Ukusuka Endabeni Ebhalwe Phansi Ukuya Ekubeni Ibhayisikobho

KULA mashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule, iHollywood iye yaba umthombo omkhulu wamabhayisikobho ashisa izikhotha. Lokhu kuye kwaba nethonya emhlabeni wonke, ngoba amabhayisikobho amaningi aseMelika akhishwa emhlabeni wonke ngemva nje kwamasonto—noma ngisho nezinsuku—ekhishiwe e-United States. Amanye amabhayisikobho aye aboniswa emhlabeni wonke ngosuku olufanayo. UDan Fellman, ongumongameli kazwelonke wokusakazwa kwamabhayisikobho e-Warner Brothers Pictures, uthi: “Imboni yomhlaba wonke yamabhayisikobho iyimakethe ekhulayo futhi ethakazelisa kakhulu, ngakho lapho senza amabhayisikobho, sikubheka lokhu njengethuba lokufinyelela umhlaba wonke.” Manje kunanini ngaphambili, lokho okwenzeka eHollywood kuthinta imboni yezokuzijabulisa emhlabeni wonke.a

Kodwa ukwenza ibhayisikobho engenisa inzuzo akulula ngendlela okungase kubonakale ngayo. Amabhayisikobho amaningi adla imali engaphezu kwamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-600 ukuze nje kukhokhwe izindleko zokwenziwa nokukhangiswa kwebhayisikobho. Futhi ukuthi ayothandwa yini kuxhomeke ngokuphelele emphakathini wabantu ongenakulawulwa. “Awusoze wazi nanini ukuthi yini umphakathi oyoyithola ijabulisa noma ikhanga kakhulu,” kusho uDavid Cook, onguprofesa wezifundo zamabhayisikobho e-Emory University. Khona-ke, abenzi bamabhayisikobho bawandisa kanjani amathuba abo okuphumelela? Ukuze sithole impendulo, kudingeka siqale siqonde izinto ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ngendlela amabhayisikobho enziwa ngayo.b

Umsebenzi Oyisandulela Wokulungiselela Ukuthwebula

Ngokuvamile umsebenzi oyisandulela iwona omkhulu kakhulu enqubweni yokwenza ibhayisikobho futhi ungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu. Njengakunoma imuphi omunye umsebenzi omkhulu, ukulungiselela kuyisihluthulelo. Kusuke kunethemba lokuthi imali esetshenziswa emsebenzini oyisandulela iyosiza ekongeni imali ephindwe kaningi kunaleyo lapho ibhayisikobho isithwetshulwa ngokoqobo.

Ukwenza ibhayisikobho kuqala ngomqondo wendaba, ongase ube indaba eqanjiwe noma esekelwe ezenzakalweni ezingokoqobo. Umbhali uyibhala phansi indaba. Leyo ndaba ebhaliwe, ebizwa nangokuthi i-screenplay, ingase ibukezwe kaningi ngaphambi kokuba kukhishwe indaba yokugcina—ebizwa ngokuthi i-shooting script. I-shooting script iqukethe ingxoxo yayo yonke ibhayisikobho kanye nencazelo emfushane yezenzo okufanele zenziwe. Inikeza neziqondiso zemininingwane yemisebenzi ethile, njengokuthi amakhamera azothwebula ngakuphi nokuthi izigcawu zizolandelana kanjani.

Kodwa indaba ebhalwe phansi idayiselwa umenzi webhayisikobho phakathi nalesi sikhathi izinto zisaqala.c Umenzi webhayisikobho angase athande indaba enjani? Ngokuvamile amabhayisikobho asehlobo ahloselwe intsha nabantu asebengena ebudaleni—“isizukulwane sembasha [popcorn crowd],” njengoba omunye umhlaziyi wamabhayisikobho akubeka. Ngakho umenzi webhayisikobho angase ayithande indaba ekhanga intsha.

Abenzi bamabhayisikobho bayithanda ngisho nakakhulu indaba ekhanga abantu babo bonke ubudala. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhayisikobho ekhuluma ngeqhawe elithile elingupopayi iyozikhanga nakanjani izingane ezimaziyo lowo mlingiswa. Futhi akungabazeki ukuthi abazali balezi zingane bayofuna ukuhamba nazo. Kodwa abenzi bamabhayisikobho bayiheha kanjani intsha nabantu asebengena ebudaleni? Kufuneka “indaba eshukumisa imizwelo,” kubhala uLiza Mundy kuyi-Washington Post Magazine. Ukunezela inhlamba, izigcawu ezinobudlova kakhulu kanye nendathane yezigcawu zobulili kuleyo bhayisikobho kuyindlela “yokwandisa amathuba okungenisa inzuzo ngokuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu obudala.”

