Ukuqhibuka Kwabantwana Abatholakala Ngosizo Lokuzaliswa

Ngo-July 25, 1978, kwenzeka into eyingqayizivele e-Oldham, eNgilandi, lapho kuzalwa intombazanyana okuthiwa uLouise Joy Brown. ULouise wayewusana lokuqala olwavela ngosizo lokuzaliswa.

EZINYANGENI ezingu-9 ngaphambili, uLouise wenziwa esikhungweni socwaningo ngenqubo okuthiwa ukukhuleliswa ngaphandle kwesibeletho [in vitro fertilization (IVF)]. Ngale nqubo, iqanda elikhishwe kunina lahlanganiswa nesidoda endishini yengilazi. Ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili nesigamu, lapho leli qanda selihlukene laba amangqamuzana angu-8 angabonakali ngeso lenyama, leli qoqo elincane lamangqamuzana ayelokhu ehlukana lafakwa esibelethweni sikanina ukuze likhule ngendlela evamile. Ukuzalwa kukaLouise kwaqala inkathi entsha ekwelapheni ukungabi nenzalo.

I-IVF yagqugquzela lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bokusiza ekuzaleni [assisted reproductive technology (ART)], obuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo zokwelapha ukungabi nenzalo ezithinta kokubili iqanda nesidoda. Cabangela izibonelo ezithile. Ngo-1984, owesifazane othile eCalifornia, e-U.S.A., wazala usana olwaluvele eqandeni elanikelwa omunye wesifazane. Ngawo lowo nyaka, e-Australia, kwazalwa usana olwavela embungwini owawugcinwe esiqandisini. Ngo-1994 owesifazane oneminyaka engu-62 ubudala e-Italy wazala umntwana, ayemkhulelwe kusetshenziswa amaqanda ayenikelwe kanye nesidoda somyeni wakhe.

Intuthuko Eqhubekayo

Manje, ngemva kweminyaka engu-25 uLouise Joy Brown azalwa, abacwaningi baye bavela nemithi enhlobonhlobo nezinqubo zobuchwepheshe obuphambili eziye zakushintsha ngokuphelele ukwelashwa kokungabi nenzalo. (Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ezinye Izindlela Zokwelapha Ukungabi Nenzalo” nelithi “Ziyini Izingozi?”) Le ntuthuko iye yabangela ukwanda okukhulu kwabantwana abazalwa ngosizo lokuzaliswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1999, kwazalwa abantwana abangaphezu kuka-30 000 e-United States kuphela ngosizo lwe-ART. Emazweni athile aseScandinavia, amaphesenti aphakathi kwamabili namathathu abantwana abazalwa unyaka ngamunye avele ngale ndlela. Emhlabeni wonke, kuzalwa abantwana abangaba ngu-100 000 minyaka yonke ngosizo lwe-IVF. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuye kwazalwa abantwana abangaba yisigidi ngale ndlela kusukela ngo-1978.

I-ART isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko emazweni asethuthukile. Inqubo ngayinye ibiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi, kanti imitholampilo kahulumeni, imixhaso yabaqashi, nomshuwalense womuntu siqu ngokuvamile akuhlangabezani nalezi zindleko. Umagazini i-Time waphawula ukuthi “owesifazane oneminyaka engu-45 osethole usizo lwe-IVF izikhathi ezingu-7 kalula nje angachitha u-$100 000 [R675 000] kule nqubo.” Noma kunjalo, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalisa buyinika ithemba imibhangqwana eminingi ebizithola ingenayo enye indlela yokuthola abantwana ngaphandle kokuthatha izingane zokutholwa. Manje izinqubo ezihlukahlukene zokwelapha ukungabi nenzalo zixazulula izimbangela eziningi zokungabi nenzalo kwabesifazane nabesilisa.a

Kungani Buthandwa Kangaka?

Esinye sezizathu zokuthandwa kosizo lokuzaliswa yindlela yokuphila yesimanje. Umbiko owanyatheliswa i-American Society for Reproductive Medicine uthi: “Isilinganiso sobudala sokuzala siye senyuka kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule njengoba abesifazane abengeziwe beye baphishekela imfundo ephakeme nemisebenzi, bahlehlisa umshado. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elikhulu labesifazane abazalwa ngenkathi ‘yoKuqhibuka Kwabantwana’ (1946-1964) cishe selidlulwe yisikhathi sokuzizalela ngokwalo, okuye kwenza abesifazane abaningi kuleli qembu lobudala bafuna usizo ukuze bazale.”

