Ukunqamula Enyakatho Yomhlaba
AMATILOSI esikhathi esidlule ayefisa ukuthola indlela enqamulelayo enyakatho ehlanganisa ulwandle i-Atlantic nePacific, kodwa abhekana nenselele enkulu: umzila onqamula olwandle i-Arctic wawuvalwe yiqhwa.
Noma kunjalo, sasisekhona isifiso sokuthola indlela enqamulelayo phezulu enyakatho yomhlaba. Ekhulwini le-16, imizila yezohwebo eya emazweni aseMpumalanga—edlula eningizimu ye-Afrika naseNingizimu Melika—yayiphethwe amaPutukezi nabaseSpain. Abahwebi bangaphandle kwadingeka ukuba bathole imizila esenyakatho uma befuna ukuhwebelana namazwe aseMpumalanga. Abaningi bazama, kuhlanganise nalaba abalandelayo.
AmaNgisi: Ngo-1553, uSir Hugh Willoughby noRichard Chancellor bahola uhambo lokuqala lwamaNgisi. Ngemva kokudukelana kwemikhumbi yabo phakathi nesiphepho, uWilloughby waphoqeleka ukuba achithe ubusika ogwini olomile eNhlonhlweni yaseKola enyakatho yeRussia. Njengoba babengazilungele lezi zimo ezinzima, yena nabo bonke ayenabo bafa. UChancellor yena wakwazi ukufika ethekwini lase-Arkhangel’sk. Wasuka lapho waya eMoscow ngoba wayemenywe uMbusi u-Ivan IV Vasilyevich, Ononya. UChancellor akazange ayithole indlela edlulela e-Asia, kodwa wakwazi ukuvula indlela yokuhwebelana phakathi kwamaNgisi namaRashiya.
AmaDashi: Ngo-1594, uWillem Barents waqale waya eNovaya Zemlya. Kodwa ngo-1596, ohambweni lwakhe lwesithathu, umkhumbi wabhajwa eqhweni walimala ngendlela engalungiseki ngesikhathi edlula ngasenyakatho yeqoqo elithile leziqhingi zaseRussia. Ngemva kokuchitha ubusika bonke edokodweni elakhiwe ngokhuni bedla inyama yamabhere, ibutho likaBarents laphindela emuva ngezikebhe ezimbili ezincane. UBarents yena washona phakathi nohambo.
AmaRashiya: Abahloli bamazwe baseRussia babezimisele ukuhlola iSiberia neMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia. Ngeminyaka nje engu-60, kusukela ngo-1581 kuya ku-1641, basuka eziNtabeni zase-Ural baya ePacific. Cishe ngaleso sikhathi, amaCossack afinyelela oLwandle i-Arctic ehamba ngezikebhe emifuleni yaseSiberia. Athatha iSiberia yaba ngaphansi kweRussia futhi aba abantu bokuqala ukunqamula ngemikhumbi ogwini lwaseSiberia olungasenyakatho-mpumalanga. Ngo-1648, imikhumbi yaseRussia yadlula endaweni eyagcina yaziwa ngokuthi iBering Strait, eyethiwa ngetilosi laseDenmark uVitus Bering.
Eminye Imikhankaso Yohambo
Kusukela ngo-1733 kuya ku-1743, cishe amadoda angaba yinkulungwane ayengaphansi kukaBering ahamba engamaqembu angu-7 eyohlola ugu lwaseRussia oluse-Arctic nasePacific. Imikhumbi yawo yabhajwa eqhweni kaningi, kwashona namatilosi amaningi. Noma kunjalo, kwadwetshwa cishe lonke ibalazwe logu lwase-Arctic phakathi nalolu hambo. Ukwaziswa okwatholakala—kuhlanganise amashadi, isimo sezulu nokwaziswa ngesimo seqhwa—kwaba usizo kakhulu ematilosini ayezokuya e-Arctic esikhathini esizayo.
