Ta 11

Xɔsegbegbe la—Exe Mawu Didi ƒe Mɔ La

1, 2. (a) Nukatae Kristodukɔa ƒe ƒe 400 gbãtɔwo ƒe ŋutinya le vevie ɖo? (b) Nyateƒe si ku ɖe tiatiawɔwɔ ŋu kae Yesu gblɔ?

NUKATAE Kristodukɔa ƒe ƒe 400 gbãtɔwo ƒe ŋutinya le vevie ŋutɔ ɖo? Susu si ta ɖevi ƒe agbenɔƒe gbãtɔwo le vevie la tae—elabena wonye hehexɔxɔ gɔmedzeɣi siwo anye gɔmeɖokpe na ame si ƒomevi wòava nye le etsɔ me. Nukawoe Kristodukɔa ƒe ƒe alafa gbãtɔwo ɖe fia?

² Hafi míaɖo nya ma ŋu la, mina míaɖo ŋku nyateƒe aɖe si Yesu Kristo gblɔ la dzi be: “Miyi ɖe agbo bii la me; elabena agbo la keke, eye mɔ la le gbadza, si kplɔa amewo yina tsɔtsrɔ̃ me, eye ame geɖewo nye amesiwo le edzi yina ɖe eme. Elabena agbo la le biie, eye mɔ la hã xaxa, si kplɔa amewo yina ɖe agbe la me, eye ame ʋeewo nye amesiwo kpɔnɛ.” Mɔ si dzi wowɔa nusi dzea ame ŋu le la le gbadzaa; gɔmeɖose dzɔdzɔewo ƒe mɔ la le biie.—Mateo 7:13, 14.

3. Mɔ eve kawoe nɔ anyi le Kristotɔnyenye ƒe gɔmedzedze?

³ Le Kristotɔnyenye ƒe gɔmedzedze la, mɔ evee dze ŋgɔ amesiwo di be yewoaxɔ xɔse ma si ƒe nu menyoa ame geɖe ŋu o la—be woaku ɖe Kristo kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe nufiafia kpakple gɔmeɖose matrɔmatrɔwo ŋu goŋgoŋ loo alo woaɖe mɔ ɣemaɣi ƒe xexeame ƒe ɖekematsɔlememɔ gbadza si dzi woɖea mɔ ɖe nusianu ŋu le la nahe wo. Abe alesi míele ekpɔ gee ene la, ƒe 400 gbãtɔwo ƒe ŋutinya ɖe mɔ si ame akpa gãtɔ va tia la fia.

Xexemenunyafiafia ƒe Amebeble

4. Abe alesi ŋutinyaŋlɔla Durant gblɔe ene la, aleke trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe Roma la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe sɔlemeha la dzii le gɔmedzedzea me?

⁴ Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Will Durant ɖe nu me be: “Sɔlemeha la va xɔ subɔsubɔkɔnu kple nuwɔna aɖewo siwo bɔ ɖe [trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe] Roma hafi Kristotɔnyenye va la—kɔmevɔ la kple trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe nunɔlawo ƒe awu bubuwo, lifi kple kple tsi kɔkɔe zazã le nuwo ŋuti kɔkɔ me, bosomikaɖiwo sisi kple akaɖi si nɔa vɔsamlekpuia ŋgɔ ɣesiaɣi, ta dede agu na ame kɔkɔewo, aɖaŋu si wotsɔ tu sɔlemexɔ tsrala lae, Roma ƒe se si dzi wonɔ te ɖo de Ŋɔŋlɔawo ŋuti sewo, bubuŋkɔ Pontifex Maximus yɔyɔ na Pontiff [Papa] Gãtɔ, kple Latingbe zazã le ƒe alafa enelia me . . . Eteƒe madidi hafi bisiɔpwo nazu ɖoɖodziwɔwɔdzikpɔlawo kple ŋusẽtɔwo le dugãwo me ɖe Roma dziɖuɖumegãwo teƒe o; dugã siwo galolo wu ƒe tatɔwo, alo bisiɔpgãwo, ava de nutomedziɖulawo dzi, ne menye woawoe ava xɔ ŋusẽ le wo si o; bisiɔpwo ƒe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe ava xɔ ɖe nutoa me ƒe sewɔtakpekpe teƒe. Roma Sɔleme la to Roma-dziɖuɖua ƒe afɔtoƒe.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.

5. Aleke ɖeka wɔwɔ kple trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe Roma ƒe nɔnɔme la to vovo tso nusiwo Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ŋlɔ la gbɔe?

⁵ Ðeka wɔwɔ kple Romatɔwo ƒe xexeame sia nye nusi to vovo tso Kristo kple eƒe apostolowo ƒe nufiafiawo gbɔ kura. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 262.) Apostolo Petro xlɔ̃ nu be: “Lɔlɔ̃tɔwo, . . . metsɔ ŋkuɖoɖonudzi nyɔ miaƒe tamesusu, si me kɔ la le wo me, bene míaɖo ŋku nya, siwo nyagblɔɖila kɔkɔeawo gblɔ ɖi tsã la, kple Aƒetɔ kple xɔla ƒe se, si wòde to miaƒe apostolowo dzi la dzi. Azɔ la, mi lɔlɔ̃tɔwo, esi mienya nusiawo ɖi ŋuti la, mikpɔ mia ɖokui dzi nyuie, bene ame gblẽkuwo ƒe beble nagahe mi ayii o, eye miagadze atso mia ŋutɔwo miaƒe kelili la me o.” Paulo xlɔ̃ nu eme kɔ ƒã be: “Migazu amesiwo atsɔ kɔkuti tutɔ na dzimaxɔsetɔwo ti o! Elabena hadede kae le dzɔdzɔenyenye kple sedzimawɔmawɔ dome? Alo ƒomedodo kae le kekeli kple viviti dome? . . . Eyaŋuti mido go le wo dome, eye miɖe mia ɖokui ɖa, [Yehowa ye] gblɔe, eye migaka asi nu makɔmakɔ ŋuti o eye nye la maxɔ mi.”—Petro II, 3:1, 2, 17; Korintotɔwo II, 6:14-17; Nyaɖeɖefia 18:2-5.

