Ingabe Isonto Lokuqala Lafundisa Ukuthi UNkulunkulu UnguZiqu-zintathu?
Ingxenye 1—Ingabe UJesu Nabafundi Bakhe Bayifundisa Imfundiso KaZiqu-zintathu?
Ingabe uJesu nabafundi bakhe bayifundisa imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu? Ingabe abaholi besonto bamakhulu amaningana eminyaka alandela bayifundisa? Yaqala kanjani? Futhi kungani kubalulekile ukwazi iqiniso ngalenkolelo? Iqala ngeNgxenye 1 kulomagazini, INqabayokulinda izoxoxa ngalemibuzo ochungechungeni lwezihloko. Ezinye izihloko zaloluchungechunge zizovela ngezikhathi ezithile komagazini abalandelayo.
LABO abamukela iBhayibheli njengeliyiZwi likaNkulunkulu bayaqaphela ukuthi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa abanye ngoMdali. Bayaqaphela futhi ukuthi lokho abakufundisayo ngoNkulunkulu kumelwe kube yiqiniso.
UNkulunkulu wasola “abaduduzi” bakaJobe ngokungakwenzi lokho. “UJehova wathi kuElifazi umThemani: Intukuthelo yami iyavuthela wena nabangane bakho ababili, ngokuba anikhulumanga okulungileyo ngami njengenceku yami uJobe.”—Jobe 42:7.
Umphostoli uPawulu, lapho exoxa ngovuko, wathi sasingatholakala ‘singofakazi bamanga ngoNkulunkulu’ uma singafundisa okuthile okungelona iqiniso ngemisebenzi kaNkulunkulu. (1 Korinte 15:15) Njengoba lokhu kunjalo ngemfundiso yovuko, yeka ukuthi kufanele sinakekele kanjani lapho sifundisa ngokuthi uNkulunkulu ungubani!
Imfundiso KaZiqu-zintathu
Cishe wonke amasonto eLobukholwa afundisa ukuthi uNkulunkulu unguZiqu-zintathu. ICatholic Encyclopedia ibiza imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu ngokuthi “imfundiso eyinhloko yenkolo yobuKristu,” iyichaza ngalendlela:
“Ebunyeni bukaNkulunkulu kunaBantu Abathathu, uYise, iNdodana, noMoya oNgcwele, laBantu Abathathu behluke ngempela omunye komunye. Ngaleyondlela, ngamazwi eSivumo Sokholo sika-Athanasius: ‘uYise unguNkulunkulu, iNdodana inguNkulunkulu, noMoya Ongcwele unguNkulunkulu, nokho akubona oNkulunkulu abathathu kepha uNkulunkulu oyedwa.’ . . . LaBantu banobuphakade ngokulinganayo futhi bonke bayalingana: bonke ngokufanayo abadalwanga futhi bangomninimandla onke.”1
IBaptist Encyclopædia inikeza incazelo efanayo. Ithi:
“[UJesu] . . . unguJehova ongunaphakade . . . UMoya Ongcwele unguJehova . . . INdodana noMoya babekwe endaweni elinganayo nsé noYise. Uma enguJehova nabo banguye.”2
Iziqalekiso Ezazishiwo Kubaphikisi
Ngo-325 C.E., umkhandlu wababhishobhi waseNicea eAsia Minor wakha isivumo sokholo leso esasimemezela ukuthi iNdodana kaNkulunkulu “inguNkulunkulu weqiniso” njengoba noYise ‘ayenguNkulunkulu weqiniso.’ Ingxenye yalesivumo sokholo yayithi:
“Kodwa ngokuqondene nalabo abathi, Kwake kwaba [nesikhathi] lapho [iNdodana] yayingekho khona, futhi, Ngaphambi kokuba izalwe Yayingekho, nokuthi Yavela ezeni, noma abagomela ngokuthi iNdodana kaNkulunkulu ingumuntu ohlukile, noma yadalwa, noma ingaguquka—laba iSonto lamaKatolika liyabaqalekisa.”3
Ngaleyondlela, wayabelwa ukulahlwa kwaphakade umuntu owayekholelwa ukuthi iNdodana kaNkulunkulu yayingeyena engunaphakade ngokulinganayo noYise noma ukuthi iNdodana yadalwa. Umuntu angakucabanga ukucindezela kokuvumelana nalesivumo sokholo lokhu okwakukubeka ezindimbaneni zamakholwa avamile.
