Yini Ebangela Le Nkinga Yokuntuleka Kwezindlu? — Watchtower UMTAPO OKUYI-INTHANETHI

Yini Ebangela Le Nkinga Yokuntuleka Kwezindlu?

UJOSEPHINE oneminyaka engu-36 ubudala uhlala namadodana akhe amathathu aneminyaka esukela kweyisithupha kuya kwengu-11 endaweni engaphandle nje kwedolobha elikhulu lase-Afrika. Ukuze athole imali yokuziphilisa, uqoqa amabhodlela epulasitiki angasenalutho awathengise embonini eseduze egaya izinto kabusha. Ngalo msebenzi obulala iqolo uthola imali engaphansi kwamaRandi angu-12 ngosuku. Kulelo dolobha, leyo mali ayanele neze ukuba angondla ngayo izingane zakhe noma azikhokhele ngayo imali yesikole.

Ekupheleni kosuku, ubuyela endaweni aphoqelekile ukuba ayibize ngokuthi yikhaya. Izindonga zayo zakhiwe ngezintingo kanye nezitini zodaka nobumba. Uphahla lwakhona olungaqinile kahle lwakhiwe ngothayela ogqwalile, amathini nepulasitiki. Phezu kophahla kubekwe amatshe, izingodo nezinsimbi ezindala ukuze lungaphephuki kalula lapho kuvunguza umoya onamandla. ‘Umnyango namafasitela’ kwakhiwe ngamasaka, okungesona neze isivikelo esimweni sezulu esibi—ingasaphathwa eyezigebengu ezingase zigqekeze.

Kodwa kwayona le ndlu esesimweni esiphansi kangaka akuyona eyakhe. UJosephine nezingane zakhe bahlale benovalo lokuthi bazoxoshwa. Indawo abakhe kuyo le ndlu esezingeni elingafanele kumelwe isetshenziselwe ukwandisa umgwaqo oseduze. Okudabukisayo ukuthi kwenzeka okufanayo emazweni amaningi emhlabeni jikelele.

Indlu Enobuthi

‘Ezindlini zabampofu,’ kusho uRobin Shell, isikhulu senhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe eyakhela abantu abampofu izindlu, “abantwana baba namahloni ngomuzi wakubo, . . . amalungu omkhaya agula njalo, kanti . . . ahlale engazi nokuthi isikhulu sikahulumeni noma umnikazi wendawo uzofika nini ezobhidliza [indlu].”

Ukuhlala ezimweni ezinjena kuphoqa abazali ukuba bakhathazeke njalo ngempilo nokuphepha kwezingane zabo. Kunokuba basebenzele ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo, ngokuvamile bagcina sebechitha isikhathi sabo esiningi namandla beshikashikeka ukuze banelise izidingo eziyisisekelo zezingane zabo, njengokudla, ukuphumula nendawo yokufihla ikhanda.

Uma ubuka ukude, kungase kube lula ukuphetha ngokuthi abampofu bangakwazi ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo ngokuthatha isinyathelo ngokuzimisela. Kodwa akulona ikhambi ukumane utshele abantu ukuthi ababhukule ngoba kubamba ezingelayo. Kunezici ezingalawuleki ezihilelekile kule nkinga yokuntuleka kwezindlu ezingaphezu kwamandla omuntu. Abacwaningi bathi into eyinhloko ebangela le nkinga ukwanda kwabantu, izindawo zasemadolobheni eziqhibukisa okwamakhowe, izinhlekelele ezingokwemvelo, izinxushunxushu zezombangazwe kanye nobubha obuqhubekayo. Lezi zici ezinhlanu ezingalawuleki zibangela izingcindezi ezinkulu ezenza ukuphila kube nzima kakhulu kubantu abampofu emhlabeni jikelele.

