Okwenza Amanetha Angabi Nalutho

“Kuke kwaba neminyaka emihle nemibi kwezokudoba, kodwa angikaze ngiyibone inhlekelele enjengalena esinayo manje,” kusho uGeorge oneminyaka engu-65, ongumdobi ogwini lwaseNgilandi olusenyakatho-mpumalanga. “Akukho lutho olusele—ama-salmon, ama-whitefish, ama-cod, ama-lobster—kuphele konke.”

AKUYENA uGeorge kuphela okhathazekile; kunemibiko ekhathazayo efana nale evela kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba. EPeru, u-Agustín ungukaputeni wesikebhe sokudoba esingamathani angu-350. Uthi: “Ukuncipha kwama-sardine kuqale eminyakeni engu-12 edlule. EPeru kwakuba nenqwaba yezinhlanzi unyaka wonke, kodwa manje sekuphela izinyanga singenzi lutho. Sasingavamile ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-25 ukusuka ogwini ukuze sithole izinhlanzi, kodwa manje sesihamba amakhilomitha angu-300 ukuze sizithole.”

U-Antonio waseGalicia, eSpain, uthi: “Bengilokhu ngingumdobi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20. Ngiye ngabona umnotho wolwandle uqedwa, kancane kancane. Sithatha okuningi olwandle kunalokho olukwazi ukukukhiqiza.”

Ngokungafani namahlathi emvula asecekelwe phansi ngogandaganda, azikho izithombe ezibonisa ulwandle osekudotshwe ngokweqile kulo, kodwa umonakalo mkhulu. Isixwayiso samuva esivela kuyi-United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ngokuphathelene nokudoba ngokweqile sithi: “Isimo sibi kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi izindawo ezingaba amaphesenti angu-75 zokudoba sekudotshwe ngokweqile kuzo noma sekuqedwe zonke izinhlanzi.”

Izinhlanzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni kwengxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yabantu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ukulondeka kwengxenye yokudla okubaluleke kakhulu kithi kusengozini. Ngokuvamile akuzona zonke izingxenye zolwandle ezinezinhlanzi. Empeleni, ingxenye enkulu yolwandle ifana nogwadule. Izindawo zokudoba ezikhiqiza kakhulu izinhlanzi zivame ukuba seduze nogu futhi zibe sezindaweni ezinamanzi abandayo anothe ngezakhi. Lezi zakhi zondla izilwanyana ezincane, eziwukudla okuyinhloko kwezilwane zasolwandle. Abadobi bazicekela kanjani phansi zona kanye izindawo zokudoba abathembele kuzo ukuze baziphilise? Umlando wendawo ethile yokudoba unikeza izimpendulo.

IGrand Banks—Ukuqala Kwenhlekelele

Kwaqala inkathi efana neyokufunwa kwegolide lapho umhloli wamazwe wase-Italy oyitilosi uJohn Cabota enqamula ulwandle i-Atlantic esuka eNgilandi futhi wathola indawo yokudoba yaseGrand Banks, engxenyeni yolwandle engajulile ngasogwini lwaseCanada. Lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni nje emihlanu ngemva kohambo oluyingqopha-mlando lukaChristopher Columbus ngo-1492. Ngokushesha amakhulu abadobi aqunga isibindi anqamula i-Atlantic eyodoba eGrand Banks. Akekho umuntu waseYurophu owayeke wabona amanzi enezinhlanzi eziningi kangaka okuthiwa ama-cod.

Izinhlanzi okuthiwa ama-cod zaziyigugu njengegolide. Njengoba zaziswa ngenxa yenyama yazo emhlophe, engenawo amafutha, ziseyintandokazi emhlabeni kabanzi. Ama-cod ase-Atlantic ngokuvamile anesisindo esingamakhilogremu angu-1,4 kuya kwangu-9, kodwa amanye aseGrand Banks ayengangomuntu ngobukhulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka alandela abadobi bathuthukisa indlela yabo yokudoba ngokufunda ukusebenzisa amanetha amakhulu nezindobo ezinezinkulungwane zamahhuku.