Ngonyaka ka-381 C.E., omunye umkhandlu wahlangana eConstantinople futhi wamemezela ukuthi umoya ongcwele kwakufanele ukhulekelwe futhi udunyiswe njengoba nje uYise neNdodana babekhulekelwa. Ngemva konyaka, ngo-382 C.E., omunye umkhandlu wahlangana eConstantinople futhi waqinisekisa ubunkulunkulu obuphelele bomoya ongcwele.4 Ngawo lowonyaka, phambi komkhandlu eRome, uPapa Damasus waletha iqoqo lezimfundiso okwakumelwe zilahlwe isonto. Lombhalo, obizwa ngokuthi iNcwadi kaDamasus wawuhlanganisa izinkulumo ezilandelayo:
“Uma noma ubani ephika ukuthi uYise ungunaphakade, ukuthi iNdodana ingunaphakade, nokuthi uMoya Ongcwele ungunaphakade: uyisihlubuki.”
“Uma noma ubani ephika ukuthi iNdodana kaNkulunkulu inguNkulunkulu weqiniso, njengoba nje noYise enguNkulunkulu weqiniso, inamandla onke, yazi zonke izinto, futhi iyalingana noYise: uyisihlubuki.”
“Uma noma ubani ephika ukuthi uMoya Ongcwele . . . unguNkulunkulu weqiniso . . . unamandla onke futhi wazi zonke izinto, . . . uyisihlubuki.”
“Uma noma ubani ephika ukuthi lababantu abathathu, uYise, iNdodana, noMoya Ongcwele, bangabantu abangokoqobo, abalinganayo, abangunaphakade, abanezinto zonke ezibonakalayo nezingabonakali, nokuthi bangosomandla, . . . uyisihlubuki.”
“Uma noma ubani ethi [iNdodana] eyenziwa inyama yayingekho ezulwini noYise lapho isemhlabeni: uyisihlubuki.”
“Uma noma ubani, nakuba ethi uYise unguNkulunkulu neNdodana inguNkulunkulu noMoya Ongcwele unguNkulunkulu . . . engasho ukuthi banguNkulunkulu oyedwa . . . uyisihlubuki.”5
Izazi ezingamaJesuit ezahumusha amazwi angenhla ziwasusa olimini lwesiLatini zanezela lenkulumo: “Kubonakala sengathi uPapa uSt. Celestine I (422-32) wabheka lendikimba yezimiso zesonto njengemithetho yesonto; ingase icatshangelwe njengeyizincazelo zokholo.”6 Futhi isazi uEdmund J. Fortman sigomela ngokuthi lencwadi imelela “imfundiso kaziqu-zintathu ezwakalayo neqinile.”7
Uma uyilungu lesonto elamukela imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu, ingabe lezinkulumo zichaza ukholo lwakho? Futhi ingabe uye waqaphela ukuthi ukukholelwa emfundisweni kaZiqu-zintathu njengoba ifundiswa amasonto kudinga ukuba ukholelwe ukuthi uJesu wayesezulwini ngesikhathi elapha emhlabeni? Lemfundiso ifana nalokho okwashiwo umfundisi wekhulu lesine leminyaka uAthanasius encwadini yakhe ethi On the Incarnation:
“ULizwi [uJesu] wayengavinjiwe umzimba waKhe, futhi ukuba khona kwaKhe ngokomzimba akuzange kuvimbele ukuba khona kwaKhe kwenye indawo futhi. Lapho esusa umzimba waKhe akazange ayeke ukuqondisa indawo yonke ngeNgqondo nangamandla aKhe. . . . UsenguMthombo wokuphila kuyo yonke indalo, ukhona kuzo zonke izingxenye zayo, nakuba engaphandle kwayo yonke.”8
Lokho Okushiwo Imfundiso KaZiqu-zintathu
Abanye baye baphetha ngokuthi ukunikeza uJesu ubunkulunkulu yikho kuphela okushiwo imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu. Kwabanye, ukukholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu kumane kusho ukukholelwa kuYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele.