6, 7. (a) Aleke Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunya kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe blemasɔlemeha la ƒe “fofowo” dzii? (b) Nufiafia kawo koŋ mee Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunya dze le vevie? (d) Aleke Paulo xlɔ̃ nui le xexemenunya ŋu?

⁶ Togbɔ be nuxlɔ̃me sia me kɔ nyuie hã la, ƒe alafa evelia me Kristotɔ xɔsegbelawo ƒo ta ɖe trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe Roma subɔsubɔhawu me. Wotra tso woƒe dzɔtsoƒe dzadzɛ si le Biblia me la gbɔ eye wova tsɔ Romatɔwo ƒe trɔ̃subɔsubɔwu kple dzesideŋkɔwo boŋ kpla eye Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia ɖo wo nyuie. Nufialagã Wolfson si le Harvard Yunivɛsiti ɖe nu me le The Crucible of Christianity me be, le ƒe alafa evelia me la, “dukɔwo me tɔ siwo wotsɔ xexemenunyafiafia hee” la dometɔ gbogbo aɖewo nyẽ zi va Kristotɔnyenye me. Helatɔwo ƒe nunya kple woƒe susuwo wɔ nuku na amesiawo ŋutɔ eye wosusu be yewokpɔ nusiwo ɖi wo nɔewo le Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo tɔ me. Wolfson yi edzi be: “Ɣeaɖewoɣi la, wogblɔa nya vovovo siwo fia be xexemenunya nye nunana si Mawu na Helatɔwo to amegbetɔ ƒe susu dzi abe alesi Ŋɔŋlɔa nye mɔ tẽ si nu wòɖe eɖokui fia Yudatɔwo le ene.” Egagblɔ be: “Sɔlemefofowo . . . dze woƒe dɔ si ŋu ɖoɖo le gɔme be yewoaɖe alesi xexemenunyafialawo ƒe nufiafia, siwo wotsɔ nya siwo me sese do viviti, siwo wokpa le woƒe Agbalẽgãsrɔ̃ƒewo, Suku Kɔkɔwo, kple Nusrɔ̃ƒewo [afisiwo wofiaa xexemenunyawo le] gblɔe la, ɣla ɖe nyagbɔgblɔ siwo gɔme sese le bɔbɔe si Ŋɔŋlɔawo tsɔ gblɔa nyawo mee la gɔme.”

⁷ Nɔnɔme ma ʋu mɔ ɖi na Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia kpakple woƒe nyagbɔgblɔwo be wotra ɖe Kristodukɔa ƒe nufiafiawo me, vevietɔ le Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ ƒe nufiafia kple luʋɔ makumaku dzixɔse la me. Abe alesi Wolfson gblɔe ene la: “[Sɔlemeha] Fofowo dze ŋku léle ɖe xexemenunyafiafia me nya gbogbo siwo woli kɔe ɖi me be yewoakpɔ nya eve le wo me azã, ɖeka nanye esi yewoazã atsɔ afia nyateƒe si wònye be Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la me tɔ ɖesiaɖe nye amesi to vovo tso nɔvia gbɔ, eye evelia nanye nya si woatsɔ ayɔ nusi dzi wotu ɖekawɔwɔ si le wo dome ɖo lae.” Gake ele be woalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be “Mawu etɔ̃ ƒokpli ƒe nufiafia la nye nya ɣaɣla si gɔme amegbetɔ ƒe susu mate ŋu ase o.” Le nusi to vovo na ema me la, Paulo kpɔ afɔku si le alesi woatsɔ nu gbegblẽwo atsaka nyanyui lae kple ‘ŋe dzedze nyanyuia’ me la dze sii esime wòŋlɔ agbalẽ na Galatia kple Kolose Kristotɔwo be: “Mikpɔ nyuie, bena ame aɖeke nagakplɔ mi ayi aboyo to xexemenunya [Helagbe, phi·lo·so·phiʹas] kple beble dzodzro me o, le amewo ƒe gɔmedzenuwo la nu, eye menye le Kristo nu o.”—Galatiatɔwo 1:7-9; Kolosetɔwo 2:8; Korintotɔwo I, 1:22, 23.

Wote Fli Ðe Tsitretsitsi la Me

8. Nya doviviti ka mee amegbetɔ dze agbagba be yease, eye aleke subɔsubɔha geɖe te kpɔ be yewoaɖe emee?

⁸ Abe alesi míekpɔe le agbalẽ sia mee ene la, amegbetɔ dze agbagba ɣesiaɣi be yease yeƒe anyinɔnɔ kpui si seɖoƒe li na si wua enu ɖe ku me ƒe nya ɣaɣla la gɔme. Abe alesi agbalẽŋlɔla Gerhard Herm gblɔe le eƒe agbalẽ si nye The Celts—The People Who Came Out of the Darkness mee ene la: “Hekpe ɖe nu bubuwo ŋu la, mawusubɔsubɔ nye mɔ si dzi wotona nana be amewo nalɔ̃ ɖe edzi be yewoava ku godoo, eɖanye be wodo agbe si ɖɔ ʋu wu le yɔdo godo, gbugbɔgadzɔ, alo evea siaa ŋugbe na wo o.” Subɔsubɔha ɖesiaɖe kloe nɔ te ɖe dzixɔse be amegbetɔ ƒe luʋɔ mekuna o eye be le ku megbe la ezɔa mɔ yia ŋɔlixexe aɖe me alo egadzɔna ɖe nuwɔwɔ bubu me la dzi.