Umphumela Wemboni Yezokudoba

Ngekhulu le-19, abantu abathile baseYurophu baqala ukuveza ukukhathazeka kwabo ngokwehla kwesibalo sezinhlanzi, ikakhulukazi okuthiwa ama-herring. Kodwa, uProfesa Thomas Huxley, ongumongameli we-British Royal Society, wamemezela eMbukisweni Wezokudoba Wamazwe Ngamazwe eLondon ngo-1883: “Lezi zinhlanzi ziningi kangangokuba inani lalezo esizidobayo alilutho . . . Ngakho-ke, ngikholelwa ukuthi indawo yokudoba ama-cod . . . mhlawumbe nazo zonke ezinye izindawo zokudoba ezinkulu azinakuqedwa.”

Bambalwa abantu ababewungabaza umbono kaHuxley ngisho nangemva kokuqala kokudoba ngezikebhe ezinezinjini eGrand Banks. Isidingo sama-cod sakhula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kuka-1925 lapho uClarence Birdseye waseMassachusetts, e-U.S.A., esungula indlela yokuqandisa izinhlanzi ngokushesha. Besebenzisa izikebhe ezinezinjini zika-diesel, abadobi basabela ngokudoba izinhlanzi eziningi ngokwengeziwe. Kodwa kwakusazoba nomonakalo owengeziwe.

Ngo-1951 kwafika umkhumbi oyinqaba waseBrithani uzodoba eGrand Banks. Wawungamamitha angu-85 ubude futhi ukwazi ukuthwala amathani angu-2 600. Lona kwakuwumkhumbi wokudoba wokuqala emhlabeni owawuneziqandisi zezinhlanzi. Wawuvuleka ngemuva ukuze ulayishe amanetha amakhulu anezinhlanzi, kanti ngaphansi, wawunemishini yokuhlinza izinhlanzi neziqandisi. Usebenzisa ama-radar, imishini ethungatha izinhlanzi nemisindo yazo, lo mkhumbi wawukwazi ukufuna izinhlanzi ubusuku nemini kuze kuphele amasonto.

Amanye amazwe aqaphela ukuthi kunethuba lezentengiselwano, futhi ngokushesha amakhulu eminye imikhumbi ayesedoba olwandle, ebamba izinhlanzi ezingamathani angaba ngu-200 ngehora. Eminye imikhumbi yayithwala amathani angu-8 000 futhi inamanetha amakhulu kangangokuba ayengamboza indiza enkulu.

Igalelo Lokugcina

Incwadi ethi Ocean’s End ithi: “Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970, abantu abaningi babesabambelele embonweni wokuthi izinhlanzi zazingenakuphela olwandle.” Yayanda imikhumbi emikhulu eyayisebenza eGrand Bank phakathi nawo-1980. Ososayensi baxwayisa ngokuthi amanani ezinhlanzi okuthiwa ama-cod ayesengcupheni. Kodwa abantu abangamashumi ezinkulungwane manje babeziphilisa ngokudoba, futhi osombangazwe babengafuni ukwenza izinqumo ezingathandeki. Ekugcineni, ngo-1992, ososayensi babonisa ukuthi eminyakeni engu-30 inani lama-cod lase linciphe ngesibalo esishaqisayo esingamaphesenti angu-98,9. Ukudotshwa kwalezi zinhlanzi eGrand Banks kwavalwa. Kodwa kwase kwephuzile. Le ndawo, eyayingenye yezindawo zokudoba ezinothe kakhulu emhlabeni, eyayitholakale eminyakeni engamakhulu amahlanu ngaphambili, yayingasenalutho.

Abadobi babenethemba lokuthi izinhlanzi ama-cod zazizobuya ngokushesha. Kodwa lezi zinhlanzi ziphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20 futhi zikhula kancane. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-1992, lelo themba alikagcwaliseki.