Nokho, ukuhlolisisa izivumo zokholo zeLobukholwa kudalula indlela imiqondo enjalo esilele ngokudabukisa ngayo ngokuphathelene nalemfundiso emisiwe. Izincazelo ezingokomthetho zikwenza kucace ukuthi imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu ayiwona umqondo olula. Kunalokho, iyiqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lemiqondo ehlukahlukene eye yaqoqelwa ndawonye isikhathi eside futhi yaphicwa ndawonye.
Emfanekisweni kaZiqu-zintathu owavela ngemva koMkhandlu waseConstantinople ngo-381 C.E., eNcwadini kaDamasus ngo-382 C.E., emazwini eSivumo Sokholo Sika-Athanasius avela esikhathini esithile kamuva, nakwezinye izincwadi, singakuthola ngokucacile lokho okushiwo eLobukholwa ngemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu. Ihlanganisa lemiqondo ecacile elandelayo:
1. Kuthiwa kunabantu abathathu baphezulu—uYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele—kuNkulunkulu.
2. Ngamunye walabantu abehlukene kuthiwa ungunaphakade, akekho ongaphambi noma ongemva komunye ngesikhathi.
3. Ngamunye kuthiwa ungumnini-mandla onke, akekho omkhulu noma ongaphansi kunomunye.
4. Ngamunye kuthiwa unolwazi oluphelele, wazi konke.
5. Ngamunye kuthiwa unguNkulunkulu weqiniso.
6. Nokho, kuthiwa laboNkulunkulu ababathathu kodwa banguNkulunkulu oyedwa kuphela.
Ngokucacile imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu iyiqoqo eliyinkimbinkimbi lemiqondo ehlanganisa okungenani imiqondo ebalulekile engenhla futhi ehilela ngisho neyengeziwe, njengoba kwembuleka lapho kuhlolwa imininingwane. Kodwa uma sicabangela imiqondo eyisisekelo engenhla kuphela, kusobala ukuthi uma kususwa eminye, okusalayo akuyena uZiqu-zintathu weLobukholwa. Ukuze abe nomfanekiso ophelele, zonke lezingxenye kumelwe zibe khona.
Njengoba sesinalokhu kuliqonda kangcono igama elithi “uZiqu-zintathu,” manje sesingabuza: Ingabe wawuyimfundiso kaJesu nabafundi bakhe? Uma kunjalo, kwakufanele ivele ngokuphelele ngekhulu lokuqala leminyaka leSikhathi Sethu Esivamile. Futhi njengoba ababekufundisa kutholakala eBhayibhelini, khona-ke kuphakathi kokuthi imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu iyimfundiso yeBhayibheli noma ayiyona. Uma iyiyona, kufanele ifundiswe ngokucacile eBhayibhelini.
Akunangqondo ukucabanga ukuthi uJesu nabafundi bakhe babengafundisa abantu ngoNkulunkulu kodwa bangabatsheli ukuthi uNkulunkulu ungubani, ikakhulukazi lapho abanye abakholwayo kwakuyodingeka ukuba badele ngisho nokuphila kwabo ngenxa kaNkulunkulu. Ngenxa yalokho, uJesu nabafundi bakhe kwakufanele bakunikeze indawo yokuqala ukufundisa abanye ngalemfundiso ebalulekile.
Hlola ImiBhalo
KuzEnzo isahluko 17, ivesi 11, abantu babizwa ngokuthi “bahle” ngoba “bahlolisisa imibhalo imihla ngemihla ukuba zinjalo yini lezozinto,” izinto ezazifundiswa umphostoli uPawulu. Bakhuthazwa ukuba basebenzise imiBhalo ukuze baqinisekise ngisho nezimfundiso zomphostoli. Nawe kufanele wenze okufanayo.