Izingcindezi Zokwanda Kwabantu

Ngokuvamile kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuzalwa izingane eziyizigidi ezingu-68 kuya kwezingu-80 ngonyaka emhlabeni wonke, nazo ezidinga indawo yokuhlala. Ngokwenhlangano okuthiwa yi-United Nations Population Fund, inani labantu emhlabeni wonke léqela ngale kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6,1 ngo-2001 futhi kulindeleke ukuba lifinyelele inani eliphakathi kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7,9 nezingu-10,9 ngo-2050. Okwenza isimo sibe sibi nakakhulu ukuthi kubikezelwa ukuthi ingxenye engamaphesenti angu-98 yalokho kwanda iyokwenzeka emazweni asathuthuka eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo. Lokho kusikisela nje kukodwa kusho inselele enkulu kakhulu maqondana nokwakhiwa kwezindlu. Kanti okwenza leyo nselele ibe yinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu yiqiniso lokuthi izindawo ezanda ngokushesha emazweni amaningi zingamadolobha aseminyene kakade.

Ukwanda Okungenasiphelo Kwezindawo Zasemadolobheni

Amadolobha amakhulu—njengeNew York, iLondon kanye neTokyo—ngokuvamile abhekwa njengezimpawu ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi izwe liyathuthuka kwezomnotho. Ngenxa yalokho, njalo ngonyaka izinkulungwane zabantu basemaphandleni zithuthelekela kula ‘madolobha angamadlelo aluhlaza,’ ngokuyinhloko ziyofunda noma ziyofuna umsebenzi.

Ngokwesibonelo, eChina umnotho ukhula ngokushesha okumangalisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, omunye umbiko ulinganisela ukuthi emashumini ambalwa eminyaka ezayo kuyodingeka izindlu ezintsha ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200 ezindaweni eziyinhloko nje kuphela zasemadolobheni. Lelo nani liyiphinda cishe kabili ingqikithi yezindlu ezikhona manje kulo lonke elase-United States. Iluphi-ke uhlelo lokwakha obelunganelisa isidingo esikhulu kangaka?

NgokweBhange Lomhlaba, “kufika imikhaya emisha engaba yizigidi ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15 emadolobheni asemazweni asathuthuka unyaka ngamunye, okuye kudinge ukuba umkhaya ngamunye wakhelwe indlu.” Njengoba zinganele kangaka izindlu zentengo efinyelelekayo, laba bantu abampofu basemadolobheni bayaphoqeleka ukuba bathole indawo yokufihla ikhanda noma kuphi lapho bengase bayithole khona, ngokuvamile lapho umuntu engenakulokotha akhethe ukuhlala khona.

Izinhlekelele Ezingokwemvelo Neziyaluyalu Zezombangazwe

Ububha buye baphoqa abaningi ukuba bahlale ezindaweni ezithandwa izikhukhula, ukugeleza kodaka nokuzamazama komhlaba. Ngokwesibonelo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi eCaracas, eVenezuela, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi “bahlala emijondolo eyakhiwe ezindaweni eziyimimango okuhlale kugadla kuzo izinhlekelele zokudilika kwenhlabathi esemagqumeni.” Khumbula futhi ingozi eyenzeka embonini ethile eBhopal, eNdiya ngo-1984, lapho kwafa khona abantu ababalelwa ezinkulungwaneni ezimbalwa kwalimala nabanye abengeziwe. Kungani kwathinteka abantu abaningi kangaka? Ngokuyinhloko, kungenxa yokuthi indawo yemijondolo eseduze yase yande yaze yafinyelela endaweni eqhele ngamamitha amahlanu kuphela emngceleni wale fektri.

Iziyaluyalu zezombangazwe, njengezimpi zombango, nazo ziyandisa kakhulu le nkinga yokuntuleka kwezindlu. Omunye umbiko owakhishwa ngo-2002 yiqembu elimelela amalungelo abantu wathi phakathi kuka-1984 no-1999, kungenzeka ukuthi abantu abangaba yisigidi nengxenye, ikakhulu abahlala emadolobhaneni, baphoqeleka ukuba babaleke ezindlini zabo eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTurkey ngenxa yempi yombango. Abaningi babo baphoqeleka ukuba bathole indawo noma kuphi lapho babengayithola khona, ngokuvamile benqwabelana nezihlobo nomakhelwane emaxhokovaneni, ezindaweni eziqashiwe, ezakhiweni zasemapulazini, noma ezindaweni ezisakhiwa. Kubikwa ukuthi elinye iqembu lemikhaya lalihlala ezitebeleni, egumbini ngalinye kuhlala abantu abangu-13 noma ngaphezulu, futhi bonke laba bantu babesebenzisa indlu yangasese eyodwa nompompi owodwa osegcekeni. “Sesikhathele ukuphila ngale ndlela,” kusho omunye umbaleki. “Sihlala endaweni eyakhelwe izilwane.”

