Indlela Umuzi Wokudoba Owaphenduka Ngayo Idolobha Elikhulu

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! EJAPANE

NGOSUKU oluhle lwasehlobo ngo-August 1590, u-Ieyasu Tokugawa (ongakwesokudla), kamuva owaba i-shogun yokuqala (umbusi oyisosha) yomkhaya wakwaTokugawa,a wafika emzini wokudoba wase-Edo empumalanga yeJapane. Ngaleso sikhathi, “kwakunamakhulu ambalwa nje emizi eyayisesimweni esingesihle e-Edo, eyayinezindawo zokuhlala zezisebenzi nabadobi,” kusho incwadi ethi The Shogun’s City—A History of Tokyo. Ngakuleyo ndawo kwakunenqaba okwakungasahlali muntu kuyo eyayakhiwe eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu ngaphambili.

Lo muzi, owawungaziwa amakhulu eminyaka, wawungeke nje ugcine usuyidolobha laseTokyo, inhloko-dolobha yaseJapane, kodwa wawuzokhula ube idolobha elikhulu—kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-12 abahlala edolobheni laseTokyo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iTokyo yayizoqapheleka emhlabeni kabanzi kwezobuchwepheshe, kwezokuxhumana, kwezokuthutha nakwezentengiselwano, futhi ibe yisikhungo sezinhlangano eziphambili zezezimali. Lwenzeka kanjani lolu shintsho olumangalisa kangaka?

Umuzi Wokudoba Uphenduka Idolobha Lombusi

Iminyaka eyikhulu ngemva kuka-1467, izinduna ezazilwa zahlukanisa iJapane yaba yimibuso eminingana. Ekugcineni, uHideyoshi Toyotomi, induna eyazalwa izimpofana, yahlanganisa leli zwe ngokwengxenye, yaba ummeleli wenkosi ngo-1585. Ekuqaleni, u-Ieyasu walwa noHideyoshi onamandla, kodwa kamuva wazihlanganisa naye. Belekelelana, bahlasela futhi banqoba inqaba yase-Odawara, eyayiyisizinda sohlanga olunamandla lwamaHōjō, ngokwenza kanjalo banqoba isifundazwe saseKanto empumalanga yeJapane.

UHideyoshi wanika u-Ieyasu indawo enkulu yezifundazwe zaseKanto ezingu-8, eziningi zazo ngaphambili ezazingaphansi kwamaHōjō, okwenza ukuba u-Ieyasu athuthele ngasempumalanga ukusuka endaweni ayebusa kuyo ekuqaleni. Leli kwakuyicebo elihle lokwenza u-Ieyasu aqhele eKyoto, lapho kwakuhlala khona inkosi—umbusi walo lonke elaseJapane. Noma kwakunjalo, u-Ieyasu wavuma, futhi wafika e-Edo njengoba sekuchaziwe ekuqaleni. Wayezimisele ukuguqula lo muzi ophansi wokudoba ube isikhungo sombuso wakhe.

Ngemva kokufa kukaHideyoshi, u-Ieyasu wahola amabutho omfelandawonye, iningi lawo elalivela empumalanga yeJapane, ekulweni nentshonalanga, futhi ngo-1600, wanqoba phakathi nosuku olulodwa. Ngo-1603, u-Ieyasu wamiswa njenge-shogun, empeleni waba umbusi wezwe. Manje i-Edo yaba isizinda esisha sokuphatha elaseJapane.

U-Ieyasu wayala izinduna ukuba zithumele amadoda nempahla yokuqedela inqaba enkulu. Ngesinye isikhathi, kwakusetshenziswa imikhumbi engaba ngu-3 000 ekuthwaleni izinguzunga zegwadle elalithathwe emaweni aseNhlonhlweni yase-Izu, engaba amakhilomitha ayikhulu ngaseningizimu. Lapho leli gwadle lithululwa echwebeni, iqembu lamadoda ayikhulu noma ngaphezulu ayethwala lezi zinguzunga aziyise endaweni yokwakha.

Le nqaba, enkulu kunazo zonke eJapane, yaqedwa eminyakeni engu-50 kamuva, lapho kubusa i-shogun yesithathu, futhi yaba uphawu oluvelele lombuso wakwaTokugawa onamandla. Ama-samurai, noma amaqhawe, ayekhonza lo mbusi ayakhe ngakule nqaba. Umbusi wayefuna ukuba izinduna zakhe amanxuluma e-Edo ngaphandle nje kwezinqaba ezisezindaweni ezazibusa kuzo.

