Inkathi Yokuwohloka Kwesimilo Okukhulu
UBUNGATHI lokhu kuwohloka okukhulu kwesimilo kwaqala nini? Usukhona wena noma mhlawumbe ngesikhathi sezihlobo noma abangane bakho asebekhulile? Abanye bathi iMpi Yezwe I, eyaqubuka ngo-1914, yaqala inkathi esikuyo yokuwohloka kwesimilo okwakungakaze kube khona. Uprofesa wezomlando uRobert Wohl wabhala encwadini yakhe ethi The Generation of 1914: “Labo abaphila ngesikhathi sempi baphoqeleka ukuba bakholelwe ukuthi ngo-August 1914 kwaphela elinye izwe kwaqala elinye.”
Isazi-mlando uNorman Cantor sithi: “Kuzo zonke izindawo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha zomphakathi—ezase ziwohloka kakade—zashabalala ngokuphelele. Uma osombangazwe nojenene babephatha izigidi abazibusayo njengezilwane eziyobulawa, khona-ke yiziphi izimiso zenkolo noma zokuziphatha ezazingavimba abantu ukuba bangaphathani ngesihluku njengezilwane zasendle? . . . Ukuceka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala [1914-18] kwakona ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu.”
Encwadini yaso eningilizayo ethi The Outline of History, isazi-mlando saseNgilandi uH. G. Wells saphawula ukuthi “ukuwohloka kwesimilo kwangempela” kwalandela ngemva kokwamukelwa kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngani? Abanye babecabanga ukuthi umuntu umane nje uwuhlobo olungconywana lwesilwane. Ngo-1920, uWells, owayekholelwa ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, wabhala: “Banquma ukuthi umuntu uyisilwane esihlala emphakathini njengenja yokuzingela yaseNdiya . . . , ngakho bakubona kulungile ukuba izinja ezinkulu emphakathini wesintu zixhaphaze ezinye futhi zibuse.”
Yebo, njengoba uCantor asho, impi yezwe yokuqala yasiwohloza ngempela isimilo sabantu. Wachaza: “Isizukulwane esidala sagxekwa kuzo zonke izinto—kwezombangazwe, endleleni yokugqoka nasekuziphatheni kobulili.” Amasonto, onakalisa izimfundiso zobuKristu ngokugunyaza ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokugqugquzela izinhlangothi ezilwayo, aba nendima enkulu ekuwohlokeni kwesimilo. UMkhuzi-jikelele wamabutho aseBrithani uFrank Crozier wabhala: “AmaSonto obuKristu aphuma phambili kubo bonke abagqugquzeli bokuchithwa kwegazi esinabo futhi siye sawasebenzisa ngendlela esithanda ngayo.”
Izindinganiso Zokuziphatha Zalahlwa
Eshumini leminyaka elalandela iMpi Yezwe I—elalibizwa ngokuthi iMinyaka Yawo-1920 Ehlokomayo—kwalahlwa izindinganiso nezimiso zokuziphatha ezindala futhi endaweni yazo kwamukelwa noma yini. Isazi-mlando uFrederick Lewis Allen sithi: “Iminyaka eyishumi eyalandela impi ingase ibizwe ngokufanele ngokuthi iShumi Leminyaka Elingenasimilo. . . . Uhlelo oludala lwezinto lwaludlule nezindinganiso ezazenza ukuphila kube nenjongo, futhi azizange zitholakale kalula izindinganiso ezathatha indawo yazo.”
UKuwohloka Okukhulu Kwezomnotho okwenzeka emhlabeni wonke ngawo-1930 kwasangulukisa abantu abaningi ngokubafaka shí ebumpofwini. Kodwa ekupheleni kwalelo shumi leminyaka, umhlaba wawusungene kwenye impi eyayibhubhisa ngisho nakakhulu—iMpi Yezwe II. Ngokushesha amazwe ayesenza izikhali ezisabekayo zokubhubhisa, okwenza izwe laphuma eKuwohlokeni Kwezomnotho kodwa langena shí ekuhluphekeni nasesihlukwini esasingakaze sibonwe muntu. Ekupheleni kwempi, amakhulukhulu amadolobha ayeyincithakalo; futhi amabili aseJapane ashatshalaliswa ngokuphelele, ngalinye laqothulwa ngebhomu le-athomu! Izigidi zafela emakamu okuhlushwa anonya. Sekukonke, le mpi yabulala amadoda, abesifazane nezingane abangaba yizigidi ezingu-50.
Phakathi nezimo ezishaqisayo zeMpi Yezwe II, esikhundleni sokunamathela ezindinganisweni ezingokwesiko ezase zinesikhathi eside zikhona, abantu bazisungulela ezabo izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Incwadi ethi Love, Sex and War—Changing Values, 1939-45, yaphawula: “Kubonakala sengathi ukuzithiba ngokobulili kwakususiwe phakathi naleyo nkathi, njengoba ukuyekelela kwasenkundleni yempi kwase kudlulele emakhaya. . . . Ngokushesha, ukuphuthuma nokwesaba kwangenkathi yempi kwawohloza ukuzithiba, futhi ukuphila emakhaya amaningi kwabonakala kungento yalutho futhi kukufushane njengokuphila kwasenkundleni yempi.”
Usongo lokufa olwaluhlala lukhona lwenza abantu bafisa kakhulu ukuba nobuhlobo obungokomzwelo, ngisho nobesikhashana. Owesifazane othile waseBrithani, ethethelela ukuziphatha kobulili okuxekethile kwangaleyo minyaka enzima, wathi: “Sasingaziphethe kabi ngempela, kwakunempi.” Isosha elithile laseMelika lavuma: “Ngokwezindinganiso zabantu abaningi sasiziphethe kabi, kodwa sasisebancane futhi sasingase sife ngakusasa.”
