Babefuna Igolide, Bathola Ikhaya
ICHINATOWN. Emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, leli gama liletha izithombe zezitolo zamaShayina engqondweni, izindawo zokudla, imikhosi nemidanso yodrako. IChinatown ngayinye inomlando wayo. Lawo ase-Australia aba khona ngenxa yezizukulwane zakudala zamaShayina anesibindi athuthela ogwini oluseningizimu, enethemba lokuthola ingcebo endaweni enegolide eyayisanda kutholakala.
Intaba Yegolide Entsha
Idlanzana nje lamaShayina elalithuthela e-Australia laphenduka izinkumbi lapho kutholakala igolide ngo-1851. Izinkulungwane zamadoda zashiya isizalo soMfula i-Pearl oseSifundeni saseGuangdong eChina ukuze zithathe uhambo olunzima lwasolwandle. Igolide lalisanda kutholakala eCalifornia, e-U.S.A., futhi amaShayina akhuluma isiCanton abiza le ndawo enegolide ngokuthi iNtaba Yegolide. Ngakho-ke, indawo enegolide e-Australia yabizwa ngokuthi iNtaba Yegolide Entsha.
Kwakungelona nje ithemba lokuthola igolide kuphela elashukumisa la madoda ukuba ashiye izwe lawo. IChina yayisanda kuba nempi yombango, izinhlekelele zemvelo, nobumpofu okwenza kwaba nzima kakhulu.
Ngokudabukisayo, amanye ala madoda ayelibangise e-Australia awazange afike ogwini lwayo. Abulawa ubhadane lwezifo ezazibangelwe ukuminyana emikhunjini eya lapho. Kulawo asinda, ukuphila kwaba nzima nakakhulu lapho esefike e-Australia.
Ukusebenza Kanzima Ezimayini Zegolide
Ngokushesha isizungu saba yinto yemihla ngemihla, ngoba ngokwesiko abafazi nezingane kwakufanele basale eChina ukuze uhlu lozalo lulondolozeke. Ngo-1861, kwakunamadoda angamaShayina angaphezu kuka-38 000 ahlala e-Australia kodwa kunabesifazane abangu-11 kuphela. Nokho, ambalwa ayehlose ukuzinza kule ndawo. Iningi lalizimisele ukubuyela emakhaya nasemindenini yalo liphethe ingcebo futhi linodumo.
Ukuphishekela kwawo lezi zinto kwawenza ahamba ayofuna igolide. Lezi zisebenzi zasemayini zazihlala ematendeni futhi zisebenza kanzima amahora amaningi elangeni elishisa bhe. Ezinye zazo zaqale zesaba ukuyokumba ngaphansi komhlaba ngenxa yezinkolelo-ze. Ngakho, zaqala ukumba nokuhlwaya igolide emhlabathini ongaphezulu, bese ziligeza emiseleni yamanzi eyenziwe ngokhuni. Imizamo yazo yaphumelela. Imibiko ibonisa ukuthi phakathi kuka-1854 no-1862, cishe igolide elingamakhilogremu angaphansana nje kuka-18 660 elatholakala esifundeni saseVictoria lathunyelwa eChina.
Ngokudabukisayo, enye yale ngcebo eyayisanda kutholakala yaqedwa ukugembula nokuba yimilutha yesidakamizwa okuthi i-opium—imikhuba emibi abantu abanesizungu ababeba yizisulu zayo kalula. Ngokuvamile, imiphumela yayiba ukuwohloka kwempilo nokulahlekelwa yinzuzo nethemba lokubuyela ekhaya. Abanye bathola usizo ezinhlanganweni zaseChina nakubantu abanomusa, kodwa abanye basheshe bafa, bempofu futhi bengenabani.
AmaShayina kwadingeka nokuba abekezelele umona nokungethenjwa ezinye izisebenzi ezingewona amaShayina, ezazibheka lezi zifiki njengomphakathi onobunye futhi ophumelelayo. Le nzondo yabangela izinxushunxushu nokuhlaselwa kwamaShayina. Igolide lawo laphangwa, namatende awo ashiswa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lobu butha badamba. Noma kunjalo, cishe ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-50 igolide litholakele, Umthetho Olawula Ukungena Kwabantu Bakwamanye Amazwe wango-1901, wavala ukungena kwabantu base-Asia e-Australia—umnyango owavalwa kwaze kwaba ngu-1973.
Lapho Igolide Liphela
Lapho igolide liphela, amanye amaShayina akhetha ukuhlala e-Australia. Ngenxa yalokho, amadolobha ayakhiwa izifiki aqala ukuba nezindawo zamaShayina zokuwasha izingubo, izindawo zokudla, izimakethe noma amasimu emifino. AmaShayina azakhela negama ngokuba ababazi abenza impahla nangokudayisa izithelo nemifino. Ngenxa yalokho, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, imiphakathi yaseChina, noma iChinatown, yayitholakala emadolobheni amaningi ase-Australia, kuhlanganise i-Atherton, iBrisbane, iBroome, iCairne, iDarwin, iMelbourne, iSydney neTownsville.
