho le ndawo yaphinda futhi yaba ihlathi. Izinyamazane zabuya, kodwa izilwane ezaziziphilisa ngazo zona azizange zibuye. Lezi zinyamazane zabe sezanda kakhulu, kanjalo kwanda namakhizane.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, kwafika igciwane lesifo saseLyme lahlala kuzo amashumi amaningi eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba livele seliwusongo kubantu. Nokho, lapho kuqala ukwakhiwa kwamadolobha emaphethelweni aleli hlathi, izingane nabantu abadala abaningi baqala ukungena kule ndawo enamakhizane. Amakhizane aqala ukunamathela kubantu, abantu bathola isifo saseLyme.

Izifo Emhlabeni Ongasimeme

Isimo esichazwe ngenhla sibonisa indlela eyodwa kweziningi izifo ezisakazeka ngayo nesibonelo esisodwa sendlela ukwenza komuntu okungaba nomthelela ngayo ekuqubukeni kwesifo. “Ukungenela komuntu kuneqhaza cishe kuzo zonke izifo ezibuya kabusha sezinamandla kunangaphambili,” kubhala isazi sezemvelo u-Eugene Linden encwadini yaso ethi The Future in Plain Sight. Nazi ezinye izibonelo ezimbalwa: Ezokuhamba zanamuhla ezithandwayo nezisheshayo zingasakaza amagciwane nabathwali bawo embulungeni yonke. Ukulimala kwendawo izilwane ezinkulu nezincane ezihlala kuyo kusongela ukuhlalisana kwazo ngezinhlobonhlobo zazo. “Ukungcola komoya namanzi kwenza izimiso zomzimba zokuzivikela zabantu nezilwane zibe buthaka,” kuphawula uLinden. Unanela inkulumo uDkt. Epstein afingqa ngayo ngokuthi: “Empeleni ukuphazamisa komuntu imvelo kuye kwenza isimiso sembulunga yonke sokumelana nezifo saba buthaka, kwadaleka izimo ezivuna amagciwane.”

Ukuntengantenga kwezombangazwe kuholela ezimpini ezilimaza imvelo zonakalise nengqala-sizinda enikeza usizo lwezokwelapha nokwabiwa kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Biobulletin ye-American Museum of Natural History ithi: “Ababaleki, abangondlekile nababuthakathaka, ngokuvamile baphoqeleka ukuba bahlale emakamu aminyene nangahlanzekile anezimo ezichaya abantu ezifweni eziningi ezithathelwanayo.”

Ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho kuphoqelela abantu ukuba bathuthele kwezinye izindawo kulelo zwe noma baphume baphele kulelo zwe, ngokuyinhloko baye ezindaweni eziminyene zasemadolobheni. “Amagciwane ayazithanda izindawo eziminyene,” kuchaza le Biobulletin. Njengoba inani labantu landa emadolobheni, “ngokuvamile izinhlelo zezempilo yomphakathi ezibalulekile, njengemfundo eyisisekelo, ukudla okunomsoco, nokugonywa kwabantu ziyasilela.” Ukuminyana kakhulu kubuye futhi kubangele umthwalo owengeziwe ezinhlelweni zamanzi, zokuthuthwa kwetshe lentaba nokukhuculula imfucumfucu, bese kuba nzima ukugcina abantu nendawo kuhlanzekile kuyilapho kudala izimo ezivuna izinambuzane nezinye izinto ezithwala izifo. Noma kunjalo, likhona ithemba, njengoba sizobona esihlokweni esilandelayo.

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 27]

“Ukungenela komuntu kuye kwaba neqhaza cishe kuzo zonke izifo ezibuya kabusha sezinamandla kunangaphambili”

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 23]

Igciwane LaseNtshonalanga YeNayile Lihlasela I-United States

Igciwane laseNtshonalanga YeNayile, ngokuyinhloko elidluliselwa kumuntu ngomiyane, labonakala okokuqala ngo-1937 e-Uganda kamuva labonakala eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Asia, e-Oceania naseYurophu. Leli gciwane lalingakaze libonakale eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe kwaze kwaba ngo-1999. Nokho, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuye kwabikwa izehlakalo zabantu abangaphezu kuka-3 000 abaye bangenwa yileli gciwane e-United States futhi abantu abangaphezu kuka-200 baye bafa.

Abantu abaningi abanaleli gciwane abakuqapheli nakancane lokhu, nakuba abanye beba nezimpawu ezinjengezomkhuhlane. Kodwa idlanzana lingenwa yisifo esibi, okuhlanganisa isifo sokusha kobuchopho nokusha kolwelwesi lomfunkulu (spinal meningitis). Kuze kube manje awukabikho umjovo wokugoma noma amakhambi akhethekile atholakalayo egciwane laseNtshonalanga YeNayile. I-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yase-United States ixwayisa ngokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi leli gciwane litholakala nangokufakelwa izitho zabanye abantu noma ngokumpontshelwa igazi lomuntu onaleli gciwane. Ngo-2002, umthombo wezindaba i-Reuters wathi, “Okwamanje ayikabikho indlela yokuhlola igazi ukuthi alinalo yini igciwane laseNtshonalanga YeNayile.”