9. Aleke Spaniatɔ agbalẽnyala Miguel de Unamuno ƒo nya tae le Yesu ƒe tsitretsitsi dzixɔxɔse ŋu?

⁹ Emae nye Kristodukɔa ƒe subɔsubɔhawo katã kloe hã ƒe dzixɔse egbea. Miguel de Unamuno si nye ƒe alafa 20 lia me Spaniatɔ agbalẽnyala xɔŋkɔ aɖe, ŋlɔ ku ɖe Yesu ŋu be: “Ŋutilã la ƒe tsitretsitsi [abe le Lazaro gome ene (kpɔ axa 249-52)], abe alesi Yudatɔwo xɔe see ene, dzi boŋ ye wòxɔ se, ke menye luʋɔ makumaku, abe alesi [Helatɔ] Plato fiae ene lae o. . . . Woate ŋu akpɔ esia ƒe kpeɖodziwo le nyameɖegbalẽ ɖesiaɖe si toa nyateƒe la me.” Eƒo eta be: “Luʋɔ la ƒe makumaku . . . nye trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia ƒe dzixɔse.” (La Agonía Del Cristianismo [Kristotɔnyenye ƒe Vevesese Gã La]) “Trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia me dzixɔse” ma ge ɖe Kristodukɔa ƒe nufiafia me, togbɔ be edze ƒã be nu ma menɔ susu me na Kristo o gake.—Mateo 10:28; Yohanes 5:28, 29; 11:23, 24.

10. Nukawoe nye luʋɔ makumaku dzixɔse la metsonu aɖewo?

¹⁰ Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafiafia si ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi menya dzea sii bɔbɔe o wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le xɔsegbegbe si va le apostoloawo ƒe ku megbe la me. Helatɔwo ƒe luʋɔ makumaku nufiafia la fia be ehiã be luʋɔ la nayi teƒe vovovo—dziƒo, dzomavɔ (hell), ŋutiklɔdzo, paradiso, Limbo.a Nunɔlahawo tsɔ ayedzedze trɔ asi le nufiafia mawo ŋu si wɔe be wònɔ bɔbɔe na wo be woana woƒe hameviwo nabɔbɔ ɖe wo te eye woanɔ vɔvɔ̃m na Ŋɔlixexeme eye woanɔ nunanawo kple nudzɔdzɔwo dum le wo si. Esia kplɔ mí va nyabiabia bubu gbɔe: Aleke Kristodukɔa ƒe nunɔlaha si ɖe eɖokui ɖe aga la wɔ va dzɔ?—Yohanes 8:44; Timoteo I, 4:1, 2.

Alesi Woɖo Nunɔlaha Lae

11, 12. (a) Xɔsegbegbe ƒe dzesi bubu kae gado mo ɖa? (b) Akpa kae Yerusalem ƒe apostolowo kple hamemegãwo wɔ?

¹¹ Nu bubu si hã gade dzesi xɔsegbegbee nye megbe dede tso subɔsubɔdɔ si wode Kristotɔwo katã si, abe alesi Yesu kple eƒe apostolowo fiae ene la gbɔ, be wòazu nunɔlaha kple dziɖuɖuɖoɖo si dzɔ le Kristodukɔa me la ɖeɖeko. (Mateo 5:14-16; Romatɔwo 10:13-15; Petro I, 3:15) Le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me le Kristo ƒe ku megbe la, eƒe apostolowo, kpakple Kristotɔ hamemegã bubu siwo nɔ Yerusalem siwo dze le gbɔgbɔ me la xlɔ̃a nu Kristo-hamea hefiaa mɔ wo. Ðeke meɖu amegã ɖe ame bubuawo dzi o.—Galatiatɔwo 2:9.

¹² Le ƒe 49 M.Ŋ. me la, eva hiã be woakpe ta ɖe Yerusalem akpɔ nyabiabia siwo ku ɖe Kristotɔwo katã ŋu la gbɔ. Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖia gblɔ na mí be le numedzodzro si me amesiame ƒo nu le faa megbe la, “[edze] apostoloawo kple hamemegãwo [pre·sbyʹte·roi] kpakple ha blibo la katã ŋu bena, yewoatia ŋutsu aɖewo atso yewo dome aɖo ɖe Antioxia akpe ɖe Paulo kple Barnaba ŋu; . . . Eye woŋlɔ agbalẽ de wo si bena: Apostolowo kple hamemegãwo kple nɔviwo ɖuɖɔ nɔvi, siwo tso trɔ̃subɔlawo dome le Antioxia kple Siria kpakple Kilikia la ƒã.” Edze ƒã be apostoloawo kple hamemegãwo nye dziɖuha si kpɔ Kristo-hame siwo kaka ɖe teƒe geɖe la ƒe nyawo gbɔ.—Dɔwɔwɔwo 15:22, 23.

13. (a) Ðoɖo kae nɔ anyi hena hame ɖesiaɖe dzikpɔkpɔ le Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe hameawo me? (b) Nukawoe nye hamemegãwo ƒe dzedzewo?

¹³ Ke esi dziɖuha ma si nɔ Yerusalem nye ɖoɖo si nɔ anyi le Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ŋɔli hena Kristotɔwo katã dzi kpɔkpɔ la, mɔfiafiaɖoɖo kae nɔ wo si le hame ɖesiaɖe me hena nyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ? Paulo ƒe agbalẽ si wòŋlɔ na Timoteo ɖe eme be dzikpɔlawo, (Helagbe, e·piʹsko·pos, si nye nya si me woɖe Eŋlisigbe me nya “episcopal” tsoe), le hameawo si siwo nye hamemegãwo (pre·sbyʹte·roi) le gbɔgbɔ me, ŋutsu siwo dze le woƒe agbenɔnɔ kple gbɔgbɔmemenyenye ta be woafia nu wo havi Kristotɔwo la le hameawo si. (Timoteo I, 3:1-7; 5:17) Le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me la, ŋutsu siawo menye osɔfoha siwo le vovo o. Womedoa awu aɖeke si na wotoa vovo o. Woƒe gbɔgbɔmemenyenyee nye dzesi si le wo ŋu. Le nyateƒe me la, hamemegãwo (dzikpɔlawo) ƒe ha le hame ɖesiaɖe me, menye ame ɖeka ƒe dziɖuɖue wònye o.—Dɔwɔwɔwo 20:17; Filipitɔwo 1:1.

14. (a) Aleke Kristodukɔa ƒe bisiɔpwo va da wo ɖokui ɖe Kristotɔ dzikpɔlawo ƒe nɔƒee? (b) Amekae ʋli be yeaɖu gã le bisiɔpwo dome?