Ukuze kwaneliswe izidingo eziyisisekelo zama-samurai, kwaya ngokuya kwanda amaqembu abahwebi nezazi zobungcweti ayevela ezweni lonke. Ngo-1695—esikhathini esingaba iminyaka eyikhulu u-Ieyasu efike kule ndawo—umphakathi wase-Edo wase wande waba abantu abayisigidi! Yaba idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni ngaleso sikhathi.

Indawo Yenkemba Ithathwa Ezentengiselwano

Uhulumeni wama-shogun waphumelela kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuthula kangangokuthi isigaba samaqhawe sasingasenawo umsebenzi omkhulu. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi ama-samurai ayesaziqhenya ngomsebenzi wawo, kodwa kancane kancane amandla enkemba athathelwa indawo yi-abacus, umshini wokubala owawuthandwa kakhulu emazweni aseMpumalanga. Inkathi yokuthula yaqhubeka iminyaka engaphezu kuka-250. Abantu abavamile, ikakhulukazi abahwebi, bachuma ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi bajabulela ukuzimela. Kwaqala indlela yokuphila engavamile.

Umphakathi wajabulela imidlalo edumile ye-Kabuki (amadrama omlando), i-Bunraku (imidlalo yonodoli), kanye ne-rakugo (izindaba ezingamahlaya). Phakathi nezikhathi zantambama ehlobo, abantu babebuthana ngasosebeni olupholile loMfula iSumida, lapho i-Edo yayikhona. Babebukela nemibukiso yeziqhumane, isiko elithandwayo elisekhona kuze kube namuhla.

Nokho, i-Edo yaqhubeka ingaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Kwaphela iminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 abantu bezwe benqatshelwa ukuzihlanganisa nabantu bangaphandle ngaphandle kwamaDashi, amaShayina nabaseKorea—ngezinga elincane kakhulu. Khona-ke, ngolunye usuku, kwenzeka isenzakalo esingalindelekile esashintsha isimo salo muzi nesezwe lonke.

I-Edo Iba YiTokyo

Ngasogwini lwe-Edo, kungazelelwe, kwaqhamuka izikebhe ezixakile ezikhipha intuthu emnyama. Abadobi ababemangele bacabanga ukuthi kwakuyizintaba-mlilo ezintantayo! Kwasakazeka amahemuhemu ngokushesha e-Edo, okwenza ukuba abantu abaningi babaleke.

Lezo zikebhe ezine ezaziholwa uKaputen’ uMatthew C. Perry weButho Lempi Lase-United States, zafika e-Edo Bay ngo-July 8, 1853 (kwesokunxele). UPerry wacela ukuba uhulumeni wama-shogun uvule ithuba lokuba iJapane ihwebelane nezwe lakubo. Lapho ehanjelwe uPerry, amaJapane aqaphela ukuthi iJapane yayisilele kangakanani emhlabeni kwezempi nakwezobuchwepheshe.

Lokhu kwaba isiqalo sezenzakalo eziwuchungechunge ezaholela ekuweni kombuso wakwaTokugawa nokubuyiselwa kwamandla obukhosi. Ngo-1868, i-Edo yethiwa kabusha ngokuthi iTokyo, okusho “iNhloko-dolobha YaseMpumalanga,” okwakuchaza indawo yayo uma useKyoto. Inkosi yathutha isigodlo sayo eKyoto yaya enqabeni yase-Edo, kamuva eyashintshwa yaba iHlalankosi elisha.

Uthonywe impucuko yaseNtshonalanga, lo hulumeni omusha waqala umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa elaseJapane. Kuningi okwakudinga ukuthuthukiswa. Abanye bathi le nkathi yayimangalisa. Ngo-1869 kwavulwa isimiso sezingcingo phakathi kweTokyo neYokohama. Ngokushesha, lokhu kwalandelwa ukwakhiwa kukajantshi wesitimela wokuqala owawuxhumanisa la madolobha amabili. Kwaqhibuka amabhilidi akhiwe ngezitini phakathi kwemizi eyakhiwe ngamapulangwe. Kwakhiwa amabhange, amahhotela, izitolo ezinkulu nezindawo zokudlela. Kwavulwa amayunivesithi okuqala. Kwakhiwa imigwaqo egandayiwe esikhundleni sebhuqu. Kwaba nezikebhe ezihamba ngezinjini zesitimu ezazehla zenyuka eMfuleni iSumida.

Ngisho nokubukeka kwabantu kwashintsha. Iningi labantu laligqoka izingubo zomdabu, ama-kimono, kodwa lalanda inani lamaJapane elalizama ukugqoka ngendlela yaseNtshonalanga. Amadoda anamadevu aqala ukugqoka izigqoko ezinde nokudondolozela, kanti abanye besifazane, ababegqoka izingubo zikanokusho, bafunda ukudansa i-waltz.