[Umthombo]

CDC/James D. Gathany

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 24, 25]

Ungazivikela Kanjani? Izinto Okufanele Uzenze Nokungafanele Uzenze

I-Phaphama! yaxoxa nabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezihlushwa yizifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane nayizinambuzane ezizithwalayo kuwo wonke umhlaba ukuze ithole amacebiso okuhlala unempilo enhle. Kungenzeka uthole iseluleko sabo siwusizo endaweni yakini.

Inhlanzeko—Indlela Yokuqala Yokuzivikela

◼ Gcina umuzi wakho uhlanzekile

“Vala izitsha ezigcine ukudla. Gcina ukudla okuphekiwe kuvaliwe kuze kube yilapho kuphakwa. Zihlanze ngokushesha izindawo ukudla okuchithekele kuzo. Ungayeki izitsha zingageziwe kuze kube sekuseni noma ugcine udoti kuze kube ngakusasa. Uwumboze noma uwugqibe, ngoba izinambuzane namagundane kuphuma ebusuku kuhlwaye ukudla. Kanti-ke ukukhonka phansi kwenza kube lula ukugcina umuzi wakho uhlanzekile ungenazo izinambuzane.”—E-Afrika.

“Gcina izithelo noma yini enye engase ihehe izinambuzane kude nekhaya. Ungavumeli ukuba imfuyo—izimbuzi, izingulube, izinkukhu—zingene endlini. Vala indlu yangasese engaphandle. Gqiba indle yezilwane masinyane noma uyisibekele ngomcako ukuze izimpukane zingasondeli. Ngisho noma omakhelwane bakho bengakwenzi lokhu, ungase ukwazi ukugcina isibalo sezinambuzane siphansi emzini wakho futhi ubabekele nesibonelo esihle.”—ENingizimu Melika.

[Isithombe]

Ukushiya ukudla noma udoti kungamboziwe kunjengokumema izinambuzane ukuba zizokudla nawe

◼ Inhlanzeko yomuntu siqu

“Insipho ayibizi kakhulu, ngakho washa izingubo zakho ugeze nezandla kaningi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuthintana nabantu noma nezilwane. Gwema ukuthinta izilwane ezifile. Gwema ukuthinta umlomo wakho, ikhala namehlo ngezandla. Kufanele uwashe izingubo njalo ngisho noma zibonakala zingangcolile. Nokho, kunamakha athile aheha izinambuzane, ngakho gwema insipho noma eminye imikhiqizo esetshenziselwa ukuzilungisa enamakha.”—E-Afrika.

Izinyathelo Zokuzivikela

◼ Susa izindawo omiyane abazalela kuzo

Vala amathangi nemigqomo yamanzi. Susa zonke izinto ezivulekile ezikhongozela amanzi. Ungavumi ukuba kube namanzi amile ezitshalweni ezitshalwe ezimbizeni. Omiyane bazalela kunoma imaphi amanzi amile ahlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezine.—ENingizimu-mpumalanga Ye-Asia.

◼ Nciphisa ukuchayeka ezinambuzaneni

Gwema izindawo nezikhathi izinambuzane ezithanda ukudla ngazo. Ilanga liyashesha ukushona ezindaweni ezishisayo, ngakho imisebenzi eminingi yansuku zonke yenziwa sekumnyama, isikhathi izinambuzane ezisuke zimatasa ngaso. Ukuhlala nokulala ngaphandle kwandisa ithuba lokungenwa yisifo uma kunezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane.—E-Afrika.

[Isithombe]

Ukulala ngaphandle ezweni elinomiyane kunjengokubamema ukuba bazozitika ngawe

Gqoka izingubo ezimboza ingxenye enkulu yomzimba, ikakhulukazi uma uhamba ehlathini. Gcoba umuthi oxosha izinambuzane nasezingutsheni zakho, ulandele njalo iziyalezo ezinikeziwe. Zihlole wena nezingane zakho ukuthi aninawo yini amakhizane uma benikade nisendle. Gcina izilwane ezihlala endlini ziphilile futhi zingenazo izinambuzane.—ENyakatho Melika.

Nciphisa ukuthintana nemfuyo, njengoba izinambuzane zingase zisakaze izifo ezikuyo zizifake kubantu.—E-Asia Ephakathi.

Wonke amalungu omkhaya kumelwe asebenzise amanetha okuvimbela omiyane—kutuswa ukuba afuthwe ngesibulali-zinambuzane. Sebenzisa izisefo emafasiteleni, futhi uzigcine zisesimweni esihle. Vala izikhala lapho kuhlangana khona uphahla nodonga izinambuzane ezingase zingene ngazo. Izinyathelo ezinjalo zokuzivikela zidinga imali ethile, kodwa uyolahlekelwa imali eningi nakakhulu uma kudingeka uyise ingane esibhedlela noma uma umuntu osebenzayo esegula kakhulu engasakwazi nokusebenza.—E-Afrika.

[Isithombe]

Amanetha omiyane afuthwe ngesibulali-zinambuzane abiza kancane kunezindleko zemithi nezibhedlela

Nciphisa izindawo izinambuzane ezicasha kuzo emzini wakho. Khonka izindonga nophahla ngaphakathi, uvale imifantu nezimbobo. Yendlala indwangu evimbela izinambuzane ngaphambi kokufulela ngotshani. Susa imfuhlumfuhlu—njengenqwaba yamaphepha, izindwangu noma izithombe ezingamaqoqo ezindongeni—lapho izinambuzane zicasha khona.—ENingizimu Melika.

Abanye abantu babheka izinambuzane namagundane njengezinto okumelwe baphile nazo emizini yabo. Akunjalo! Ungazivumeli ukuba zingene kwakho. Sebenzisa imithi yokuxosha neyokubulala izinambuzane—kodwa ulandele iziyalezo ezikuyo. Sebenzisa izinto zokubamba izimpukane neziphebezo ezenzelwe ukubulala izimpukane. Funa amasu ongawasebenzisa: Owesifazane othile wenza ishubhu ngendwangu, waligxisha isihlabathi, wavala ngalo ngaphansi kwesicabha ukuze izinambuzane zingangeni.—E-Afrika.

[Isithombe]

Akufanele siphile nezinambuzane emizini yethu. Zixoshe!

◼ Imithi yokuzivikela ezifweni

Yakha amandla omzimba okumelana nezifo ngokudla ukudla okunomsoco, ukuphumula nokuvivinya umzimba. Nciphisa ukucindezeleka.—E-Afrika.

Kwabathanda Ukuhamba: Hlala unolwazi ngokwaziswa kwamuva ngezingozi zezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane. Imininingwane ungayithola eminyango yezempilo kahulumeni nasezingosini zikahulumeni ze-Internet. Ngaphambi kokuthatha uhambo, phuza imithi yokuzivikela efanelekele indawo ozoyivakashela.

Uma Uzizwa Ungaphilile

◼ Bonana nodokotela ngokushesha

Izifo eziningi zelapheka kalula uma zitholakale ngokushesha.

◼ Qaphela amaphutha ekuxilongweni

Funa odokotela abajwayelene nezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane nanezifo zasezindaweni ezishisayo uma kufaneleka. Tshela udokotela wakho zonke izimpawu onazo nezindawo obukade uzivakashele, ngisho noma sekudlule isikhathi wakwenza. Sebenzisa ama-antibiotic kuphela uma kudingeka, futhi uwaphuze uwaqede.

[Isithombe]

Izifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane zingase zibe nezimpawu zezinye izifo. Nika udokotela wakho yonke imininingwane ayidingayo

[Umthombo]

Globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 10]

Ingabe Izinambuzane Ziyalisakaza Igciwane Lesandulela-ngculaza?

Ngemva kokuhlola nokucwaninga isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, izazi zezifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane nososayensi bezokwelapha ababutholanga ubufakazi bokuthi omiyane noma ezinye izinambuzane ziyalidlulisela igciwane lesandulela-ngculaza.

Ngokwesibonelo, endabeni yomiyane, izingxenye zomlomo walesi sinambuzane azifani nomjovo onentuba eyodwa igazi elingabuye likhishwe ngayo. Kunalokho, omiyane bamunca igazi ngenye intuba, bakhiphe amathe ngenye intuba. UThomas Damasso, uchwepheshe wegciwane lesandulela-ngculaza osebenza neDistrict Health Management Team eMongu, eZambia, uchaza ukuthi isimiso sikamiyane sokugaya ukudla sibe sesiyalihlakaza igazi, okwenza ukuba leli gciwane life. Isandulela-ngculaza asitholakali endleni yezinambuzane. Ngokungafani nezilokazane ezibangela umalaleveva, isandulela-ngculaza asingeni ezindlaleni zamathe zikamiyane.

Ukuze umuntu athole isandulela-ngculaza kungadingeka achayeke ezinhlayiyeni eziningana zaso. Uma umiyane uphazanyiswa usazitika bese undizela komunye umuntu khona manjalo, noma yiliphi igazi elisuke lisemlonyeni wawo lisuke lilincane kakhulu ukuba lingadala umonakalo. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, ngisho nokubulala umiyane ogcwele igazi elinesandulela-ngculaza ngesandla esinenxeba elingaboshiwe ngeke kukwenze ungenwe yisandulela-ngculaza.

[Umthombo]

CDC/James D. Gathany

[Izithombe ekhasini 23]

Ikhizane (elikhulisiwe kwesokudla) elihlala ezinyamazaneni lisakaza isifo saseLyme kubantu

Kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla: Elensikazi eselikhulile, eleduna eselikhulile, nesiphungumangathi, okuboniswe ubukhulu bawo bangempela

[Umthombo]

All ticks: CDC

[Izithombe ekhasini 26, 27]

Izikhukhula, indawo engahlanzekile, nokuthutha kwabantu kunomthelela ekusakazekeni kwezifo ezithwalwa izinambuzane

[Umthombo]

FOTO UNACIONES (from U.S. Army)