¹⁴ Ɣeyiɣiwo va nɔ yiyim hafi wotrɔ nya si nye e·piʹsko·posb (dzikpɔla, nudzikpɔla) wòzu “bisiɔp,” si gɔmee nye nunɔla si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nunɔlaha me tɔ bubuwo dzi le nuto si dzi kpɔm wòle la me. Abe alesi Spania Yesutɔ Bernardino Llorca ɖe nu mee ene la: “Gbã la, vovototo gobii aɖeke menɔ bisiɔpwo kple presbyterwo dome o, eye nusi nya siawo fia la ŋu koe woléa ŋku ɖo: bisiɔp ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe sɔ kple dzikpɔla; presbyter sɔ kple ame tsitsi [hamemegã]. . . . Gake vivivi la, vovototoa va nɔ dzedzem kɔte wu, eye woyɔa ŋkɔ bisiɔp na dzikpɔla siwo nye ame ŋkutawo wu, amesiwo si nunɔlanyenye ƒe ŋusẽ kple ŋutete gãtɔwo le be woaɖo asi nunɔlawo dzi alo aɖo wo.” (Historia de la Iglesia Católica) [Katoliko-ha la ƒe Ŋutinya] Le nyateƒe me la, bisiɔpwo va dze dɔ wɔwɔ abe ame ɖeka ƒe dziɖuɖuɖoɖo aɖe ene, vevietɔ tso ƒe alafa enelia ƒe gɔmedzedze me. Woɖo nunɔlawo ƒe dziɖuɖoɖo aɖe anyi, eye le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, ame geɖe xɔ Roma ƒe bisiɔp si gblɔna be yele Petro teƒe la be eyae nye bisiɔp gãtɔ kple papa.

15. Ʋe gã kae le Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe kpɔkplɔ kple Kristodukɔa tɔ dome?

¹⁵ Egbea bisiɔp ƒe nɔƒe nye bubu kple ŋusẽ nɔƒe le Kristodukɔa ƒe sɔleme vovovoawo me, zi geɖe la, woxea fe gã aɖe na ame ɖe nɔƒe ma ta, eye ame ŋkuta siwo le dziɖuɖunɔƒewo le dukɔ ɖesiaɖe mee amesiawo nyena. Gake vovototo gã aɖe le dada kple dodoɖedzi ƒe nɔnɔme si me wole kple ɖokuibɔbɔɖeanyi si le Kristo kple hamemegãwo, alo dzikpɔlawo me, le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me la dome. Eye nya kae míagblɔ tso ʋe gã si le Petro kple amesiwo gblɔna be eteƒexɔlawoe yewonye la dome, amesiwo ɖu fia le nɔƒe si ŋu wozãa ga geɖe ɖo le Vatikan la ŋu?—Luka 9:58; Petro I, 5:1-3.

Papa ƒe Ŋusẽ Kple Bubunɔƒe La

16, 17. (a) Aleke míewɔ nya be bisiɔp alo papa aɖeke meɖu Roma Kristo-hame gbãtɔ dzi o? (b) Aleke bubuŋkɔ “papa” wɔ va dzɔ?

¹⁶ Hame gbãtɔ siwo xɔ mɔfiafia tso Yerusalem ƒe apostoloawo kple hamemegãwo gbɔ dometɔ ɖekae nye Roma-hamea, afisi anye ƒe 33 M.Ŋ. ƒe Pentekostea megbee Kristotɔwo ƒe nyateƒea ɖo wo gbɔ la. (Dɔwɔwɔwo 2:10) Abe Kristo-hame bubu ɖesiaɖe si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi ene la, hamemegã siwo subɔ abe dzikpɔlawo ƒe ha ene eye wo dometɔ aɖeke meɖu gã ɖe nɔvia dzi o ye nɔ eme. Kakaɖedzitɔe la, Roma-hamea me dzikpɔla gbãtɔawo ŋɔlimetɔ aɖeke mebu wo be wonye bisiɔpwo alo papa o, elabena Roma ƒe ame ɖeka dziɖuɖu ƒe bisiɔpha la menɔ anyi haɖe o. Esesẽ be woatɔ asi ɣeyiɣi si me tututu ame ɖeka ƒe dziɖuɖu bisiɔpha la dze egɔme. Ðaseɖiɖiawo fia be edze mo dodo ɖa gɔme le ƒe alafa evelia me.—Romatɔwo 16:3-16; Filipitɔwo 1:1.

¹⁷ Womezã bubuŋkɔ “papa” (tso Helagbe, paʹpas, fofo me) le ƒe alafa eve gbãtɔwo me o. Michael Walsh si nye Nunɔla Yesutɔ tsã la ɖe nu me be: “Ewɔ abe zi gbãtɔ si woyɔ Roma Bisiɔp aɖe be ‘Papa’ ye nye le ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia me ene, eye Papa Callistus ye woyɔ bubuŋkɔ sia na . . . Le ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia ƒe nuwuwu la, ne woyɔ ‘Papa’ ko la, zi geɖe la efiaa Roma Bisiɔp la eye meganyea ame bubu aɖeke o. Gake ƒe alafa wuiɖekelia me hafi Papa aɖe te gbe ɖe edzi be ye ɖeɖeko ƒe bubuŋkɔe.”—An Illustrated History of the Popes.

18. (a) Amekae nye Roma bisiɔpwo ƒe gbãtɔ si zi eƒe dziɖuɖu ɖe ame dzi? (b) Nuka dzie wotu papa ƒe gãɖuɖu la ɖo? (d) Nukae nye Mateo 16:18, 19 ƒe gɔmesese nyuitɔ?