Abanye besifazane bangase bangaqapheli ukuthi amathuba abo okuzala ancipha ngokushesha kangakanani njengoba bekhula. Ngokwe-U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, lapho owesifazane efinyelela eminyakeni engu-42 ubudala, amathuba okuzala umntwana ngokwakhe angaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa amaqanda anikelelwe abesifazane abadala abafuna usizo lwe-ART.

Esinye isenzakalo esisha siwukuthi eminye imibhangqwana engenanzalo isebenzisa umbungu “wokutholwa,” osale lapho kusizwa omunye umbhangqwana ongenanzalo. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-United States kuphela, kugcinwa imibungu eqandisiwe engaba ngu-200 000. Umbiko wamuva wezindaba ze-CBS wembule ukuthi: “Sekuyiminyaka eminingi ukunikela ngemibungu kwenzeka buthule ngezinga elithile.”

Akumangalisi-ke ukuthi intuthuko emkhakheni wokusiza ekuzaleni iphakamisa imibuzo eminingana. Le ndlela yokuzala kufanele ibhekwe kanjani ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha nonembeza? IBhayibheli lithini ngale ndaba? Le mibuzo neminye izodingidwa esihlokweni esilandelayo.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 20]

EZINYE IZINDLELA ZOKWELAPHA UKUNGABI NENZALO

UKUTSHALWA KWESIDODA. Inqubo lapho isidoda sifakwa khona esibelethweni sowesifazane ngendlela engeyona engokwemvelo. Ngokuvamile kuzanywa le nqubo kuqala ngaphambi kwalezi ezichazwe ngezansi.

I-GIFT (GAMETE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Inqubo ehilela ukukhipha amaqanda kowesifazane, ahlanganiswe nesidoda, bese kusetshenziswa i-laparoscope (ithuluzi okuhlolwa ngalo ingaphakathi lesisu) ukuze la maqanda angavundisiwe kanye nesidoda kufakwe emashubhini esibeletho sowesifazane ngezimbotshana ezincane ezichambuzwa esiswini sakhe.

I-ICSI (INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION). (Esemfanekisweni okhulisiwe kwesobunxele) Inqubo lapho imbewu eyodwa yesidoda ifakwa khona ngokuqondile eqandeni ngomjovo.

I-IVF (IN VITRO FERTILIZATION [UKUKHULELISWA NGAPHANDLE KWESIBELETHO]). Inqubo ehilela ukukhipha amaqanda kowesifazane avundiselwe ngaphandle komzimba wakhe. Amahlule aba khona abe esefakwa esibelethweni sakhe ngomlomo wesibeletho.

I-ZIFT (ZYGOTE INTRAFALLOPIAN TRANSFER). Inqubo lapho kuqoqwa khona amaqanda kowesifazane avundiselwe ngaphandle komzimba wakhe. Iqanda elivundisiwe libe selifakwa emashubhini esibeletho ngembotshana encane echambuzwe esiswini sakhe.

[Imithombo]

Box based on Reproductive Health Information Source, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Courtesy of the University of Utah Andrology and IVF Laboratories

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 21]

ZIYINI IZINGOZI?

IPHUTHA LOMUNTU. E-United States, eNetherlands, naseGreat Britain, imitholampilo ekhulelisa abantu iye yenza iphutha yaphambanisa isidoda ngisho namahlule asevundisiwe. Kwesinye isimo umbhangqwana othile wathola amawele ohlanga oluhlukile, kanti kwesinye isimo owesifazane othile wazala amawele ezinhlanga ezimbili ezihlukene.

UKUZALWA KWABANTWANA ABANINGI. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ukukhulelwa abantwana abaningi—okubangelwa ukufakwa kwemibungu eminingi esibelethweni—kwandisa amathuba okuzalwa kwabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ukuba nesisindo esiphansi, ukuzalwa befile, nokukhubazeka okungelapheki.

IZICI ZOKUZALWA. Ucwaningo oluthile lubonisa ukuthi abantwana abazalwa ngokukhulelwa ngaphandle kwesibeletho basengozini enkulu yokuzalwa benezici, njengesifo senhliziyo noma sezinso, udebe oludebezekile, namasende angekho ezikhwameni zawo.

IMPILO KAMAMA. Izinkinga ezibangelwa ukwelashwa ngama-hormone noma ukuthwala imibungu eminingi kwandisa izingozi komama.