Lokho Ongakhetha Kukho Nezingqinamba Zako

Ake ucabange ngosizi lombhangqwana oshadile ofuna umntwana ngabomvu kodwa ongeke ube naye ngenxa yokungabi nenzalo. Ufuna usizo lwesayensi yezokwelapha bese uthola ukuthi kunezinqubo nezindlela zokwelapha eziningi eziye zasungulwa ukuze kulungiswe inkinga yokungabi nenzalo. Ingabe kunendaba ukuthi ukhetha yiphi, uma ikhona ongayikhetha?

NAMUHLA imibhangqwana engenanzalo ingakhetha ezintweni eziningi ezazingekho emashumini ambalwa nje eminyaka adlule. Kodwa lokho kukhetha kuphakamisa umbuzo omkhulu, Izinqubo ezisiza ekuzaleni zinaziphi izingqinamba ngokokuziphatha nonembeza? Ngaphambi kokuba sicabangele lokho, ake sibheke indlela amaqembu ahlukahlukene enkolo azibheka ngayo lezi zinqubo.

Athini Amaqembu Enkolo?

Ngo-1987 iSonto LamaKatolika lakhipha incwadi ephathelene nokufaneleka ngokokuziphatha kwezinqubo zokwelapha ukungabi nenzalo. Le ncwadi, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Donum Vitae (Isipho Sokuphila), yathi uma inqubo yezokwelapha isiza ubuhlobo bobulili basemshadweni ukuze umuntu akhulelwe, ukwelashwa okunjalo kungase kubhekwe njengokwamukelekayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ncwadi yabonisa ukuthi uma inqubo yezokwelapha ithatha indawo yobuhlobo bobulili basemshadweni, ukwelashwa okunjalo kungqubuzana nezindinganiso zokuziphatha okufanele. Ngokwalo mbono, ukuhlinzwa ukuze kuvulwe amashubhu esibeletho nokusebenzisa imithi yenzalo kungabhekwa njengokwamukelekayo, kodwa ukukhulelwa okwenziwa ngaphandle kwesibeletho kuwukuziphatha okungafanele.

Ngonyaka owalandela ikomiti yeSishaya-mthetho Sase-United States yabuza amaqembu enkolo ngombono wawo ngokwelashelwa ukungabi nenzalo. Umbiko wokugcina wabonisa ukuthi amaningi ayazamukela izindlela zokwelapha ezaziwayo, ukutshalwa kwesidoda somyeni wakhe umuntu, nokukhuleliswa ngaphandle kwesibeletho, uma kokubili iqanda nesidoda kungokwalowo mbhangqwana oshadile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amaningi okwaxoxwa nawo athi ukubulala imibungu, ukukhuleliswa ngesidoda esinikelwe, nokuba umama ngokwesivumelwano kungqubuzana nezimiso zokuziphatha.a

Ngo-1997 i-European Ecumenical Commission for Church and Society (EECCS), okuwumkhandlu wamasonto amaProthestani, amaSheshi, nama-Orthodox, yaveza encwadini echaza umbono wayo ukuthi kunokwahlukana kwemibono phakathi kwamalungu ayo mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni. Igcizelela ukuthi kuhileleke unembeza nesinqumo somuntu siqu kule ndaba, le ncwadi yathi: “Kuyacaca ukuthi kunzima ukuveza umbono ‘okuyiwonawona’ wamasonto angamalungu e-EECCS. Kunalokho, kunemibono eminingi ehlukahlukene.”

Kusobala ukuthi imibono mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni iyahlukahluka kakhulu. I-World Health Organization ye-UN iyavuma ukuthi umkhakha wezinqubo zokusiza ekuzaleni “uzibekela inselele njalo izimiso zomphakathi, izindinganiso zokuziphatha nezimiso zomthetho.” Yiziphi ezinye izinto okufanele abantu bazicabangele ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo ngobuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni?

Yiziphi Izingqinamba Ezikhona?