Inhlekelele Kwezokudoba Emhlabeni Wonke

Okwenzeka eGrand Banks kuyisibonelo esidabukisayo senkinga yomhlaba wonke embonini yezokudoba. Ngo-2002, ungqongqoshe wezemvelo waseBrithani wathi “izindawo zokudoba ezingamaphesenti angu-60 emhlabeni seziqothuliwe.” Izinhlanzi i-tuna, i-swordfish, oshaka nama-rockfish ziphakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi ezisengcupheni.

Amazwe amaningi acebile, njengoba eseqothule izindawo zawo zokudoba, asefuna izindawo ezikude angasizakala ngazo. Ngokwesibonelo, ugu lwase-Afrika lunezinye zezindawo zokudoba ezinothe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ababusi abaningi base-Afrika ngeke bakwenqaba ukukhipha izimvume zokudoba, okuwumthombo omkhulu wemali evela ngaphandle ohulumeni abathembele kuyo. Akumangalisi ukuthi kungani abantu bendawo bethukuthele ngokuncipha kwamanani ezinhlanzi emazweni akubo.

Kungani Ukudoba Ngokweqile Kuqhubeka?

Kumuntu wangaphandle, ikhambi libonakala lilula—kumelwe kuyekwe ukudoba ngokweqile. Kodwa akulula ngaleyo ndlela. Ukuze kudotshwe ngenjongo yezentengiselwano kudingeka imishini ebizayo. Ngakho, umdobi ngamunye unethemba lokuthi abanye bazoyeka ukudoba ukuze yena aqhubeke. Ngenxa yalokho, ngokuvamile akekho oyekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ohulumeni ngokuvamile abatshala imali kakhulu embonini yezokudoba, okubenza babe ingxenye yale nkinga. Umagazini i-Issues in Science and Technology uthi: “Ngokuvamile amazwe ayebheka imigomo [ye-UN] yokulondoloza izindawo zokudoba njengendinganiso okufanele ifinyelelwe amanye amazwe kodwa wona ngokwawo ayekulungele ukuyephula.”

Abadobi bezemidlalo nabo banecala. Ubika ngocwaningo olwenziwa e-United States, umagazini i-New Scientist wathi: “Ukudoba ngenjongo yokuzijabulisa kwandisa ukudotshwa ngokweqile kwezinhlanzi eGulf of Mexico ngamaphesenti angu-64.” Njengoba abadobi bezemidlalo nabezentengiselwano benethonya elinamandla, osombangazwe bavame ukwenza izinqumo ezibenza bathandwe esikhundleni sezinqumo ezihloselwe ukulondoloza amanani ezinhlanzi.

Ingabe izindawo zokudoba emhlabeni zingavikelwa? Encwadini yakhe ethi The Living Ocean, uBoyce Thorne-Miller uthi: “Akukho okukhethekile okungasindisa izinto eziphila olwandle kuze kube yilapho abantu beshintsha isimo sabo sengqondo ngokuphelele.” Ngokujabulisayo, uMdali, uJehova uNkulunkulu, umise uMbuso oyoqinisekisa ukulondeka kwawo wonke umhlaba esikhathini esizayo.—Daniyeli 2:44; Mathewu 6:10.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 21]

Njengamahlathi emvula acekelwe phansi ngogandaganda, ulwandle okudotshwe kulo ngokweqile lucekelwé phansi

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 22]

“Izindawo ezingaba amaphesenti angu-75 zokudoba sekudotshwe ngokweqile kuzo noma sekuqedwe zonke izinhlanzi.”—United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

[Amazwi acashunwe esihlokweni ekhasini 23]

Izinhlanzi ziwumthombo oyinhloko wamaprotheni abalulekile ekudleni kwengxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yabantu emhlabeni

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

ECambodia

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

Ukudoba ngenjongo yezentengiselwano, e-Alaska

[Isithombe ekhasini 23]

EDemocratic Republic of Congo

[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 20]

© Janis Miglavs/DanitaDelimont.com

[Imithombo Yesithombe ekhasini 22]

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