¹⁸ Roma bisiɔpwo dometɔ gbãtɔ si do eƒe ŋusẽ ɖe dzie nye Papa Leo I, (papa, ƒe 440-461 M.Ŋ.) Michael Walsh yi edzi ɖe eme be: “Leo ɖo tɔ ɖe trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe bubuŋkɔ xoxo Pontifex Maximus, si papawo gazãna egbea, eye wònye [ŋkɔ] si Roma Fiawo tsɔna vaseɖe ƒe alafa enelia me la nu.” Leo I tu eƒe nuwɔnawo ɖe Yesu ƒe nya siwo le Mateo 16:18, 19 la dzi. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 268.) “Egblɔ be esi Petro Kɔkɔe nye gbãtɔ le Apostoloawo dome ta la, ele be woana Petro Kɔkɔe ƒe ha la naxɔ nɔƒe gbãtɔ le sɔlemehawo dome.” (Man’s Religions) To afɔɖeɖe sia dzi la, Leo I na eme kɔ kɔte be esime fia la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe xexemenuwo dzi le Konstantinople le Ɣedzeƒe la, ye hã yekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe gbɔgbɔmenuwo dzi le Roma le Ɣetoɖoƒe. Ŋusẽ sia ƒe kpɔɖeŋu gadze ƒã ɖe edzi wu esi Papa Leo III ɖɔ fiakuku na Charlemagne be wòanye Roma Fiaɖuƒe Kɔkɔe la ƒe fia le ƒe 800 M.Ŋ. me.

19, 20. (a) Aleke wobua papa le le míaƒe ŋkekea mee? (b) Papa la ƒe bubuŋkɔwo dometɔ aɖewo ɖe? (d) Vovototo kae míate ŋu akpɔ le papawo ƒe agbenɔnɔ kple Petro tɔ dome?

¹⁹ Tso ƒe 1929 me la, xexemedziɖuɖuwo bua Roma papa la be enye dukɔ bubu si le eɖokui si, si nye Vatikan Dugã la, ƒe fia. Eyata Roma Katoliko-ha la ate ŋu adɔ dziɖuɖuteƒenɔla siwo nye papa ƒe amedɔdɔwo aɖo ɖe xexeamedziɖuɖuwo gbɔ togbɔ be subɔsubɔha bubuwo ya mate ŋui o hã. (Yohanes 18:36) Wotsɔ bubuŋkɔ geɖe do papa la ɖe dzii, wo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Yesu Kristo Teƒenɔla, Apostolowo ƒe Amegã Teƒexɔla, Xexeame Katã ƒe Papa (Pontiff) Sɔleme ƒe Tatɔ, Ɣetoɖoƒe Blemafofo, Italia Bisiɔp Gãtɔ, Vatikan Dugã la ƒe Fiagã. Wokɔnɛ ɖia tsae le atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo gã kple kɔnuwɔwɔwo me. Bubu si wodea dukplɔlawo ŋu kee wonaa eya hã. Gake kpɔ alesi esia to vovoe tso alesi Petro, amesi wobe eyae nye Roma bisiɔp kple papa gbãtɔ la wɔ nui esime Roma-ʋafia Kornelio dze klo ɖe eƒe afɔ nu be yeade bubu eŋu la gbɔ ɖa: “Petro kɔe ɖe dzi gblɔ bena: Tsi tre, nye ŋutɔ hã ame menye.”—Dɔwɔwɔwo 10:25, 26; Mateo 23:8-12.

²⁰ Azɔ biabia lae nye be, Aleke ŋusẽ kple nɔƒe kɔkɔ ma gbegbe wɔ dzi ɖe edzi na sɔlemeha xɔsegbela la le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ mawo me? Aleke Kristo kple Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo ƒe gãmaɖumaɖu kple ɖokuibɔbɔ wɔ va trɔ zu dada kple atsyɔ̃ɖoɖo gã na Kristodukɔa?

Kristodukɔa ƒe Gɔmeɖoanyi

21, 22. Tɔtrɔ gã kae wogblɔ be Konstantino wɔ le eƒe agbe me, eye aleke wòwɔ eŋudɔe?

²¹ Ɣeyiɣi si me tɔtrɔ va na subɔsubɔha yeye sia le Roma Fiaɖuƒea mee nye ƒe 313 M.Ŋ. me, ƒe si me wobe Fiagã Konstantino trɔ dzime va “Kristo-subɔsubɔ” me. Aleke wòtrɔ dzime siae? Le ƒe 306 M.Ŋ. la, Konstantino ɖu fia ɖe fofoa teƒe eye emegbe la, Licinius va nye eƒe hatidziɖula le Roma Fiaɖuƒea me. Alesi dadaa doa vivi ɖe Kristotɔnyenye ŋui kple alesi eya ŋutɔ xɔ edzi se be Mawu kpɔa ye tae la wɔ dɔ ɖe edzi. Hafi wòayi aɖawɔ aʋa aɖe le Milvian Bridge si le Roma xa le ƒe 312 M.Ŋ. la, egblɔ be wogblɔ na ye le drɔ̃e me be yeata “Kristotɔwo” ƒe ŋɔŋlɔdzesi eve siwo woŋlɔ ɖe wo nɔe dzi—si nye Helagbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi khi kple rho, siwo nye ŋɔŋlɔdzesi eve gbãtɔ siwo le Kristo ƒe ŋkɔ me le Helagbe me—la ɖe yeƒe asrafowo ƒe akpoxɔnuwo dzi.c Konstantino to ‘tsila kɔkɔe’ sia dzi ɖu eƒe futɔ Maxentius dzi.

²² Esi Konstantino ɖu aʋa la dzi vɔ teti ko la, egblɔ be yezu xɔsetɔ, togbɔ be ƒe 24 megbe, esi wòɖo kudonu ŋutɔŋutɔ hafi wode mawutsi ta nɛ gake. Amesiwo yɔa wo ɖokui Kristotɔwoe yi edzi da megbe nɛ esi wòxɔ “[Helagbe me alfabeta] Chi-Rho [ ] be eyae nye yeƒe dzesi . . . Gake wonɔ Chi-Rho la zãm xoxo na trɔ̃subɔlawo kple Kristotɔwo.”—The Crucible of Christianity, si me Arnold Toynbee to.

23. (a) Le numeɖela aɖe ƒe nya nu la, ɣekaɣie Kristodukɔa dze egɔme? (b) Nukatae míate ŋu agblɔ be menye Kristoe ɖo Kristodukɔa anyi o?