Uma umenzi webhayisikobho enomuzwa wokuthi indaba inethuba elihle, angase ayithenge abese ezama ukuthola umqondisi owaziwayo kanye nomdlali wamabhayisikobho odumile. Ukuba nomqondisi owaziwayo nomdlali wodumo kuyokhanga abantu lapho ibhayisikobho ikhishwa. Nokho, ngisho nakuleli qophelo lokuqala, abantu abadumile bangadonsa abatshali bezimali abadingekayo ukuze kuxhaswe leyo bhayisikobho.

Esinye isici somsebenzi oyisandulela siwukwenza i-storyboard. Lokhu kuwuchungechunge lwemidwebo ebonisa izigcawu ezihlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi lezo ezinomnyakazo. Le midwebo yonga isikhathi esiningi lapho kuthwetshulwa ngoba iwuhlaka olusetshenziswa umhleli webhayisikobho. Njengoba umqondisi nombhali wamabhayisikobho uFrank Darabont esho, “ayikho into ecasula njengokuchitha usuku lonke lokuthwebula nizama ukubona ukuthi kufanele ibekwe kuphi ikhamera.”

Ziningi ezinye izindaba ezibalulekile okufanele zinakekelwe phakathi nomsebenzi oyisandulela. Ngokwesibonelo, iziphi izindawo okuyothwetshulelwa kuzo? Ingabe kuyodingeka kuyiwe kwezinye izindawo? Izinto eziyosetshenziswa esigcawini ngasinye ziyohlelwa futhi zakhiwe kanjani? Ingabe kuyodingeka izingubo ezikhethekile? Obani abayonakelela izibani, izimonyo nezinwele? Kuthiwani ngomsindo, izinto ezinezelwa esithombeni kanye nezigcawu zamadelakufa? Lezi yizinto ezimbalwa nje kweziningi zokwenziwa kwebhayisikobho okudingeka zicatshangelwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthwetshulwe ngisho nesigcawu sokuqala. Uma ubheka amagama avela ekupheleni kwebhayisikobho edle imali, uyothola ukuthi kunamakhulu abantu abebenza imisebenzi edingekayo! Uchwepheshe osesebenze ngamabhayisikobho amaningi uthi: “Kudingeka isixuku sabantu ukwenza ibhayisikobho eshisa izikhotha.”

Ukuthwetshulwa Kwebhayisikobho

Ukuthwebula ibhayisikobho kudla isikhathi, kuyisidina futhi kuyabiza. Yebo, ukuchitha umzuzu nje owodwa kungadla izinkulungwane zamaRandi. Ngezinye izikhathi, kufanele kuthuthwe abadlali, abasizi nemishini esetshenziswayo kuyiswe emajukujukwini omhlaba. Nokho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibhayisikobho ithwetshulelwa kuphi, usuku ngalunye lokuthwebula ludla isizumbulu semali.

Abanakekela izibani, abasebenza ngezimonyo kanye nabalungisa izinwele bangabanye babantu abafika kuqala kuleyo ndawo okuthwetshulelwa kuyo. Usuku ngalunye lomsebenzi, kungase kuphele amahora abadlali belungiselelwa ukuba bathwetshulwe izithombe. Ngemva kwalokho kube sekuqala usuku olude lokuthwebula ibhayisikobho.

Umqondisi unakekela ukuthwetshulwa kwesigcawu ngasinye. Ngisho nesigcawu esilula singathatha usuku lonke. Izigcawu eziningi zithwetshulwa ngekhamera eyodwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho, leso sigcawu siyaphindaphindwa ukuze sithwetshulwe nhlangothi zonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kudingeke ukuba isigcawu sithwetshulwe kaningana ukuze abadlali bathuthukise noma kulungiswe inkinga ethile. Umzamo ngamunye wokuthwebula ngale ndlela kuthiwa i-take (ukuthwebula ngokuphindaphindiwe). Izigcawu ezinde zingase ziphindwe izikhathi ezingu-50 noma ngaphezulu! Kamuva—ngokuvamile ekupheleni kosuku ngalunye lokuthwebula—umqondisi ubukela zonke lezi zingxenye abese enquma ukuthi yiziphi okufanele zigcinwe. Sekukonke, inqubo yokuthwebula ibhayisikobho ingase ithathe amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga imbala.