Sonke lesi sikhathi, kwakuhanjwa ngemikhumbi eyenziwe ngokhuni lapho kuyiwa e-Arctic. Kodwa uhambo lukaBering lwakwenza kwacaca ukuthi le mikhumbi yayingakulungele nhlobo ukunqamula uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho.a Ngo-1778, umhloli wamazwe waseBrithani uJames Cook wafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo lapho evinjwa yiqhwa ngesikhathi enqamula eBering Strait eya entshonalanga. Kwaphela ikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba uNils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld waseFinland akwazi ukunqamula le ndawo ngomkhumbi ohamba ngesitimu.
Ubuchule BamaRashiya
Ngemva kweziNguquko ZaseRussia ngo-1917, yimikhumbi yakhona kuphela eyayivunyelwe ukunqamula i-Arctic eRussia. Kusukela ngo-1930 kuya phambili, elaseSoviet Union lavula uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho futhi lakha amatheku okunakekela izindawo ezintsha zezimboni. Ngokwenza kanjalo elaseRussia laba amachule kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuhamba ngemikhumbi e-Arctic.
Phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, imikhumbi yangaphandle yayingavunyelwe ukusebenzisa uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho. Nokho, ngenxa yezinguquko kwezombangazwe nokushintshela esimisweni sokuhweba ngokukhululekile, iziphathimandla zaseRussia manje zikhuthaza imikhumbi yamazwe ngamazwe ukuba isebenzise lo mzila. Isibonelo esilandelayo sibonisa izinzuzo zokwenza lokho.
Phakathi nehlobo lango-2009, imikhumbi emibili yaseJalimane ethwala impahla yanqamula eBering Strait yalibangisa entshonalanga ihamba ngasogwini olungenalo iqhwa olusenyakatho ye-Asia neYurophu ibheke eNetherlands. Kwakuqala ngqa ukuba inkampani yemikhumbi engeyona eyaseRussia isebenzise wonke uMzila WaseNyakatho-mpumalanga. Lokhu kwanciphisa uhambo ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-5 560 nezinsuku eziyishumi. Inkampani eyathatha lolo hambo ilinganisela ukuthi yonga imali engama-euro angu-300 000 (ngaleso sikhathi eyayingu-R3 000 000) ngomkhumbi ngamunye ngokusebenzisa umzila onqamulelayo wase-Arctic.
Namuhla, iqhwa lasolwandle i-Arctic lincibilika ngokushesha. Ngenxa yalokho, njalo ehlobo kuvuleka indawo enkulu yokuhamba olwandle.b Nakuba lesi simo singase sidale inkinga emvelweni uma ukuncibilika kweqhwa kuqhubeka, imikhumbi ingawagwema amanzi angajulile angasogwini lweRussia futhi ihambe emzileni oqondile ophakathi kwe-Atlantic nePacific—onqamula phezulu enyakatho yomhlaba.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Inkulumo ethi “uMzila Wasolwandle OseNyakatho,” yinkulumo yesiRashiya yendawo eyaziwa ngokuthi uMzila WaseNyakatho-mpumalanga kwezinye izindawo.
b Ngenxa yalesi sizathu nezinye, ubude benkathi yokunqamula kwemikhumbi olwandle sebuphindeke cishe kathathu empumalanga ye-Arctic, futhi baphindeka kabili entshonalanga yayo.
[Ibalazwe ekhasini 15]
(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)
IMIZILA EYASETSHENZISWA
NguSir Hugh Willoughby noRichard Chancellor
NguWillem Barents
NguVitus Bering
NguNils Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
Umngcele weqhwa
[Ibalazwe]
ULWANDLE I-ARCTIC
INyakatho Yomhlaba
Iqhwa elingancibiliki
Umngcele weqhwa ehlobo
Umngcele weqhwa ebusika
ISIFUNDA SASE-ARCTIC
SWEDEN
GREENLAND
CANADA
ALASKA
Bering Strait
RUSSIA
SIBERIA
IZINTABA ZASE-URAL
Novaya Zemlya
INhlonhlo YaseKola
Arkhangel’sk
MOSCOW
[Isithombe ekhasini 16]
Lincibilika ngokushesha iqhwa elisolwandle i-Arctic
[Umthombo Wesithombe ekhasini 14]
Library and Archives Canada/Samuel Gurney Cresswell collection/C-016105