Khumbula ukuthi imiBhalo “iphefumlelwe uNkulunkulu” futhi kumelwe isetshenziselwe ‘ukuqondisa izinto, ukuyala ekulungeni, ukuze umuntu kaNkulunkulu afaneleke ngokugcwele, ayihlomele ngokuphelele yonke imisebenzi emihle.’ (2 Thimothewu 3:16, 17, NW) Ngakho iBhayibheli liphelele ezindabeni zezimfundiso. Uma imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu iyiqiniso, kufanele ibe khona.
Sikumema ukuba ucwaninge iBhayibheli, ikakhulukazi izincwadi ezingu-27 zemiBhalo yamaKristu yesiGreki, ukuze uzibonele ukuthi uJesu wawufundisa yini uZiqu-zintathu. Njengoba ucwaninga, zibuze:
1. Ingabe ngingawuthola umbhalo okhuluma “ngoZiqu-zintathu”?
2. Ingabe ngingawuthola umbhalo othi uNkulunkulu wakhiwa abantu abathathu abehlukene, uYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele, kodwa futhi othi laba abathathu banguNkulunkulu oyedwa kuphela?
3. Ingabe ngingawuthola umbhalo othi uYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele bayalingana ngazo zonke izindlela, njengobuphakade, amandla, isikhundla, nokuhlakanipha?
Ngisho noma ungacwaninga kangakanani, ngeke uthole ngisho nowodwa umbhalo osebenzisa igama elithi Ziqu-zintathu, futhi ngeke uwuthole othi uYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele balingana ngazo zonke izindlela, njengobuphakade, amandla, isikhundla, nokuhlakanipha. Awukho ngisho nowodwa umbhalo othi iNdodana iyalingana noYise ngalezozindlela—futhi uma ubukhona umbhalo onjalo, ubungeke uveze uZiqu-zintathu kodwa kunalokho “umbaxambili.” Akukho ndawo lapho iBhayibheli lilinganisa khona umoya ongcwele noYise.
Lokho Okushiwo Izazi Eziningi
Izazi eziningi, kuhlanganise nabakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu, ziyavuma ukuthi iBhayibheli alinayo imfundiso yangempela kaZiqu-zintathu. Ngokwesibonelo, iEncyclopedia of Religion ithi:
“Abachazi bemibhalo nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo namuhla bayavumelana ngokuthi iBhayibheli lesiHeberu alinayo imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu . . . Nakuba iBhayibheli lesiHeberu lifanekisa uNkulunkulu njengoyise kaIsrayeli futhi lisebenzisa ukwenziwa samuntu kukaNkulunkulu njengokuthi uLizwi (davar), uMoya (ruah), ukuHlakanipha (hokhmah), noKuba khona (shekhinah), ukuhlanganisa lemiqondo nemfundiso yakamuva kaziqu-zintathu bekuyoba ukweqela ngalé kwezinhloso nomoya weTestamente Elidala.
“Futhi, abachazi bemibhalo nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo bayavuma ukuthi iTestamente Elisha nalo alinayo imfundiso ecacile kaZiqu-zintathu. UNkulunkulu uYise ungumthombo wakho konke okukhona (Pantokrator) noyise kaJesu Kristu; elithi ‘uYise’ alisona isiqu somuntu wokuqala kaZiqu-zintathu kodwa liyigama elifana nelithi Nkulunkulu. . . .
“ETestamenteni Elisha akubonakali mqondo okhanyisa ngesimo sikaNkulunkulu esingenakuqondakala (‘uziqu-zintathu osengqondweni kuphela’), futhi iTestamente elisha alinalo ulimi lobuciko lwemfundiso yakamuva (hupostasis, ousia, substantia, subsistentia, prosōpon, persona). . . . Kuyinto engenakuphikwa ukuthi lemfundiso ayinakusekelwa ebufakazini obungokombhalo kuphela.”9
Ngokuphathelene namaqiniso angokomlando ngalendaba, iNew Encyclopædia Britannica ithi:
“Igama elithi Ziqu-zintathu nemfundiso ecacile ngaye akuveli eTestamenteni Elisha . . .