Ukuhlanganisa Zonke Izingxenye Ngemva Kokuthwebula

Phakathi nale nkathi, izithombe ezithwetshuliwe ziyahlelwa ukuze zakhe isithombe esiqhubekayo. Okokuqala, umsindo oqoshiwe uvunyelaniswa nezithombe ezithwetshuliwe. Umhleli ube esedidiyela izithombe enze isandulela sebhayisikobho, esibizwa ngokuthi i-rough cut.

Kuleli qophelo kube sekudidiyellwa neminye imisindo nezithombe. Ngezinye izikhathi ukunezela lezi zinto—okungesinye sezici eziyinkimbinkimbi ekwenzeni ibhayisikobho—kwenziwa ngama-computer. Imiphumela ingaba yisimanga futhi ibonakale ingokoqobo.

Lapho kuhlanganiswa izigcawu kudidiyelwa nomculo, futhi lokhu sekuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kumabhayisikobho anamuhla. Ebhala kuyi-Film Score Monthly, u-Edwin Black uthi: “Imboni yamabhayisikobho isifuna amabika aqanjwe ngokukhethekile ngendlela engakaze iwafune ngayo ngaphambili—ayifuni nje umculo wemizuzu engu-20 noma oyizikhawu lapha nalaphaya ezigcawini ezivelele, kodwa ngokuvamile ifuna umculo othatha isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora lonke.”

Ngezinye izikhathi ibhayisikobho esanda kuhlanganiswa iboniswa izilaleli ezikhethiwe, ezingase zihlanganise abangane bomqondisi noma ozakwabo abebengahilelekile lapho kuthwetshulwa. Kuye ngokuthi basabela kanjani, umqondisi angase afune kuphinde kuthwetshulwe noma kukhishwe izigcawu ezithile. Kwezinye izimo kuye kwashintshwa sonke isiphetho sebhayisikobho ngoba izibukeli ezayibona lapho isahlolwa azisithandanga.

Ekugcineni, ibhayisikobho esiqediwe ithunyelwa emahholo amabhayisikobho. Kuleli qophelo kube sekucaca-ke ukuthi izoshisa izikhotha yini noma izobhuntsha—noma izoba phakathi nendawo. Kodwa kuningi okuhilelekile kunokwenza nje inzuzo. Ukubhuntsha kwamabhayisikobho amaningi kunganciphisa amathuba omdlali okuthola umsebenzi konakalise nedumela lomqondisi. “Ngiye ngabona abangane bami abaningi bephelelwa umsebenzi ngemva kokubhuntsha kwamabhayisikobho ambadlwana,” kusho umqondisi uJohn Boorman, ekhuluma ngeminyaka aqala ngayo ukwenza amabhayisikobho. “Iqiniso elibuhlungu ngemboni yamabhayisikobho liwukuthi uma ungabangeniseli imali abaqashi bakho, uphelelwa umsebenzi.”

Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lapho bebuka ibhodi elibonisa izihloko zamabhayisikobho adlalayo, abantu ngokuvamile abacabangi ngamathuba omsebenzi alabo bantu abenza lawo mabhayisikobho. Cishe abakukhathalela kakhulu ukuthi: ‘Ngizoyijabulela yini le bhayisikobho? Ingabe iyifanele le mali engiyikhokhayo? Ingabe izongishaqisa noma ingicasule? Izifanele yini izingane zami?’ Ungayiphendula kanjalo le mibuzo lapho unquma ukuthi imaphi amabhayisikobho ozowabukela?

[Imibhalo yaphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 6]

“Awusoze wazi nanini ukuthi yini umphakathi oyoyithola ijabulisa noma ikhanga kakhulu.”—UDavid Cook, onguprofesa wezifundo zamabhayisikobho

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 6, 7]

UKUKHANGISA IBHAYISIKOBHO ESHISA IZIKHOTHA

Ibhayisikobho isiqediwe. Isilungele ukubukwa yizigidi. Ingabe izoshisa izikhotha ngempela? Cabangela izindlela ezimbalwa abenzi bamabhayisikobho abazama ngazo ukukhangisa ngesithombe sabo futhi basenze sibe ibhayisikobho eshisa izikhotha.