Indaba ebalulekile okufanele icatshangelwe ukuthi kumelwe ubhekwe kanjani umbungu womuntu. Lokhu kuhlobene nombuzo obalulekile, Ukuphila kuqala nini—lapho owesifazane ebamba noma kamuva phakathi nenkathi yokukhulelwa? Ngokuqinisekile impendulo iyosithinta isinqumo imibhangqwana eminingi eshadile esenzayo mayelana nale nqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ikholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kuqala lapho owesifazane ebamba, khona-ke kunemibuzo ebalulekile okumelwe icatshangelwe.

● Ingabe umbhangqwana kufanele uvumele odokotela ukuba balandele inqubo evamile yokuvundisa amaqanda angaphezu kwelilodwa noma angaphezu kwalawo azofakwa esibelethweni, bese kugcinwa eminye imibungu ukuze isetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo?

● Kuyokwenzekani ngaleyo mibungu uma umbhangqwana ungasakwazi noma ungasathandi ukuba nezinye izingane?

● Kuyokwenzekani ngemibungu egciniwe uma umbhangqwana uhlukana noma omunye efa?

● Ubani oyothwala umthwalo onzima wokubulala leyo mibungu?

Ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe ngemibungu engasebenzanga noma egciniwe akufanele kuthathwe kalula. Iziqondiso zomthetho kwamanye amazwe sezifuna ukuba umbhangqwana ubhale phansi imvume echaza okufanele kwenziwe ngemibungu esele—okuwukuthi, kufanele igcinwe yini, kunikelwe ngayo kwabanye, isetshenziselwe ucwaningo, noma iyekwe izifele. Imibhangqwana kufanele iqaphele ukuthi kwezinye izindawo kuvumelekile ukuba umtholampilo wokuzalisa ubulale imibungu egciniwe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhalwe phansi uma isihlale iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Namuhla, kunamakhulu ezinkulungwane zemibungu eqandisiwe egcinwe emitholampilo emhlabeni wonke.

Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe ukuthi imibhangqwana ingase icelwe ukuba inikele ngemibungu engasetshenziswanga ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo lwama-stem cell. Ngokwesibonelo, i-American Infertility Association iye yakhuthaza imibhangqwana ukuba inikele ngemibungu yayo egciniwe engasenakutshenziswa ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. Enye injongo yocwaningo lwama-stem cell iwukuthola izindlela ezintsha zokwelapha izifo. Kodwa lo mkhakha wocwaningo uye wavusa impikiswano enkulu ngoba inqubo yokukhipha ama-stem cell embungwini iyawubulala lowo mbungu.b

Izinqubo ezintsha zokuhlola ufuzo ziphakamisa ezinye izimpikiswano zokuziphatha. Ngokwesibonelo, cabangela ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa kweqanda esibelethweni [preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)]. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Kuthiwani Ngokuhlolwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Ngaphambi Kokutshalwa Kweqanda Esibelethweni?”) Le nqubo ihilela ukucubungula izakhi zofuzo zemibungu bese kukhethwa umbungu—mhlawumbe owobulili obuthandwayo noma ongenaso isakhi sofuzo esithile esibangela izifo—ozotshalwa esibelethweni. Abagxeki bale nqubo bathi i-PGD ingabangela ukucwasa ngokobulili noma ingase igcine isisetshenziselwa ukunika imibhangqwana ithuba lokukhetha ezinye izici zofuzo kubantwana bayo, kuhlanganise nombala wezinwele noma wamehlo. I-PGD iphakamisa lo mbuzo othinta izindinganiso zokuziphatha, Kwenziwani ngemibungu engakhethwanga?

Ingabe Isibopho Somshado Sizothinteka?

Lapho kucatshangelwa izinhlobo ezithile zokwelapha ukungabi nenzalo, kunesinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe. Ukusetshenziswa kukamama wesivumelwano noma isidoda noma amaqanda okunikelwe kuzowuthinta kanjani umshado? Ezinye izinqubo zingase zihilele umuntu wesithathu (onikelayo) noma ngisho nowesine (abantu ababili abanikelayo) noma owesihlanu (ababili abanikelayo kanye nomama wesivumelwano) enqubweni yokuzalwa komntwana.