²³ Esia mee woɖo Kristodukɔa gɔme anyi le. Abe alesi Britaniatɔwo ƒe nyadzɔdzɔgblɔla Malcolm Muggeridge ŋlɔe ɖe agbalẽ si nye The End of Christendom mee ene la: “Kristodukɔa dze egɔme tso Fiagã Konstantino dzi.” Gake egblɔ nya si ɖe nugɔmesese fia sia hã be: “Awɔ na wò gɔ̃ hã be Kristo ŋutɔ te fli ɖe Kristodukɔa me hafi wòdze egɔme elabe egblɔ be yeƒe fiaɖuƒe menye xexe sia me fiaɖuƒe o—si nye eƒe nyagbɔgblɔ siwo de didiƒe eye wole vevie wu le eƒe nyawo katã me la dometɔ ɖeka.” Evɔ eya dzie Kristodukɔa ƒe subɔsubɔha kple dunyahehe dziɖulawo ŋea aɖaba ƒunae le afisiafi wu.—Yohanes 18:36.

24. Le Konstantino ƒe “dzimetɔtrɔ” me la, tɔtrɔ kae va le ha la me?

²⁴ Esi Konstantino le megbe na Kristodukɔa ta la, eƒe subɔsubɔha va zu ha si dzi Roma dziɖuɖua da asi ɖo. Mawunyafiala Elaine Pagels ɖe nu me be: “Kristotɔ bisiɔpwo, amesiwo woléna, wɔa funyafunyae, hewua wo tsã la, va zu amesiwo woɖe mɔ na be womegaxe adzɔ o, wonaa nu wo tso dukɔa ƒe kesinɔnuwo me, wova le nɔƒe kɔkɔwo, eye woƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi dzena le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo gɔ̃ hã azɔ; kesinɔnu, ŋusẽ, kple bubu gã yeyewo su woƒe sɔlemewo si.” Wova zu fiagã la xɔlɔ̃wo, Roma xexeame ƒe xɔlɔ̃wo.—Yakobo 4:4.

Konstantino, Aglãdzedze, Kple Dziɖuɖu ƒe Asi Dada Ðe Subɔsubɔ Dzi

25. (a) Le Konstantino ŋɔli la, mawunyafiafia me nyaʋiʋli kae nɔ edzi yim vevie? (b) Do ŋgɔ na ƒe alafa enelia la, aleke wose ƒomedodo si nɔ Kristo kple Fofoa dome la gɔmee?

²⁵ Nukatae Konstantino ƒe “dzimetɔtrɔ” le vevie nenema gbegbe ɖo? Elabena esi wònye fiagã ta la, ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi gã aɖe le esi le “Kristo-ha” si me mã la ƒe nufiafianyawo me, eye edi be ɖekawɔwɔ nanɔ yeƒe fiaɖuƒea me. Ɣemaɣi la, nyaʋiʋli nɔ edzi yim vevie le bisiɔp siwo doa Latingbe kple esiwo doa Helagbe dome le “ƒomedodo si le ‘Nya’ la alo ‘Mawu ’ ƒe ‘Vi’ si nye Yesu amesi wodzi ɖe ŋutilã me, kple ‘Mawu’ ŋutɔ, si wole yɔyɔm fifia be ‘Fofo la’—si ƒe ŋkɔ, Yahweh, ame akpa gãtɔ ŋlɔ be—dome la ŋu.” (The Columbia History of the World) Ame aɖewo de nukpɔsusu si dzi Biblia lɔ̃ ɖo be ɖe wowɔ Kristo, Loʹgos la, eye ema ta enye amesi bɔbɔ ɖe Fofoa te la dzi. (Mateo 24:36; Yohanes 14:28; Korintotɔwo I, 15:25-28) Amesiawo dometɔ aɖee nye Arius, nunɔla aɖe si nɔ Aleksandria, Egipte. Le nyateƒe me, R. P. C. Hanson si nye mawuŋutinufiala gblɔ be: “Mawuŋutinufiala aɖeke menɔ Ɣedzeƒe alo Ɣetoɖoƒe Ha la me do ŋgɔ na [ƒe alafa enelia ƒe] Arius Nyaʋiʋli la, si mebu Vi la le mɔ aɖe nu be ebɔbɔ ɖe Fofo la te o.”—The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God.

26. Le ƒe alafa enelia ƒe gɔmedzedze me la, aleke Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ ƒe nufiafia ƒe nya la nɔ?

²⁶ Ame bubuwo bu Kristo ƒe bɔbɔ ɖe Mawu te ƒe nukpɔsusu la be enye aglãdzedze eye wotrɔ ɖe tadedeagu na Yesu abe “Mawu si Dzɔ ɖe Ŋutilã Me” ene ŋu wu. Gake Nufialagã Hanson gblɔ be ɣeyiɣi si ƒe nya gblɔm míele (ƒe alafa enelia) “menye asi dada ɖe [Mawuɖekaetɔ̃] la dzi kple eƒe nyaʋiʋli la gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ahalɔ̃ ɖe edzi le [Ariustɔwo ƒe] aglãdzedze ɖedzesi la me ƒe taʋiʋli ŋutinya o. Le nya si koŋ ʋlim wole gome la, womelɔ̃ ɖe edzi haɖe be enye nufiafia si dzi woda asi ɖo o.” Eyi edzi be: “Akpa ɖesiaɖe ka ɖe edzi be Ŋɔŋlɔa le megbe na yewo. Ðesiaɖe bu ame bubuawo be wo tɔe mesɔ o, womenɔ nenema tsã o eye mewɔ ɖeka kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo o.” Subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo me mã keŋkeŋ le mawunyafiafia me nyaʋiʋli sia ta.—Yohanes 20:17.

27. (a) Nukae Konstantino wɔ be yeatsɔ atso amesi ƒomevi Yesu nye la ŋuti nyaʋiʋlia mee? (b) Ðe Nicaea Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea ɖe Sɔlemeha ƒe nukpɔsusu fia vavãa? (d) Ðe Nicaea Xɔsemeʋuʋu la kpɔ Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia si nɔ mo dom ɖa la ŋuti nyaʋiʋlia gbɔa?