Ukungakhuli Komnotho

Okokugcina, ukuhlobana kwezinga lezindlu nesimo sezomnotho sabampofu kusobala. Ngokombiko weBhange Lomhlaba okukhulunywe ngawo ngaphambili, ngo-1988 nje kuphela, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-330 abahlala emadolobheni emazweni asathuthuka kwathiwa bampofu, okuyisimo okwakungalindelekile ukuba sishintshe eminyakeni elandelayo. Uma abantu bempofu kakhulu bengakwazi ngisho nokuthenga izinto eziyisisekelo abazidingayo njengokudla nezingubo zokugqoka, bangayitholaphi-ke imali yokukhokha intela yendlu noma yokwakha indlu esezingeni elifanele?

Imali yenzalo emba eqolo nokwehla kwamandla emali kwenza kube nzima ngemikhaya eminingi ukuba iboleke imali ebhange, kanti nemali ephakeme yezinkonzo zikamasipala yenza kube umqansa ngabantu ukuba bathuthuke. Izinga eliphakeme lokuntuleka komsebenzi elifinyelela kumaphesenti angu-20 kwamanye amazwe, lenza kucishe kungenzeki nhlobo ukuthola izidingo zokuphila eziyisisekelo.

Lezi zici nezinye ziye zaphoqa amakhulu ezigidi zabantu kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba ukuba ahlale ezindlini ezisezingeni eliphansi. Abantu bahlala emabhasini amadala, emabhokisini okuthutha impahla nasezindlini ezakhiwe ngamakhadibhodi. Bahlala ngaphansi kwezitebhisi nasemaxhokovaneni akhiwe ngamapulasitiki amakhulu namapulangwe amadala alahliwe. Ngisho nezindawo zezimboni ezishiywe dengwane seziyizindawo zokuhlala kwabanye.

Yini Eyenziwayo?

Abantu abaningi abakhathalelayo, izinhlangano ezithile kanye nohulumeni kakade sebenze imizamo emikhulu yokunqoba le nkinga. EJapane, kuye kwamiswa izinhlangano eziningana ukuze zisize ekwakheni izindlu zentengo efinyelelekayo. Ngenxa yokumiswa kohlelo olusha lokwakha izindlu eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1994, kuye kwakhiwa izindlu ezinamagumbi amane ezingaphezu kwesigidi. EKenya uhulumeni umise uhlelo olukhulu olubonakala lunzima lokwakha izindlu, futhi uzibekele umgomo wokwakha izindlu ezingu-150 000 ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezingu-300 000 emaphandleni unyaka ngamunye. Amanye amazwe, njengelaseMadagascar, aye agxilisa imizamo yawo ekutholeni izindlela zokwakha eziyophumela ekwakhiweni kwezindlu ezingabizi kakhulu.

Kuye kwamiswa izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, njenge-UN-HABITAT, ukuze kuvezwe isibopho samazwe omhlaba “sokunqanda nokunciphisa izinkinga ezibangelwa ukwanda okukhulu kwezindawo zasemadolobheni.” Izinhlangano ezingasebenzeli nzuzo nezizimele nazo zenza umzamo wokusiza. Enye inhlangano engasebenzeli nzuzo iye yasiza imikhaya engaphezu kuka-150 000 emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuba ithole izindlu ezingcono. Le nhlangano isikisela ukuthi ngo-2005 iyobe isisize abantu abayisigidi ukuba bathole izindlu ezikahle, ezisezingeni elifanele futhi ezinentengo efinyelelekayo.