Ngenxa yokuthi bambalwa abesifazane abangamaShayina abathuthela e-Australia, amadoda amaningi ahlala eyizimpohlo. Kodwa amanye, ashada nabesifazane base-Australia, nakuba umphakathi wawuyicwasa imibhangqwana enjalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inzalo yale mishado exubile yaba ingxenye ebalulekile yomphakathi wase-Australia.
Namuhla, asemaningi amaShayina athuthela e-Australia kunangaphambili. Iningi lisuke lizele imfundo ephakeme nezohwebo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zifiki sezihlanganisa nabesifazane abaningi. Ngenxa yoshintsho olungavamile emnothweni womhlaba, amadoda amaningi ondlayo, ngemva kokuba imikhaya yawo isizinzile e-Australia, abuyela e-Asia ayosebenza eChina, eHong Kong, eSingapore noma eTaiwan.
Ngempela, izikhathi sezishintshile. Kodwa kubantu abathuthela kwamanye amazwe emhlabeni wonke, imigomo ayikashintshi—isewukuba bathole ukulondeka nempumelelo ezweni lokuhamba.
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BAFINYELELA KUDE KUNALOKHO ABABEKUCABANGA
Ukuze bagweme ukukhokha intela yezwe, abagibeli abangamaShayina babeqoma ukuhamba ngezinyawo bagudle ugu lwase-Australia oluqhelelene namatheku amakhulu futhi oluyibanga elingamakhulu amaningi amakhilomitha ukusuka ezimayini zegolide. IRobe, eseNingizimu ye-Australia, yayingenye yezindawo ababefikela kuzo. Yayinabantu abangaba yikhulu noma amakhulu amabili, futhi phakathi nezinyanga ezinhlanu kuphela ngo-1857 kwadlula kuyo okungenani amaShayina angu-12 000.
Ngokukhuthazela nokubambisana okuphawuleka ngendlela emangalisayo, amakhulu amadoda ayenqamula phakathi ezweni endaweni engenabantu abaningi eya ezimayini zegolide. Kodwa, kwakukude kakhulu kunalokho ayekucabanga, uhambo lwaluthatha amasonto ayisihlanu. Lezi zifiki zazikha izimila zasolwandle zibe umphako, futhi zazidla ama-kangaroo nohlobo oluthile lwezimvukuzane endleleni. Zazimba nemithombo futhi zishiya nomzila ababezowubona abazilandelayo.
Eluke izinwele ngendlela yawo yomdabu futhi ethwele nezigqoko zelanga, la madoda ayevame ukuhamba ashaye udwendwe ehlabelela. Izinhlamvu zemali zaseChina ziye zatholakala emizileni ayehamba kuyo. Ababesanda kufika babeyilahla le mali uma bethola ukuthi ayisebenzi e-Australia.
[Umthombo]
Image H17071, State Library of Victoria
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OKUTHILE OKUNGCONO KUNEGOLIDE
UWayne Qu wayesebenza njengesazi sesayensi yemvelo e-Academy of Sciences, eChina. Ukuze athuthuke emkhakheni wesayensi, yena nomkakhe uSue baya eYurophu ngawo-1990, lapho uWayne afike aphishekela khona imfundo ephakeme. Ngesikhathi ulapho, lo mbhangqwana wahlangana noFakazi BakaJehova waxoxa nabo ngeBhayibheli. Ngo-2000, uWayne noSue bathuthela e-Australia, lapho bafike baqhubeka khona nemfundo yabo—uSue emkhakheni wesayensi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Baphinde baqhubeka nesifundo sabo seBhayibheli.
UWayne uyachaza: “Kwase kuphele amashumi eminyaka siqongelela iziqu zemfundo yaseYunivesithi. Nokho, ngangivame ukucabanga: ‘Ekugcineni sonke siyaguga, sigule futhi sife. Ingabe yileyo injongo yokuphila?’ Konke kwakubonakala kuyize. Kodwa iBhayibheli lasinika izimpendulo ezinengqondo nezanelisayo zemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni.
“Isifundo sethu seBhayibheli sasenza sahlola nalokho esasingakaze sikucabange ngaphambili—ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu. Ngafunda incwadi yoFakazi ethi Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? kuhlanganise nemibono kaCharles Darwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukufunda lokhu kanye nocwaningo lwami lwesayensi, kwangenza ngaqiniseka ukuthi ukhona uMdali. USue naye wafinyelela isiphetho esifanayo.
“Enye into eyasenza saqiniseka ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, amandla eBhayibheli okuguqula ukuphila kube ngcono. Ngempela, le ncwadi emangalisayo ayisinikanga ithemba lekusasa nje kuphela kodwa futhi nabangane beqiniso, yaqinisa nomshado wethu. Mina noSue sabhapathizwa ngo-2005, sijabule ngokuthi sasithole okuthile okunenani elikhulu kunemfundo ephakeme ‘negolide elishabalalayo.’”—1 Petru 1:7.
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Isisebenzi sasemayini yegolide esingumShayina, ngawo-1860
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Sydney Chinatown: © ARCO/G Müller/age fotostock; gold miner: John Oxley Library, Image 60526, State Library of Queensland