Ingqamuzana Elithwala Umoya-mpilo—Liklanywe Ngokumangalisayo

“Ukuphefumula kubonakala kulula, kodwa kubonakala sengathi lolu phawu lokuphila oluyisisekelo lwaba khona ngenxa yokusebenzelana kwezinhlobo eziningi zama-athomu engqamuzana eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.” —UMax F. Perutz, owanikwa uMklomelo KaNobel ngo-1962 ngenxa yocwaningo alwenza ngengqamuzana okuthiwa i-hemoglobin elithwala umoya-mpilo.

UKUPHEFUMULA kuyinto engokwemvelo, akunjalo? Iningi lethu alivamile ukucabanga ngakho. Nokho, ukuphefumula bekungeke kusigcine siphila ukube belingekho ingqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo eliwumklamo oyisimangaliso owenziwa uMdali. Leli ngqamuzana elingaphakathi kwamangqamuzana abomvu ayizigidi eziyizigidi ezingu-30 lithutha umoya-mpilo liwususe emaphashini liwuyise ezicutshini zawo wonke umzimba. Ngaphandle kwalo besiyokufa ngokuphazima kweso.

Amangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo akwazi kanjani ukuthatha izinhlayiya ezincane zomoya-mpilo ngesikhathi esifanele, azigcine ziphephile kuze kube isikhathi esifanele, abese ezidedela ngesikhathi esifanele? Kudingeka imisebenzi eminingana eyisimangaliso yobunjiniyela bamangqamuzana.

Amangqamuzana “Angamatekisi” Amancane

Ungase ucabange ngengqamuzana ngalinye elithwala umoya-mpilo njengetekisi elincane elineminyango emine, elithatha “abagibeli” abane kuphela. Leli tekisi eliyingqamuzana alimdingi umshayeli, ngoba lihamba phakathi engqamuzaneni elibomvu legazi, elingachazwa njengendishi ehambayo egcwele la mangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo.

Uhambo lwaleli ngqamuzana luqala lapho amangqamuzana abomvu efika “esikhumulweni sezindiza” esiyimithambo yamaphaphu. Lapho sidonsa umoya siwufaka emaphashini, inqwaba yezinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo ezisanda kufika iqala ukufuna amatekisi ezohamba ngawo. Lezi zinhlayiya zisheshe zingene emangqamuzaneni abomvu “ayizitsha.” Kuleli qophelo, iminyango yetekisi yengqamuzana ngalinye elithwala umoya-mpilo ibe isivaleka. Nokho, ngokuphazima kweso inhlayiya ezimisele yomoya-mpilo esesixukwini iyafohla ingene phakathi etekisini le-hemoglobin.

Manje kube sekwenzeka okuthile okuthakazelisa kakhulu. Engqamuzaneni elibomvu, ingqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo liqala ukushintsha ukwakheka kwalo. Yomine “iminyango” yetekisi yaleli ngqamuzana iqala ukuzivulekela njengoba kungena umgibeli wokuqala, okwenza abanye abagibeli abasele bagibele kalula. Le nqubo, okuthiwa i-cooperativity (ukubambisana), iphumelela kahle kakhulu kangangokuba ngesikhathi usadonsa umoya kanye nje, “izihlalo” ezingamaphesenti angu-95 kuwo wonke amatekisi asengqamuzaneni elibomvu zisuke sezigcwele. Endawonye, la mangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo angaphezu kuka-250 000 000 asengqamuzaneni elibomvu elilodwa angathwala izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo ezingaba yizigidi eziyinkulungwane! Ngokushesha ingqamuzana elibomvu elithwele wonke la matekisi liyasuka lihambise umoya-mpilo oyigugu ezicutshini zomzimba eziwudingayo. Kodwa ungase uzibuze, ‘Yini egcina ama-athomu omoya-mpilo asengqamuzaneni angaphumi ngaphambi kwesikhathi?’

Impendulo iwukuthi engqamuzaneni ngalinye elithwala umoya-mpilo, kunezinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo ezinamathela kuma-athomu okusansimbi alindile. Cishe uyakwazi okwenzekayo lapho umoya-mpilo uhlangana nokusansimbi emanzini. Umphumela uba ukugqwala. Uma insimbi igqwala, umoya-mpilo uyavaleleka ube izinhlayiya unomphela. Pho, ingqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo likwazi kanjani ukuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa okusansimbi nomoya-mpilo oketshezini lwengqamuzana elibomvu ngaphandle kokubangela ukugqwala?

Ake Sihlolisise

Ukuze siphendule lowo mbuzo, ake sihlolisise okwenzeka engqamuzaneni elithwala umoya-mpilo. Lakhiwa ama-athomu angaba ngu-10 000 e-hydrogen, ikhabhoni, i-nitrogen, isibabule nomoya-mpilo ahlelwé kahle ukuba azungeze ama-athomu amane kuphela okusansimbi. Kungani ama-athomu amane okusansimbi edinga ukusekelwa okungaka?

Okokuqala, la ma-athomu amane okusansimbi anamandla kagesi futhi kufanele alawulwe ngokucophelela. Ama-athomu anjalo, abizwa ngokuthi ama-ion, angadala umonakalo omkhulu engqamuzaneni uma engabaleka. Ngakho ngalinye lala ma-athomu okusansimbi ligcinwe phakathi oqwembeni oluqinile oluyisivikelo.a Ngokulandelayo, lezi zingqwembe ezine zifakwa ngokucophelela engqamuzaneni elithwala umoya-mpilo ngendlela eyenza ukuba izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo zingene kuma-athomu okusansimbi, kodwa wonke amangqamuzana awuketshezi angakwazi ukungena. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi, izinhlayiya ezibangela ukugqwala azakheki.