“Lemfundiso yakhula kancane kancane phakathi namakhulu amaningi eminyaka naphakathi kokuphikisana okuningi. . . .
“Kusekupheleni kwekhulu lesine leminyaka kuphela lapho ukwehluka kwalaba abathathu nobunye babo kwahlanganiswa ndawonye emfundisweni eyodwa engaguquki yesimo esisodwa nabantu abathathu.”10
INew Catholic Encyclopedia ikhuluma amazwi afanayo ngokuphathelene nemvelaphi kaZiqu-zintathu:
“Abachazi bemibhalo engenakuphikiswa nezazi zemfundiso yeBhayibheli, kuhlanganise nesibalo esanda njalo samaRoma Katolika bayaqaphela ukuthi umuntu akufanele akhulume ngemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu eTestamenteni Elisha ngaphandle kokufaneleka kwangempela. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izazi-mlando zemfundiso nezazi zemfundiso yenkolo ziyaqaphela ukuthi lapho umuntu ekhuluma ngemfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu engafanelekile, lowomuntu uye wasuka enkathini yendabuko yobuKristu waya, cishe, eminyakeni yokugcina engamashumi amabili nanhlanu yekhulu lesine leminyaka. Kwakungalesosikhathi kuphela lapho lokho okungase kubizwe ngokuthi imfundiso echaza uZiqu-zintathu yokuthi ‘kunoNkulunkulu oyedwa kuBantu abathathu’ yahlanganiswa khona ngokuphelele nokuphila nokucabanga kwamaKristu. . . .
“Lenkulumo ngokwayo ayiwubonakalisi umqondo oseduze wenkathi yendabuko; yayiwumkhiqizo wamakhulu amathathu eminyaka yokukhula kwalemfundiso.”11
Ingabe “Iyasikiselwa”?
Abakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu bangase bathi iBhayibheli “liyawusikisela” uZiqu-zintathu. Kodwa lokhu kugomela kwenziwe esikhathini eside ngemva kokuba iBhayibheli selilotshiwe. Kuwumzamo wokufaka eBhayibhelini lokho abefundisi bezikhathi zakamuva abanquma ngokuzithandela ukuthi kufanele kube imfundiso.
Zibuze: Kungani iBhayibheli ‘lalingayisikisela’ nje kuphela imfundiso yalo ebaluleke kakhulu—yokuthi uNkulunkulu ungubani? IBhayibheli licacile kwezinye izimfundiso eziyisisekelo; kungani lingacacile kulena, ebaluleke kunazo zonke? Ingabe uMdali wendawo yonke wayengenakuloba incwadi ekuchaza ngokucacile ukuba kwakhe uZiqu-zintathu uma kwakunjalo?
Isizathu sokuba iBhayibheli lingayifundisi ngokucacile imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu silula: Ayiyona imfundiso yeBhayibheli. Uma uNkulunkulu ayenguZiqu-zintathu, ngokuqinisekile lokho wayeyokwenza kucace ukuze uJesu nabafundi bakhe bakwazi ukukufundisa abanye. Futhi lokho kwaziswa okubalulekile kwakuyofakwa eZwini likaNkulunkulu eliphefumlelwe. Kwakungeke kushiyelwe kubantu abangaphelele ukuba bashikashikeke ngakho emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva.
Lapho sihlola imibhalo enikezwa abakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu njengewubufakazi bokuthi iBhayibheli “liyamsikisela” uZiqu-zintathu, sitholani? Ukuhlola okuthembekile kwembula ukuthi imibhalo enikezwayo ayikhulumi ngoZiqu-zintathu weLobukholwa. Kunalokho, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo zizama ukufaka ngenkani emibhalweni imiqondo yazo ecatshangelwe ngaphambili kaZiqu-zintathu. Kodwa leyomiqondo ayikho emavesini emibhalo. Eqinisweni, leyomiqondo yabakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu iyashayisana nobufakazi obucacile beBhayibheli lilonke.