²⁷ Konstantino di be ɖekawɔwɔ nanɔ yeƒe fiaɖuƒea me, eye le ƒe 325 M.Ŋ. la, eyɔ bisiɔpwo ƒe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe aɖe le Nicaea [Nisia], si le eƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe Ɣedzeƒekpa dzi afisi wodoa Helagbe le, le Bosporus godo le Konstantinople du yeyea gbɔ. Wogblɔ be bisiɔp siwo anye 250 va ɖo 318 ye de, si nye bisiɔpwo ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ ƒe akpa ʋee aɖe ko, eye vavalawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ tso nuto si me wodoa Helagbe le la me. Papa Sylvester I kura gɔ̃ hã mede o.d Le nyaʋiʋli ŋkubiãtɔe megbe la, nusi va do tso aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe ma si me womeɖe mɔ na amesiame be wòagblɔ eƒe susu le o mee nye nusi woyɔna be Nicaea Xɔsemeʋuʋu la esi me wode Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia la dzi le vevie. Ke hã la, mete ŋu kpɔ nufiafia ŋuti nyaʋiʋlia gbɔ o. Meɖe ɖoƒe si le Mawu ƒe gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe si le Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ mawunyafiafia me la me o. Nyaʋiʋli sesẽwo yi edzi ƒe geɖe, eye ehiã be woagawɔ aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe bubuwo eye be fiagã vovovowo nazã woƒe ŋusẽ eye woade se be woanyã ame ne wogbe nufiafia la hafi wova lɔ̃ ɖe nu ɖeka dzi mlɔeba. Amesiwo de mawunyafiafia ma dzi la ɖu dzi eye amesiwo ku ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo ŋu la tsi eme.—Romatɔwo 3:3, 4.

28. (a) Nukawoe nye Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia la metsonu aɖewo? (b) Nukatae Biblia me gɔmeɖokpe aɖeke meli na ta dede agu na Maria abe “Mawu Dada” ene o?

²⁸ Le ƒe alafawo me la, nusi do tso Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia la mee nye be wona Mawu vavã Yehowa la bu vĩ ɖe Kristodukɔa ƒe Mawu-Kristo nufiafia si le abe ba finyafinya ene la me.e Nu bubu si dze eyome le mawunyafiafia ma mee nye be ne Yesu nye Mawu si Dzɔ ɖe Ŋutilã Me vavã la, ekema eme kɔ be Yesu dada, Maria, nye “Mawu Dada.” Esi ƒewo nɔ yiyim la, nusia na wova nɔ ta dem agu na Maria le mɔ vovovo nu, togbɔ be mawunyakpukpui aɖeke mefia be nɔƒe vevi aɖe le Maria si o, negbe nyɔnu ɖokuibɔbɔla si dzi Yesu la koe wònye gake.f (Luka 1:26-38, 46-56) Le ƒe alafawo me la, woto Mawu Dada ƒe nufiafia la vɛ eye Roma Katoliko-ha la ɖo atsyɔ̃ nɛ si na be Katolikotɔ geɖe dea bubu Maria ŋu sãa wu alesi wosubɔa Mawui.

Kristodukɔa ƒe Mamãwo

29. Nudzɔdzɔ ka ŋue Paulo xlɔ̃ nu le?

²⁹ Xɔsegbegbe ƒe dzesi bubue nye be ehea mamã kple nuwo ƒe dzedze abaabae vɛ. Apostolo Paulo gblɔe ɖi be: “Menya bena, le nye dzodzo megbe la amegãxi nyanyrawo laɖo mia dome, amesiwo makpɔ alẽha la ta o; eye le mia ŋutɔwo dome la, ŋutsu, siwo gblɔa nya dàdawo la, latsi tre, be woahe nusrɔ̃lawo ɖe wo ɖokui yome.” Paulo xlɔ̃ nu Korinto-hamea ƒã esime wògblɔ be: “Ke mele nu xlɔ̃m mi, nɔviwo, le mía Aƒetɔ ƒe ŋkɔa dzi bena, mi katã miagblɔ nya ɖeka, eye mamã aɖeke naganɔ mia dome o; ke miazu blibo le tame ɖeka kple susu ɖeka ma me.” Togbɔ be Paulo xlɔ̃ nu alea hã la, mexɔ ɣeyiɣi aɖeke hafi xɔsegbegbe kple mamãwo va xɔ aƒe ɖi o.—Dɔwɔwɔwo 20:29, 30; Korintotɔwo I, 1:10.

30. Nɔnɔme kae eteƒe medidi o wòva ge ɖe ha la me le gɔmedzedzea me?

³⁰ Esi apostoloawo ku ƒe aɖewo megbe la, mamãwo dze le Kristotɔwo dome xoxo. Will Durant gblɔ be: “Celsus [ƒe alafa evelia me tɔ si tsi tre ɖe Kristotɔwo ŋu] ŋutɔ ɖu fewu le Kristotɔwo ŋu be wo me ‘mã klukluklui, eye amesiame di be ye ŋutɔ yeaɖo yeƒe ha anyi.’ Le ƒe 187 [M.Ŋ.] lɔƒo la, Irenaeus ŋlɔ Kristotɔnyenye vovovo blaeve ƒe ŋkɔ ɖi; le ƒe 384 [M.Ŋ.] lɔƒo la, Epiphanius xlẽ wo ame blaenyi.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.

31. Aleke mamã gã aɖe ɖo Katoliko-ha la mee?

³¹ Konstantino de eƒe fiaɖuƒea ƒe Ɣedzeƒekpa dzi tɔ siwo doa Helagbe la dzi esi wòna wotu fiadu gã aɖe ɖe afisi nye egbegbe Turkey la. Etsɔ ŋkɔ nɛ be Konstantinople (egbegbe Istanbul). Emetsonue nye be le ƒe alafaawo me la, Katoliko-ha la me mã ɖe ha eve siwo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu la me eye gbegbɔgblɔ kple anyigba ƒe afisi wole la de mamã wo dome—Roma Latingbedola le Ɣetoɖoƒe, Konstantinople Helagbedola le Ɣedzeƒe.