Ngokuphathelene nenqubo ehilela amaqanda nesidoda okunikelwe, abantu abahilelekile kudingeka bacabangele nezinye izici.

● Ukuzalwa komntwana onjalo kungaba namiphi imiphumela engokomzwelo ehlala isikhathi eside kubazali uma kungoyedwa kuphela—noma engekho kubo bobabili—ongumzali wangempela walowo mntwana?

● Indodana noma indodakazi iyosabela kanjani uma izwa ukuthi yazalwa ngale ndlela engavamile?

● Ingabe umntwana kufanele atshelwe ngabazali bakhe futhi avunyelwe ukuba afune uyise noma unina wangempela?

● Umuntu noma abantu abanikele ngamaqanda nesidoda banamaphi amalungelo ngokokuziphatha nangokomthetho, futhi banaziphi izibopho?

Kuthiwani Ngokufihlwa Kwamagama?

Emazweni amaningi kunenkambiso yokuba kufihlwe amagama abantu abanikele. I-Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, eqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zenzalo zabantu eBrithani, iyachaza: “Ngaphandle kwalapho ukunikela kwenziwa ngokuzithandela abantu abazanayo, abantu abanikelayo manje noma abánikela esikhathini esidlule bayohlala bengaziwa yimibhangqwana ethola amaqanda noma isidoda sabo, nayizingane ezingase zizalwe ngaleyo nqubo.”

Nokho, le nkambiso yokufihla amagama iyimpikiswano eshubile kwezinye izindawo. Ngenxa yalokho amazwe ambalwa aye ashintsha izinkambiso noma imithetho yawo. Labo abamelene nenkambiso yokufihlwa kwamagama bagcizelela ukuthi abantwana kumelwe bazazi ngokugcwele ukuthi bangobani. Umbiko othile uthi: “Abantu abangaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-80 abayizingane zokutholwa bayazifuna izihlobo zabo zegazi, abaningi ngenjongo yokwanelisa ilukuluku lesikhathi eside abantu abaningi abanalo lokwazi imvelaphi yabo. Abangaba amaphesenti angu-70 bafuna ukuthola ukwaziswa okubalulekile kwesizinda sezinkinga zofuzo zabazali babo bangempela abangase babe nazo.”

Omunye umbiko, osekelwe ekuxoxeni nabantu abadala abangu-16 abazalwa ngamaqanda nesidoda okwanikelwa, wembula ukuthi “abaningi bashaqeka lapho bethola imvelaphi yabo.” Lo mbiko wanezela: “Eziningi zalezi zingane zazishikashikeka ngokuthi zingobani futhi zinomuzwa wokulahlwa. Zazinomuzwa wokuthi imikhaya yakubo yazikhohlisa futhi zangabe zisayethemba.”

Uyonqumani?

Akungabazeki ukuthi isayensi yezokwelapha iyoqhubeka ithuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni. Abanye babikezela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo amaphesenti angu-30 azo zonke izingane ezizalwayo ayozalwa ngale nqubo. Impikiswano mayelana nezimpikiswano zokuziphatha ezihilelekile isazoqhubeka.

AmaKristu eqiniso aqondiswa umbono obaluleke ngisho nakakhulu—umbono woMdali wethu, owahlela ukuba abantu bazalane. (IHubo 36:9) Yiqiniso, iBhayibheli alikhulumi ngokuqondile ngezinqubo zesimanje zokusiza ekuzaleni, ngoba lezo zinqubo zazingekho ngezikhathi zeBhayibheli. Nokho, iBhayibheli linezimiso ezicacile ezibonisa umcabango nombono kaNkulunkulu. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Lithini IBhayibheli?”) Izimiso ezinjalo zisisiza ukuba senze izinqumo ezifanele ngokokuziphatha ezisishiya sinonembeza okhululekile phambi kukaNkulunkulu.—1 Thimothewu 1:5.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 24]

Liyini Ihlule?