Eziningi zalezi zinhlangano ziye zalungiselela ukwaziswa okutholakala kalula futhi okuwusizo ukuze zisize abantu abahlala ezindlini ezingafanele ukuba babhekane nesimo sabo noma basenze sibe ngcono. Ngokuqinisekile, uma nawe uzithola udinga usizo, ungawasebenzisa ngokugcwele la malungiselelo. Kanti kukhona nezinto eziningi eziyisisekelo ongazenza ukuze uzisize.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Indlu Yakho Nempilo Yakho,” ekhasini 23.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukuthuthukisa isimo sakho noma cha, mancane kakhulu amathemba okuthi kuyoke kube khona umuntu noma inhlangano yabantu eyokwazi ukuziqeda izici zembulunga yonke ezibangela le nkinga. Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uzithola uqhubeka uhluleka ukubhekana nesidingo esiphuthumayo futhi esikhulayo sokuthuthukisa isimo sezomnotho nenhlalakahle yabantu. Unyaka ngamunye izigidi zezingane zizalelwa kulesi simo sobubha esiya siba sibi. Ingabe likhona ithemba lokuthola ikhambi laphakade?

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 23]

INDLU YAKHO NEMPILO YAKHO

I-World Health Organization ithi ngokuvamile indlu kufanele okungenani ibe nalezi zinto ezilandelayo ukuze abahlala kuyo babe nempilo enhle:

◼ Uphahla olukahle ukuze luvimbele imvula

◼ Izindonga neminyango ekahle ukuze kube yisivikelo esimweni sezulu esibi futhi kuvinjelwe izilwane zingangeni endlini

◼ Amanetha emafasiteleni naseminyango ukuze avimbele izinambuzane, ikakhulu omiyane

◼ Imipheme ezungeza yonke indlu ukuze ivikele izindonga elangeni esimweni sezulu esishisayo

[Ibhokisi/Izithombe ekhasini 24]

IZINDLU ZESINTU EMAPHANDLENI ASE-AFRIKA

Sekuyiminyaka eminingi izindlu zesintu e-Afrika zakhiwa zithi gqwa gqwa kuyo yonke indawo. Zazingalingani ngobukhulu zingafani nangendlela ezakhiwe ngayo. Ezinye izizwe, njengamaKikuyu namaLuo aseKenya, zazithanda amaqhugwane acijile phezulu. Kanti ezinye, kuhlanganise namaMasai eKenya naseTanzania, zazakha izindlu eziwunxande. Ezindaweni ezithile ezingasogwini eMpumalanga Afrika, ezinye zezindlu zazifulelwa ngotshani obusuka phansi, zifana nezindlu zezinyosi.

Njengoba izinto eziningi zokwakha lezi zindlu zazitholakala kalula, izinkinga zokuntuleka kwezindlu zazimbalwa. Udaka lwalutholakala ngokuba kuxutshwe inhlabathi namanzi. Kwakulula ukuthola izingodo, utshani, umhlanga kanye noqalo emahlathini amaningi ayeseduze. Ngakho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhaya wawucebe noma umpofu kangakanani, wawukwazi ukuzakhela indlu ethi wona.

Yiqiniso, lezi zindlu zazinezinkinga zazo. Njengoba uphahla ngokuvamile lwalwakhiwe ngezinto ezishayo, zazisengozini yokusha. Kanti nesigebengu sasingazingenela kalula nje endlini ngokuba simane sibhoboze udonga lodaka. Ngakho akumangazi ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi namuhla kuya ngokuya izindlu zesintu zase-Afrika zithathelwa isikhundla izindlu zohlobo oluthe ukuqina.

[Imithombo]

Source: African Traditional Architecture

Huts: Courtesy Bomas of Kenya Ltd - A Cultural, Conference, and Entertainment Center

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EYUROPHU

[Umthombo]

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E-AFRIKA

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ENINGIZIMU MELIKA

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ENINGIZIMU MELIKA

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E-ASIA

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