Okusansimbi okusengqamuzaneni elithwala umoya-mpilo akukwazi ukuhlanganisa nokuhlukanisa umoya-mpilo ngokwakho. Kodwa ngaphandle kwama-athomu amane okusansimbi anamandla kagesi, lonke leli ngqamuzana belingeke lisebenze. Leli ngqamuzana lingakwazi ukuthwala umoya-mpilo egazini kuphela lapho la ma-athomu okusansimbi esefakwe kahle.

Ukudedela Umoya-mpilo

Njengoba ingqamuzana elibomvu legazi liphuma emithanjeni lingene emithanjaneni emincane esekujuleni kwezicubu zomzimba, isimo salo siyashintsha. Lapha isimo sifudumele kunasemaphashini, futhi kunomoya-mpilo omncane ne-asidi eningi ebangelwa isikhutha esizungeze ingqamuzana. Lezi zimpawu zitshela amangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo, noma amatekisi asengqamuzaneni ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokwehlisa abagibeli abayigugu, umoya-mpilo.

Lapho izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo ziphuma engqamuzaneni elithwala umoya-mpilo, liphinde lishintshe indlela elakheke ngayo. Lolu shintsho lwanele “ukuvala iminyango” kodwa lushiye umoya-mpilo ngaphandle, lapho udingeka kakhulu khona. Ukuvaleka kweminyango kubuye kuvimbe leli ngqamuzana lingathathi omunye umoya-mpilo uma selibuyela emaphashini. Kunalokho, lithatha isikhutha uma seliphindela emuva.

Ngokushesha amangqamuzana abomvu angenawo umoya-mpilo abuyela emaphashini, lapho amangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo ezoshiya khona isikhutha abese ethatha umoya-mpilo—inqubo ephindwa izikhathi eziningi phakathi nokuphila kwengqamuzana elibomvu legazi eliphila izinsuku ezingaba ngu-120.

Ngokusobala, ingqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo alilona ingqamuzana elivamile. Njengoba kushiwo ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko, ‘liyingqamuzana eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.’ Ngokuqinisekile, buyasimangalisa ubuciko boMdali wethu bokudala izinto ezenziwe ngokuhlakanipha nobunyoninco obungaka, obenza ukuphila kube khona, futhi siyambonga ngalokho!

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Ishadi ekhasini 28]

UWANAKEKELE AMANGQAMUZANA ATHWALA UMOYA-MPILO EMZIMBENI WAKHO!

Inkulumo ethi “igazi elingenazo izakhi zokusansimbi,” evame kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile, empeleni ibhekisela egazini elingenawo amangqamuzana athwala umoya-mpilo. Ngaphandle kwama-athomu amane asemqoka okusansimbi atholakala kuleli ngqamuzana, kunamanye ama-athomu angu-10 000 angenalusizo kuleli ngqamuzana. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuthola izakhi zokusansimbi ezanele ngokudla ukudla okunomsoco. Eminye yemithombo emihle yokusansimbi ibalwe eshadini elihambisana nalesi sihloko.

Ngaphandle nje kokudla ukudla okunothe ngokusansimbi, kufanele silalele leli cebiso: 1. Vivinya umzimba njalo nangendlela efanele. 2. Ungabhemi. 3. Gwema ukuhogela intuthu kagwayi. Kungani usikilidi nezinye izinhlobo zentuthu kagwayi ziyingozi kangaka?

Kungenxa yokuthi leyo ntuthu igcwele isimoko, ubuthi obufanayo nalobo obukhishwa yizimoto.

Isimoko sibulala abantu ngengozi futhi siyindlela abanye abantu abazibulala ngayo. Sinamathela kuma-athomu okusansimbi engqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200 kunomoya-mpilo. Ngakho intuthu kagwayi ilimaza umuntu ngokushesha ngokuvimbela ukungena komoya-mpilo.

[Ishadi]

UKUDLA ISILINGANISO OKUSA-NSIMBI(mg)

I-blackstrap molass ukhezo 5,0

I-tofu engaphekiwe uhhafu wenkomishi 4,0

Udali uhhafu wenkomishi 3,3

Amapetshisi omisiwe amabili nengxenye 2,6

Ubhontshisi omhlophe uhhafu wenkomishi 2,6

Izinhlamvu zikakolweni ikwata lenkomishi 2,6

Uphizi omhlophe uhhafu wenkomishi 2,4

I-broccoli isiqu esisodwa 2,1

Inyama yegalikuni amagremu angu-85 2,0

[Umdwebo/Isithombe ekhasini 26]

(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Iprotheni

Umoya-mpilo

I-athomu lokusansimbi

I-“heme”

Emaphashini agcwele umoya-mpilo, inhlayiya yomoya-mpilo inamathela engqamuzaneni layo

Ngemva kokunamathela kwenhlayiya yokuqala yomoya-mpilo, ushintsho oluncane ekwakhekeni kwengqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo lubangela ukuba ezinye izinhlayiya ezintathu zawo zinamathele ngokushesha

Ingqamuzana elithwala umoya-mpilo lithutha izinhlayiya zawo lizikhiphe emaphashini bese lizishiya lapho zidingeka khona emzimbeni