Igama elithi “ihlule” libhekisela esigabeni somntwana ongakazalwa phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala ezingu-14 ngemva kokuvundiswa kweqanda. Ngemva kwalokho, ubizwa ngokuthi umbungu kuze kube sekupheleni kwesonto lesishiyagalombili. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ubizwa ngokuthi umntwana. Kungani kusetshenziswa igama elithi “ihlule”?

Ngokwe-International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, leli gama “lalisetshenziswa njengezaba zokuvumela ukucwaninga ngemibungu yabantu” phakathi nezinsuku zokuqala ezingu-14 ngemva kokubamba. Incwadi ethile ithi: “Uma umuntu echaza umbungu njengesiqu esiklanyelwe ukuba umntwana, izingxenye zakhe zokuqala azakheki kuze kube ngemva kwamasonto amabili isidoda sihlangene neqanda.” Kodwa ingabe kungashiwo ukuthi leli hlule limane nje liyinqwaba yamangqamuzana, into nje okungenziwa ngayo ucwaningo? Cabangela lokho okwenzekayo ngempela phakathi nale nkathi yamasonto amabili.

Ngemva kokuba isidoda singene eqandeni, kuthatha amahora angaba ngu-24 ukuba izakhi zofuzo zowesilisa nowesifazane zilumbane. Phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo, leli ngqamuzana liyahlukana. Phakathi nezinsuku ezine noma ezinhlanu iqanda livundisiwe, leli qoqo lamangqamuzana liba yindilinga engenalutho ngaphakathi (lisuke liselincane kunesihloko sikakhanjana) enongqimba lwangaphandle lwengqamuzana kanye nolwangaphakathi. Manje laziwa ngokuthi i-blastocyst. Iningi lamangqamuzana ongqimba olungaphandle lizophenduka izicubu ezingezukuba ingxenye yombungu. Nokho, umntwana ngokwakhe uyokwakhiwa yingxenye yongqimba lwamangqamuzana engaphakathi.

Cishe ngemva kwesonto iqanda livundisiwe, libe selitshalwa esibelethweni. I-blastocyst inamathela esibelethweni bese iqala ukwakha umzanyana, ozodlulisa umoya-mpilo nokudla okuvela egazini likamama ukhiphe nokungcola. Ngokwencwadi ethi Incredible Voyage—Exploring the Human Body, cishe ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye le ngxenye engaphakathi yengqamuzana iqala “umsebenzi wokwakha umuntu omusha.” Iyanezela: “Lawo mangqamuzana angaba ngu-20 kumelwe enze uchungechunge lwezinguquko nokwahlukaniswa phakathi nezinye izinsuku ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha ukuze aveze isakhi sokuqala sombungu ngokwawo.” Ngakho lapho kuphela isonto lesibili, lesi “sakhi sokuqala,” ekugcineni esakha isimiso sezinzwa, siqala ukuvela.

Ngenxa yale nqubo yokulungiselela eyenzeka kancane kancane ngaphakathi kombungu ongumuntu osemusha, abanye bathi “asikho isenzakalo sokukhula noma isikhathi esithile esingabhekwa njengesiqalo sombungu omusha ongumuntu.”

Nokho, amaKristu eqiniso akholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kuqala lapho owesifazane eqeda ukubamba. Iqiniso lokuthi ingqamuzana lokuqala elivundisiwe linesimiso seziyalezo zokwakha umzanyana, zokutshalwa esibelethweni, zokwakha umzila ohlangana nemithambo yegazi kamama, nokunye, limane liwenze ambabaze nakakhulu uMklami waphezulu, uJehova uNkulunkulu.

[Isithombe]

Umbungu ongumuntu onezinsuku ezintathu (ukhuliswe izikhathi ezingu-400)

[Umthombo]

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 25]

Kuthiwani Ngokuhlolwa Kwezakhi Zofuzo Ngaphambi Kokutshalwa Kweqanda Esibelethweni?