Abantu abaningi abasinda kuleyo mpi bahlupheka ngenxa yezinto ezinyantisayo abazibona. Kuze kube namuhla, abanye, kuhlanganise nalabo ababeyizingane ngaleso sikhathi, basahlushwa yizinkumbulo ezimbi, umuzwa wokuthi le nhlekelele iyaphindeka. Abaningi baphelelwa ukholo futhi balahlekelwa izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Njengoba babengasalihloniphi igunya elalingamisa izindinganiso zokulungile nokungalungile, abantu baqala ukucabanga ukuthi konke kuyefana nje.
Izindinganiso Ezintsha Zomphakathi
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwanyatheliswa imiphumela yocwaningo ephathelene nokuziphatha kwabantu ngokobulili. Olunye ucwaningo olunjalo olwenziwa e-United States ngawo-1940 kwakuwuMbiko KaKinsey onamakhasi angaphezu kwangu-800. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu abaningi baqala ukukhuluma obala ngezindaba zobulili, ababengavamile ukuxoxa ngazo ngaphambili. Nakuba kamuva kwabonakala ukuthi zazeqisa izibalo zalowo mbiko mayelana nabantu abahileleke ezenzweni zobungqingili nezinye izenzo zobulili ezihlanekezelwe, lolu cwaningo lwembula ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesimilo okwalandela ngemva kwempi.
Esikhathini esithile, kwakwenziwa umzamo wokulondoloza lokho okwakubonakala kuyisimo esifanele. Ngokwesibonelo, emsakazweni, ezithombeni zebhayisikobho nakuyithelevishini, zazenqatshelwe izinhlelo ezinokuziphatha okubi. Kodwa lokho akuhlalanga isikhathi eside. UWilliam Bennett, owayengungqongqoshe wezemfundo e-United States, wachaza: “Nokho, ngawo-1960 kwaqala ukuwohloka okusheshayo okwakungenakunqandeka emphakathini waseMelika okwaholela kulokho okuthiwa ukuwohloka kwempucuko.” Lokhu kwakwenzeka nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Kungani ukuwohloka kwesimilo kwashesha kangaka ngawo-1960?
Kulelo shumi leminyaka, cishe ngasikhathi sinye, kwasungulwa izinhlangano zenkululeko yabesifazane kwagqugquzelwa nenguquko yokuziphatha kobulili ehambisana nalokho okwakuthiwa ukuziphatha okusha. Futhi, kwenziwa namaphilisi okuvimbela inzalo. Njengoba abantu babengajabulela ubulili bengesabi ukukhulelwa, kwaba into evamile ukuthola “uthando lwamahhala,” noma “ukuba nobuhlobo bobulili ngaphandle kokuzibophezela kumuntu.”
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imithombo yezindaba, amabhayisikobho nethelevishini kwaxegisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Kamuva lapho ekhuluma ngezindinganiso ze-TV, uZbigniew Brzezinski owayengumphathi we-U.S. National Security Council, wathi: “Zikukhuthaza ngokusobala ukuzanelisa, zenza ubudlova obunonya nesihluku kubonakale kuyizinto ezivamile, [futhi] zikhuthaza ukuziphatha kobulili okuxekethile.”
Kakade ngawo-1970, imishini edlala amakhasethi e-video yayisithandwa kakhulu. Ngasese emakhaya, abantu babengabukela izinhlelo ezinokuziphatha okubi kobulili obuvezwa ingcaca ababengeke bafune ukubonwa bezibukele ebhayisikobho yomphakathi. Muva nje, nge-Internet, izithombe ezingcolile ezinyanyekayo zitholakala emazweni awo wonke umhlaba kunoma ubani one-computer.
Imiphumela yalokhu iyesabisa ngezindlela eziningi. Muva nje umqaphi wejele elithile lase-United States uthé: “Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, lapho kufika izingane ziboshiwe, ngangikwazi ukukhuluma nazo ngalokho okulungile nokungalungile. Kodwa izingane eziboshwa manje azazi ukuthi ngikhuluma ngani.”
Umuntu Angasitholaphi Isiqondiso?
Asinakuya emasontweni omhlaba ukuze sithole isiqondiso sokuziphatha. Kunokuba asekele izimiso zokulunga njengoJesu nabalandeli bakhe bekhulu lokuqala, amasonto aye azenza ingxenye yaleli zwe nezenzo zalo ezimbi. Omunye umlobi wabuza: “Iyiphi impi eyake yalwiwa lapho kungazange kushiwo khona ukuthi uNkulunkulu usekela uhlangothi ngalunye?” Uma kuziwa ekusekeleni izindinganiso zikaNkulunkulu zokuziphatha, umfundisi othile waseNew York City washo lokhu eminyakeni eminingi edlule: “Isonto liwukuphela kwenhlangano emhlabeni enezimfuneko eziphansi kakhulu zokungena kunalezo ezifunekayo lapho ugibela ibhasi.”
Kusobala ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe okuthile ngenxa yokuwohloka okukhulu kwesimilo kuleli zwe. Kodwa yini okufanele yenziwe? Iluphi ushintsho oludingekayo? Lungenziwa ubani, futhi lokhu kuyofezwa kanjani?
[Isithombe ekhasini 5]
“Ukuceka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala [1914-18] kwakona ngokuphelele ukubaluleka kokuphila komuntu”
[Isithombe ekhasini 6, 7]
Kuya ngokuya kuba lula ukuthola ukuzijabulisa okuwohloza isimilo