◼ UKUHLABA UMKHOSI: Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwenza abantu balangazelele ibhayisikobho ukuyimemezela—noma, njengoba besho abakule mboni, ukuhlaba umkhosi. Ngezinye izikhathi ukumenyezelwa kwebhayisikobho kuqala kusasele izinyanga ngaphambi kokuba ikhishwe. Mhlawumbe kumenyezelwa ukuthi lena ilandela enye ibhayisikobho eyashisa izikhotha. Ingabe iyoba nabadlali ababekhona ekuqaleni? Ingabe iyoba yinhle (noma ibe yimbi) njengeyokuqala?

Kwezinye izimo, isici esithile esiyimpikiswano kuleyo bhayisikobho siba undabamlonyeni—mhlawumbe ukuvezwa kobulili ngendlela eyingcaca neshaqisayo esithombeni esenzelwe bonke abantu. Ingabe leso sigcawu sibi ngempela? Ingabe leyo bhayisikobho “iyeqisa” ngempela? Abenzi bamabhayisikobho bayazijabulela izinzuzo zokukhangisa mahhala njengoba umphakathi uphikisana ngenxa yemibono engqubuzanayo. Ngezinye izikhathi impikiswano ephakamayo iqinisekisa ukuthi kuyoba nabantu abaningi mhla leso sithombe siqala ngqá ukuboniswa.

◼ IMITHOMBO YEZINDABA: Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokukhangisa zihlanganisa ukusebenzisa amabhodi amakhulu ezikhangiso, izikhangiso zamaphephandaba, ze-TV, izikhangiso eziboniswa ebhayisikobho ngaphambi kokuba iqale, kanye nezingxoxo nabadlali abasebenzisa lelo thuba bakhulumele ibhayisikobho yabo yamuva. Manje i-Internet isiyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokukhangisa ngamabhayisikobho.

◼ UKUDAYISA IZINTO EZITHILE: Izinto ezidayiswayo ezikhangisa ngebhayisikobho zingakhulisa ilukuluku ngayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ibhayisikobho ethile esekelwe eqhaweni lezincwadi zopopayi yayihambisana namabhokisi okudla, izinkomishi, imigexo, izingubo zokugqoka, amasongo okhiye, amawashi, izibani, umdlalo webhodi nokunye okuningi. Ebhala kumagazini wezokuzijabulisa we-American Bar Association, uJoe Sisto uthi: “Ngokuvamile, amaphesenti angu-40 ezinto ezikhangisa ngebhayisikobho adayiswa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba leyo bhayisikobho ikhululwe.”

◼ AMA-VIDEO: Ibhayisikobho engawadayisi kahle amathikithi ezikhungweni zamabhayisikobho ingathola imbuyiselo ngokudayisa ama-video. UBruce Nash, ogcina imidanti ngenzuzo yezimali yamabhayisikobho, uthi “ukudayiswa kwama-video kungenisa amaphesenti angu-40 kuya kwangu-50 ayo yonke inzuzo.”

◼ UKUBEKA ISILINGANISO SOBUDALA: Abenzi bamabhayisikobho sebefunde ukusizakala ngemingcele yesilinganiso sobudala. Ngokwesibonelo, kungase kunezelwe okuthile ngamabomu kuleyo bhayisikobho ukuze ibekelwe umngcele oqinile wesilinganiso sobudala, okuyenza ibonakale ifanele abantu abadala kuphela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungase kukhishwe izingxenyana nje ezithile ukuze leyo bhayisikobho ingabi nomngcele othi mayibukwe abantu abadala kuphela kodwa yamukeleke nasentsheni. Kuyi-Washington Post Magazine, uLinda Mundy ubhala ukuthi umngcele obekelwa intsha “usuphenduke isikhangiso: Izinkampani zamabhayisikobho ziwusebenzisela ukutshela intsha—kanye nezingane ezifisa ukuba yintsha—ukuthi leyo bhayisikobho izoba mnandi.” UMundy ubhala ukuthi lo mngcele wobudala ubangela “ukungqubuzana kwesizukulwane” okuthile, ngoba “uxwayisa abazali kuyilapho uheha izingane.”