Ngaphandle kwe-sake, ubhiya nawo waba yisiphuzo esiyintandokazi, futhi i-baseball yacishe yaba umdlalo othandwa kakhulu ezweni lonke njengomdlalo wokubambana we-sumo. ITokyo, njengesipanji esikhulu, yamunca imiqondo yezobuciko nezombangazwe zangaleso sikhathi futhi yayisebenzisa. Leli dolobha laqhubeka likhula—kwaze kwaba usuku okwagadla ngalo inhlekelele.

Livuka Emlotheni

Ngo-September 1, 1923, lapho abaningi besalungisa ukudla kwasemini, endaweni yaseKanto kwagadla ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu, okwalandelwa ukundindizela okuncane okuningi, kuhlanganise nokundindizela okunamandla emahoreni angu-24 kamuva. Nakuba umonakalo wokuzamazama komhlaba wawumkhulu, okwabhubhisa kakhulu kwakuwumlilo owaqubuka kamuva owashisa iTokyo yangqongqa. Sekukonke, kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-100 000, abangu-60 000 babo eTokyo.

Abantu baseTokyo baqala umsebenzi omkhulu wokuvuselela idolobha. Lapho selisimeme ngezinga elithile, leli dolobha labhekana namanye amagalelo anzima—ukuhlaselwa ngezindiza ngeMpi Yezwe II. Okwabhubhisa kakhulu amabhomu alinganiselwa ku-700 000 aqhunyiswa ebusuku ngo-March 9/10, 1945, kusukela phakathi kwamabili kwaze kwaba ngehora lesithathu entathakusa. Iningi lezakhiwo lalakhiwe ngamapulangwe, ngakho la mabhomu—e-napalm nezinye iziqhumane ezintsha ezenziwe nge-magnesium noketshezi lukaphethiloli olujiyile—okhela inkaba yedolobha enabantu abaningi, abulala abantu abangaphezu kuka-77 000. Lokhu kwaba ukuhlaselwa ngamabhomu okubhubhisa kunakho konke okwenziwa ngezikhali okungezona ezenuzi.

Naphezu kwale nhlekelele, iTokyo yavuka emlotheni ngemva kwempi, yavuselelwa ngendlela eyayingakaze ibonwe ngaphambili. Ngo-1964, eminyakeni engaphansi kwengu-20 kamuva, leli dolobha lase livuke kangangokuba lakwazi ukusingatha iMidlalo Yama-Olympic Yasehlobo. Kule minyaka edlule engamashumi amane bekulokhu kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinkulu zikakhonkolo.

Ukutakulwa Umoya WaseTokyo

Idolobha manje elaziwa ngokuthi iTokyo, elineminyaka engu-400 likhona, alilidala ngempela uma liqhathaniswa namanye amadolobha amakhulu emhlabeni. Nakuba kusenezingxenye zedolobha ezisadla ngoludala, zimbalwa kakhulu izakhiwo zakudala. Kodwa uma ulibukisisa leli dolobha, ubona umklamo osukela emuva e-Edo yasendulo.

Enkabeni yaleli dolobha elikhulu kunendawo enkulu enotshani nezimbali. IHlalankosi nendawo ezungezile manje selilapho kwakunesigodlo sokuqala sase-Edo. Kusuka lapho, kunemigwaqo emikhulu ephumela ngaphandle kwedolobha esakazeke njengobulembu, ebonisa umklamo oyisisekelo we-Edo. Ngisho nemigwaqo eminingi engahlelekile ekulo lonke leli dolobha ikukhumbuza i-Edo yasendulo. Empeleni, imigwaqo eminingi ayinawo ngisho namagama! ETokyo kuneziza ezinezinombolo, eziyimiklamo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, esikhundleni semigwaqo eqondile ekwamanye amadolobha amaningi emhlabeni.

Kodwa into evelele kakhulu esatholakala umoya waseTokyo—ikhono lokwamukela izinto ezintsha, ikakhulukazi ezivela ngaphandle, kanye nokuzimisela ukuthuthuka naphezu kokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuntengantenga kwezomnotho okuqhubekayo nezinselele zokwanda okukhulu kwenani labantu. Woza uzozibonela umoya waseTokyo onomdlandla—umuzana wokudoba owawungaziwa manje osudume emhlabeni wonke.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibalazwe ekhasini 11]

JAPAN

TOKYO (Edo)

Yokohama

Kyoto

Osaka

[Isithombe ekhasini 12, 13]

ITokyo namuhla

[Umthombo]

Ken Usami/photodisc/age fotostock

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 11]

© The Bridgeman Art Library

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 13]

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