Isibonelo semibhalo enjalo sitholakala kuMathewu 28:19, 20. Lapho uYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele kukhulunywa ngabo kanye kanye. Abanye bathi lokhu kusikisela uZiqu-zintathu. Kodwa zifundele lamavesi ngokwakho. Ingabe kukhona kulawomavesi okuthi laba abathathu banguNkulunkulu oyedwa bayalingana ngobuphakade, amandla, isikhundla, nokuhlakanipha? Cha, akukho. Kungokufanayo nangeminye imibhalo ekhuluma ngalaba abathathu kanye kanye.
Kulabo ababona ukusikiselwa kukaZiqu-zintathu kuMathewu 28:19, 20 lapho kusetshenziswe khona igama elithi “igama” elisebunyeni kuYise, iNdodana, nomoya ongcwele, mabasize baqhathanise ukusetshenziswa kwelithi “igama,” elisebunyeni, kuAbrahama nakuIsaka kuGenesise 48:16.—King James Version; New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures.
Abakholelwa kuZiqu-zintathu futhi bakhomba uJohane 1:1 kwezinye izinguqulo, lapho “uLizwi” kukhulunywa ngaye ‘njengonoNkulunkulu’ ‘nanjengonguNkulunkulu.’ Kodwa ezinye izinguqulo zeBhayibheli zithi uLizwi ‘wayengunkulunkulu’ noma ‘wayengowaphezulu,’ okungasho uNkulunkulu kodwa onamandla. Futhi, lelovesi leBhayibheli lithi “uLizwi” ‘wayenoNkulunkulu.’ Ngokunengqondo lokhu kuyamkhipha ekubeni nguye lowoNkulunkulu. Futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi iziphetho okufinyelelwa kuzo “ngoLizwi” iqiniso liwukuthi babili kuphela abantu okukhulunywa ngabo kuJohane 1:1, ababathathu. Ngokuphindaphindiwe, yonke imibhalo esetshenziswayo ukuze kuzanywe ukusekela imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu iyehluleka ngokuphelele ukwenza kanjalo lapho ihlolwa ngokwethembeka.a
Esinye isici okumelwe sicatshangelwe yilesi: Uma imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu yafundiswa uJesu nabafundi bakhe, khona-ke ngokuqinisekile abaholi besonto ababalandela eduze babeyoyifundisa. Kodwa ingabe lawomadoda, namuhla abizwa ngokuthi oFata AbangabaPhostoli, bayifundisa imfundiso kaZiqu-zintathu? Lombuzo kuzoxoxwa ngawo eNgxenyeni 2 yaloluchungechunge komunye umagazini weNqabayokulinda.
Izikhombo
1. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1912, Umqulu XV ikhasi 47.
2. The Baptist Encyclopædia, eyahlelwa nguWilliam Cathcart, 1883 amakhasi 1168-9.
3. A Short History of Christian Doctrine, kaBernhard Lohse, uHlelo luka-1980 ikhasi 53.
4. Ibid., amakhasi 64-5.
5. The Church Teaches, eyahunyushwa futhi yahlelwa nguJohn F. Clarkson, S.J., John H. Edwards, S.J., William J. Kelly, S.J., noJohn J. Welch, S.J., 1955, amakhasi 125-7.
6. Ibid., ikhasi 125.
7. The Triune God, kaEdmund J. Fortman, uHlelo luka-1982, ikhasi 126.
8. On the Incarnation, eyahunyushwa nguPenelope Lawson, uHlelo luka-1981, amakhasi 27-8.
9. The Encyclopedia of Religion, Mircea Eliade, umhleli omkhulu, 1987, Umqulu 15, ikhasi 54.
10. The New Encyclopædia Britannica, uHlelo lwe-15, 1985, Umqulu 11, Micropædia, ikhasi 928.
11. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1967, Umqulu XIV, ikhasi 295.
[Umbhalo waphansi]
a Ukuze uthole ingxoxo ephelele ngokwengeziwe ngamavesi anjalo emibhalo, bheka incwajana ethi Ingabe Kufanele Ukholelwe KuZiqu-zintathu?, eyakhishwa yiWatch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.
[Isithombe ekhasini 19]
Church at Tagnon, France