32, 33. (a) Nu bubu kawoe gahe mamã va Kristodukɔa me? (b) Nukae Biblia la gblɔ tso nɔnɔmetatawo zazã le tadedeagu me ŋuti?

³² Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia si ŋu wonɔ asi trɔm le la ŋuti nyaʋiʋli siwo hea mamã vɛ la yi edzi nɔ zitɔtɔwo hem va Kristodukɔa me. Wogawɔ aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe bubu le ƒe 451 M.Ŋ. le Chalcedon be woatsɔ atso nya me le Kristo ƒe “nɔnɔmewo” ŋu. Esime Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo lɔ̃ ɖe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe sia ƒe xɔsemeʋuʋu dzi la, Ɣedzeƒe sɔlemehawo ya gbe eye esia na woɖo Kopt Sɔlemeha la anyi le Egipte kple Abyssinia kpakple “Yakobo” sɔlemewo le Siria kple Armenia. Mawunyafiafia siwo gɔme menya sena o le Katoliko-ha la ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ dem afɔku me ɣesiaɣi, vevietɔe nye Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ nufiafia la me ɖeɖe.

³³ Nu bubu si he mamã vɛ lae nye ta dede agu na nɔnɔmetatawo. Le ƒe alafa enyilia me la, Ɣedzeƒe bisiɔpwo dze aglã ɖe legbasubɔsubɔ sia ŋu eye woge ɖe ɣeyiɣi si woyɔ be legbatsɔtsrɔ̃, alo nɔnɔmetatatsɔtsrɔ̃ ƒe azã, la me. Le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, wogatrɔ ɖe tadedeagu na nɔnɔmetatawo ŋu ake.—Mose II, 20:4-6; Yesaya 44:14-18.

34. (a) Nukae he mamã gã aɖe vɛ le Katoliko-ha la me? (b) Nukae va do tso mamã sia me?

³⁴ Dodokpɔ gã bubu gava esi Ɣetoɖoƒeha la tsɔ Latingbe me nya filioque (“kple tso Vi la gbɔ”) kpe Nicaea Xɔsemeʋuʋu la be wòatsɔ afia be Gbɔgbɔ Kɔkɔea tso Fofo la kple Vi la gbɔ. Mamã gã aɖe koe ƒe alafa adelia me ɖɔɖɔɖo sia he vɛ esi “[bisiɔpwo] ƒe aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe aɖe bu fɔ papa la le ƒe 876 me le Konstantinople ɖe eƒe nu dede dunyahehe me kpakple alesi wòdo kpo filioque ƒe aglãdzenya la ɖɔɖɔ ɖo ta. Nuwɔna sia nye alesi Ɣedzeƒetɔwo gbe papa la ƒe asitɔakɔnya si wògblɔ be ye koe kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Ha la dzi keŋkeŋ la ƒe akpa aɖe.” (Man’s Religions) Le ƒe 1054 me la, papa la teƒenɔla nyã Konstantinople ƒe blemafofo la, eye eya hã ƒo fi de papa la. Mlɔeba la, mamã sia na woɖo Ɣedzeƒe Orthodoks Hawo anyi—Hela, Russia, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia tɔwo tɔ, kple sɔleme bubu siwo kpɔa woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe nyawo gbɔ.

35. Amekawoe nye Waldotɔwo, eye aleke woƒe dzixɔsewo to vovo tso Katoliko-ha la tɔ gbɔe?

³⁵ Ha bubu hã dze zitɔtɔ hehe va sɔlemeha la mee. Le ƒe alafa 12 lia me la, Peter Waldo, si tso Lyons, France “xɔ agbalẽnyala aɖewo be woaɖe Biblia gɔme ɖe dziehe France ƒe langue d’oc [nuto ma me ƒe gbe aɖe] me. Esrɔ̃ gɔmeɖeɖe ma kutrikukutɔe, eye wòƒo nya ta be ele be Kristotɔwo nanɔ agbe abe apostoloawo ene—naneke manɔ wo si anye woawo ŋutɔwo tɔ o.” (The Age of Faith, si Will Durant ŋlɔ) Eɖo gbeƒãɖeɖeha aɖe si wova yɔ be Waldotɔwo la anyi. Amesiawo gbe Katolikotɔwo ƒe nunɔlanyenye, nuvɔ̃tsɔtsɔkewo ɖe fufiafiameɖokui ta, ŋutiklɔdzo, abolo kple wein ƒe tɔtrɔ zu Kristo ƒe ŋutilã kple ʋu le kplɔ̃ŋudede me, kpakple Katolikotɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyi me nuwɔna kple dzixɔse bubuwo. Wokeke ta ɖo dukɔ bubuwo hã me. Toulouse ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea dze agbagba be yeatsi woƒe takekea nu le ƒe 1229 me esi wode se ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo me gbalẽwo ƒe amesinɔnɔ nu. Sɔlemewɔgbalẽwo ŋu koe woɖe mɔ le eye Latingbe si nye gbe si womegadona o me koe wòle be woanɔ. Gake subɔsubɔha me mamã kple yometiti bubuwo gale mɔ dzi gbɔna.

Albitɔwo Yome Titi

36, 37. (a) Amekawoe nye Albitɔwo, eye nukawoe nye woƒe dzixɔsewo? (b) Aleke wotsi Albitɔwo nui?

³⁶ Ha bubu hã do le ƒe alafa 12 lia me le France ƒe dziehe—woawoe nye Albitɔwo (Woyɔa wo be Kathartɔwo hã), siwo wotsɔ du si nye Albi, afisi ame geɖe ɖo ha la me le ƒe ŋkɔ yɔ woe. Woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe nunɔla siwo nyea trewo ƒe ha le wo si, amesiwo dina be woado gbe na yewo le bubu tɔxɛ me. Woxɔe se be esi Yesu gblɔ le eƒe fiẽnuɖuɖu mamlea me tso aboloa ŋu be, “Esia nye nye ŋutilã” la, kpɔɖeŋunyae wònye wògblɔ. (Mateo 26:26) Wogbe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃, alesi Ðetugbi Nɔaƒe dzi Yesui, dzomavɔ, kple ŋutiklɔdzo ƒe nufiafiawo. