Amahlathi Emvula—Singawasebenzisa Ngaphandle Kokuwacekela Phansi?
INGABE unomuzwa wokuthi abezimboni zamahlathi banelungelo lokucekela phansi amahlathi emvula emhlabeni? Cishe uzophendula ngocha! Nokho, ezinye izazi zemvelo zingase ziveze ukuthi abaningi abangase bathi cha eqinisweni sebevumile kakade—ngokwesibonelo, ngokuthenga ifenisha eyenziwe ngokhuni oluhle noluthandwayo lwale mithi yasemahlathini emvula ezimilelayo olungaveli emahlathini atshalwayo.
Ngokuvamile ukugawula imithi kufaniswa nokucekwa kwamahlathi. Futhi kube kufanele, ngoba amahlathi amaningi acekelwa phansi ngokugawulwa. Nokho, kuthiwa amanye amahlathi aye agawulwa ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu. Ingabe ngempela amahlathi emvula nezilwane ezihlala kuwo kungalondolozeka lapho kugawulwa imithi? Ake siqale sihlole ukuthi ukugawula imithi kungalibhubhisa kanjani ihlathi.
Indlela Ukugawula Imithi Okungalibhubhisa Ngayo Ihlathi Nezilwane Zasendle
Cabangela lesi simo: Indaba iqala lapho ogandaganda becaba izindlela ezingena phakathi ehlathini. Ngokushesha kulandela abagawuli abaphethe imishini yokusaha. Le nkampani egawula imithi inemvume yesikhashana nje yokugawula, ngakho izisebenzi ziyalwa ukuba zigawule yonke imithi esebenzisekayo. Lapho imithi ezodayiswa iwa, ilimaza noma iphule imithi eseduze ethandelene nayo. Ngokulandelayo, izinqola ezinkulu ezinamasondo eketanga ezinqamula kulesi sinindolo ziyodonsa izingodo zigxisha umhlabathi ophezulu uze ungabe usasebenziseka.
Izisebenzi zenkampani egawulayo ngokuvamile zidla inyama eningi kunezakhamuzi zendawo. Kuzingelwa izinyamazane ehlathini; ngokuvamile kubulawa eziningi kunalezo ezidingekayo. Imigwaqo esalayo lapho abagawuli sebeqedile ivula amathuba okufinyelela endaweni eyayingafinyeleleki ngaphambili. Manje abazingeli bangangena ngezimoto bephethe izibhamu zokuqothula noma yiziphi izilwane zasendle ezisele. Abacuphi bathatha izilwane ezincane nezinyoni bayozidayisa njengezilwane ezifuywayo ezingenisa imali eshisiwe. Kube sekulandela izifiki, izinkulungwane zabantu ezingenandawo yokuhlala ezifuna indlela yokuziphilisa kule ndawo entsha evulekile. Indlela yazo yokuhesha bese zishisa leyo ndawo iqedela imithi esele, okwenza ukuba izimvula ezinkulu zikhukhule inhlabathi encane engaphezulu.
Eqinisweni, ihlathi lisuke selifile. Ukugawula imithi bekumane nje kuyisiqalo. Kodwa ingabe ukugawula amahlathi emvula kufanele kubhubhise kangaka?
Ukugawula Imithi Okungadali Monakalo Omkhulu
Eminyakeni yamuva nje kuye kwavuselelwa isithakazelo sokugawula imithi ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu kanye nokunakekelwa kwamahlathi ngendlela yokuwalondoloza. Umgomo uwukuba kugawulwe imithi ngendlela yokuba kuncishiswe umonakalo ehlathini nasezilwaneni zasendle. Ihlathi liyazivuselela kancane kancane, bese liphinde ligawulwa ngemva kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Njengoba bebhekene nokucindezela kwabalondolozi bemvelo, abanye abahwebi manje bakhangisa ngokuthi izingodo abazisebenzisayo zivela emahlathini aye agunyazwa njenganakekelwe ngendlela efanele. Ake sihlole ukuthi ukugawula ngendlela yokuba kuncishiswe umonakalo kusebenza kanjani.
Isazi samahlathi esinguchwepheshe neqembu labasizi baso bangena ehlathini. Bangelinye lamaqembu ambalwa azochitha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ehlathini, ehlola isimo salo. Le nkampani egawulayo inemvume yesikhathi eside kule ndawo, ngakho izisebenzi zinesikhathi esanele sokuhlola imithi ukuze zilondoloze ihlathi likwazi ukusetshenziswa ngokuzayo.
Isazi samahlathi siphawula umuthi ngamunye ngenombolo nangegama lawo. Kunezinhlobo ezingamakhulukhulu, ngakho kumelwe sibe uchwepheshe onolwazi olunzulu. Nokho, isinyathelo esilandelayo sidinga ubuchwepheshe besimanje.
Sisebenzisa umshini omncane oxhumana neziphuphutheki ze-Global Positioning System, lesi sazi sibhala ubukhulu bomuthi, igama lawo, kanye nenombolo yawo. Sibe sesichofoza inkinobho khona lapho ehlathini, bese kuthi yonke imininingwane yalo muthi, kuhlanganise nendawo okuyo ngokuqondile, ihambe iyongena kuyi-computer edolobheni elikhulu ndawana-thile.
Kamuva umphathi wehlathi utshela i-computer yakhe ukuba inyathelise ibalazwe elinayo yonke imithi ebalulekile ehlathini. Ukhetha ngokuqondile ukuthi yimiphi imithi engase igawulwe ngokuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni. Uma kunezinhlobo eziningi, kuvunyelwe ukugawula amaphesenti angu-50 kuphela emithi engaphezu kobubanzi obuthile obuvunyelwe. Imithi emidala neqinile akumelwe ithintwe ngoba iyona ethela imbewu.
Nokho, ungayigawula kanjani imithi ngaphandle kokulimaza ihlathi? Lowo mbuzo i-Phaphama! yawubuza uRoberto, isazi samahlathi okukhulunywe ngaso esihlokweni esandulele. Wachaza: “Ibalazwe liwusizo. Ngebalazwe lemithi, singahlela indlela yokugawula imithi ukuze singabangeli umonakalo omkhulu ehlathini. Kungahlelwa ngisho nokuthi imithi izowela ngakuphi lapho kugawulwa ukuze kungalimali imithi eseceleni.
“Singahlela nokukhipha izingodo ngamawinji, esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ogandaganda ukuze sifinyelele kuyo yonke imithi egawuliwe. Ngaphambi kokuba bagawule, abagawuli bagawula izintandela ezihlanganisa imithi abahlela ukuyigawula—nalokhu bakwenzela ukunciphisa ukulimala kwemithi eseduze. Siyashintshashintsha ngokuvumelana nemvume, unyaka ngamunye sihlola indawo ethile bese sigawula kuyo ukuze singagawuli endaweni efanayo kuze kudlule okungenani iminyaka engu-20. Kwezinye izingxenye zehlathi, kuba iminyaka engu-30.”
URoberto yena usebenzela inkampani egawula amahlathi. Ngakho i-Phaphama! yambuza: “Abagawuli bamahlathi banesithakazelo esingakanani ngempela sokuvikela izilwane zasendle?”
Ukuvikela Izilwane
URoberto uthi: “Ihlathi alikwazi ukuchuma ngaphandle kwezilwane. Zibalulekile ngoba zisakaza impova nembewu. Senza konke okusemandleni ethu ukuba sinciphise ukuphazamiseka kwezilwane zasendle. Ngokwesibonelo, siyihlela ngokucophelela imigwaqo yokungena ukuze ingabi miningi futhi ingasondelani. Uma kungenzeka, senza imigwaqo ibe umngcingo ukuze amagatsha aphezulu emithi akwazi ukuyisibekela. Lokhu kuvumela izilwane ezinjengamabheja [sloth] nezinkawu ukuba ziwele umgwaqo ngaphandle kokwehla emthini.”
URoberto usibonisa izingxenye ezithile ezinombala ogqamile ebalazweni lakhe. Lezi zindawo akufanele neze zithintwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxenye yezwe evikelwe nxazombili zayo yonke imifula ivumela izilwane ukuba zisuke endaweni ethile ziye kwenye zinqamula ehlathini elingaphazanyisiwe.
URoberto uyachaza: “Ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo ezingasemfuleni ezibalulekile, sivikela nemihume, amadwala angamaqhuzu, imithi emidala egwedekile, imithi ethela izithelo—eqinisweni, noma iyiphi indawo ebalulekile ekulondolozweni kohlobo oluthile lwezilwane. Ukuze sivimbele ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, siyazinqabela izisebenzi zethu ukuba zibe nezibhamu, futhi ukuze singabikho isidingo senyama yezinyamazane, siletha inyama yenkomo neyenkukhu ngendiza ekamu okukaniswe kulo. Kamuva, lapho sesiqedile ukusebenza engxenyeni ethile, sivalisisa imigwaqo noma silawule ukusetshenziswa kwayo ukuze abazingeli noma abagawuli bamahlathi abangekho emthethweni bangakwazi ukungena ehlathini.
“Mina ngiyakujabulela ukwenza wonke lo msebenzi ngoba ngikholelwa ukuthi indalo kaNkulunkulu kufanele ilondolozwe. Kodwa cishe zonke lezi zinto esengizichazile zifunwa yimithetho yomhlaba wonke elawula amahlathi agunyaziwe nanakekelwa ngendlela engadali umonakalo kuwo. Ukuze ithole imvume, inkampani egawulayo kufanele yanelise abahloli abavela ezinhlanganweni zamazwe ngamazwe.”
Ingabe amahlathi anakekelwe ngendlela engadali monakalo kuwo ayayingenisa inzuzo? Ngaphandle kwabantu abambalwa abashisekela amahlathi njengoRoberto, ngokuvamile abagawuli bamahlathi abawamukeli ngesasasa amacebo okulondoloza izilwane zasendle. Imingcele enjalo ngokuvamile ibhekwa njengosongo ekutholeni inzuzo.
Noma kunjalo, ucwaningo olwenziwa empumalanga ye-Amazonia ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 lwathola ukuthi imali eyizindleko zebalazwe lemithi, ukugawula izintandela nokulandwa kwemithi okuhleliwe yayibuya ngokuphindiwe, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwendlela yokusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakulahleka izingodo ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile, ngaphandle kwaleli balazwe, abagawula ngemishini babegawula imithi kodwa kube nzima ngabalanda leyo mithi ukuba bayithole ehlathini eliyisinindolo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kube lula kakhulu ukudayisa izingodo okuqinisekisiwe ukuthi zivela ehlathini elinakekelwe ngendlela engadali umonakalo. Kodwa ingabe ukugawula ngendlela enciphisa umonakalo kuyazivikela ngempela izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo? Zingakanani izilwane ezisindayo lapho kugawulwa ihlathi lemvula ngale ndlela?
Ingabe Izilwane Zasehlathini Zingasinda Lapho Kugawula Imithi?
Kuyavunywa ukuthi isimo semvelo emahlathini emvula sintekenteke futhi siyinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa singasimama ngendlela engalindelekile ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ihlathi elithile elingakathintwa liseduze kwendawo egawuliwe, amahlumela emithi egawuliwe ayokhula kancane kancane aze azivale izikhala ezazisehlathini. Kodwa kuthiwani ngezilwane, izinyoni nezinambuzane?
Kunezinhlobo eziningana ezithinteka kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile ukugawula imithi kunciphisa izinhlobo ezithile zezinyoni nezilwane endaweni. Nokho, ukugawula ngendlela enciphisa umonakalo ngokuvamile akuziphazamisi kakhulu izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane. Eqinisweni, ukuvuleka kwezikhala phakathi kwemithi kungase kukhuthaze ukwanda kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane. Ucwaningo lwamuva nje lubonise ukuthi ukuba khona kwabantu—ngisho noma abanye babo lapho bezogawula izingxenye nje ezithile—kungase kwandise izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphila emahlathini emvula.
Ngakho, kunendathane yobufakazi obubonisa ukuthi amahlathi emvula angagawulwa ngendlela efanele, ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo ongalungiseki ezinhlotsheni zezinto eziphilayo. I-Economist yaseLondon ithi: “Amaphesenti ayishumi kuphela amahlathi asele, uma enakekelwe ngendlela efanele, angahlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ezikhona zokhuni olugawulwe emahlathini emvula. Ingxenye enkulu-ke yalawo asele ingavikelwa ukuze ingathintwa nhlobo.”
Isibonelo sehlathi elivikelwe ngokuphelele yilelo okukhulunywe ngalo esihlokweni sokuqala. URamiro uyalivikela ngoba kuleyo ndawo ososayensi baye bathola izilwane eziningana esezisengcupheni yokuphela. Amahlathi anjalo asitshekelwe amafu ayivelakancane futhi anenani elikhulu kakhulu lezilwane ezinhlobonhlobo. URamiro uyachaza: “Isihluthulelo sokulondoloza imvelo kuye kwaba imfundo. Lapho nje abantu bendawo beqaphela ukuthi bathembele kuleli hlathi ukuze bathole amanzi, báqala ukuba nesithakazelo sokulilondoloza.”
URamiro uyanezela: “Ukuvakasha ngenjongo yokubona imvelo nako kubalulekile ngoba izivakashi zifunda ukuthi kungani imithi ehlukahlukene nezimila ezikubonayo kukufanelekele ukulondolozwa. Zihamba sezinokwazisa okuthé xaxa ngehlathi nangezilwane zalo zasendle.”
Isibonelo sikaRamiro noRoberto sibonisa ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukusebenzisa amahlathi emvula ngaphandle kokuwacekela phansi wona nezilwane ezihlala kuwo. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kungenzeka alisho ukuthi kuzokwenzeka. Abanye abantu namuhla bangaqikelela ukuthi ukhuni abaluthengayo luvela ehlathini eligunyaziwe nelinakekelwe ngendlela efanele. Nokho, abanye abanayo indlela yokwenza kanjalo. Ngakho, ingabe imizamo yokulondoloza imvelo iyozivikela izinhlobonhlobo ezimangalisayo zezinto eziphila emahlathini?
[Amabalazwe ekhasini 23]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
BOLIVIA
Ibalazwe elikwesokudla linikeza imininingwane yomuthi ngamunye; njengoba kubonakala ngenhla, ibalazwe limelela ingxenyana nje encane yeBolivia
[Umthombo]
All maps except top left: Aserradero San Martin S.R.L., Bolivia
[Izithombe ekhasini 23]
Umuthi ngamunye unikezwa inombolo, kutholwe negama lawo. Khona-ke, kusetshenziswa umshini we-Global Positioning System (ngenhla), kugcinwa indawo okuyo ngokuqondile
[Isithombe ekhasini 23]
‘Ibalazwe lemithi esehlathini liyisihluthulelo sokuhlela indlela yokugawula ihlathi engeke idale umonakalo ongalungiseki kulo noma ezilwaneni ezihlala kulo.’—URoberto
[Isithombe ekhasini 24, 25]
“Isihluthulelo sokulondoloza imvelo kuye kwaba imfundo.”—URamiro
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 25]
Foto: Zoo de Baños