Inqubo entsha ekukhuleliseni abantu ngaphandle kwesibeletho ibizwa ngokuthi ukuhlolwa kwezakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa kweqanda esibelethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo zemibungu bese kukhethwa lowo ozotshalwa esibelethweni. Ikhuluma ngokuhilelekile kule nqubo, incwadi ethi Choosing Assisted Reproduction—Social, Emotional and Ethical Considerations iyachaza:

“Maduzane [ososayensi] bazokwazi ukubona izici zomzimba, zokukhalipha, mhlawumbe nezingokomzwelo nezobuntu zombungu. Ngakho maduzane abazali bayokwazi ukukhetha ezinye zezici zabantwana babo. Futhi yize abantu abaningi bengakuvuma ukukhethwa kwezici zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa kweqanda uma kuyimibhangqwana enesifo esisabekayo, abaningi ngeke bahambisane nale nqubo emibhangqwaneni efisa ukuba nomntwana wobulili obuthile—noma esikhathini esizayo, uma ifisa ukuba nomntwana onamehlo aluhlaza, noma isiphiwo somculo, noma ozoba mude.

“Ukuhlola izakhi zofuzo ngaphambi kokutshalwa kweqanda, njengezinye izinqubo eziningi zobuchwepheshe, kuphakamisa umbuzo wokuthi ngenxa yokuthi into ethile ingenziwa, ingabe kufanele yenziwe yini. . . . Inkinga iwukuthi ukuphi umngcele—uma ukhona—kulobu buchwepheshe obuphambili obuyinkimbinkimbi.”

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 26]

Lithini Ibhayibheli?

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi iBhayibheli alikhulumi ngokuqondile ngezinqubo zesimanje zokusiza ekuzaleni. Nokho, liyasisiza sazi umbono kaNkulunkulu ngezindaba ezithile ezibalulekile. Futhi ukwazi izimpendulo zemibuzo emibili ebalulekile kungaqondisa amaKristu eqiniso ekwenzeni izinqumo ezijabulisa uNkulunkulu.

Kuqala nini ukuphila komuntu? IBhayibheli libonisa ukuthi ukuphila kuqala lapho owesifazane eqeda ukubamba. Phawula amazwi omhubi uDavide, owaphefumulelwa ukuba asho lokhu ngoNkulunkulu: “Amehlo akho abona ngisho nombungu wami, futhi zonke izingxenye zawo zazilotshiwe phansi encwadini yakho.” (IHubo 139:16) Cabangela no-Eksodusi 21:22, 23, lapho umbhalo wolimi lokuqala ubonisa khona ukuthi umuntu wayeyolandisa ngokulimaza umntwana ongakazalwa. Isifundo siwukuthi uMdali wethu ubheka ukuphila njengokuyigugu, ngisho nasezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula esibelethweni. Emehlweni kaNkulunkulu ukubulala umbungu ngamabomu bekuyobhekwa njengokukhipha isisu.c

Ingabe ikhona imingcele ekutheni umuntu angawasebenzisa kanjani amandla akhe okuzala? Umbono kaNkulunkulu ungatholakala kuLevitikusi 18:20, othi: “Akumelwe unike umkamhlobo wakho isidoda sakho ukuze uzingcolise ngalokho.” Isimiso esiyinhloko kulowo mthetho ongokomBhalo yilesi: Isidoda somuntu akufanele sisetshenziselwe ukukhulelisa omunye umuntu ngaphandle komkakhe, futhi owesifazane akufanele azalele omunye umuntu ngaphandle komyeni wakhe. Ngamanye amazwi, amandla okuzala akufanele asetshenziselwe omunye umuntu ngaphandle komngane wakho womshado. Ngakho-ke, amaKristu eqiniso ayakugwema ukuba omama ngokwesivumelwano kanye nanoma yiziphi izinqubo ezihilela ukusetshenziswa kwesidoda, amaqanda, noma imibungu enikelwe.d

Lapho enza isinqumo mayelana nobuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni, amaKristu eqiniso kumelwe acabangisise ngalokho iBhayibheli elikwembulayo ngokucabanga kukaNkulunkulu.e Phela, nguye uMsunguli womshado nokuphila komkhaya.—Efesu 3:14, 15.

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Izithombe ekhasini 23]

Imibungu eqandisiwe egciniwe

[Umthombo]

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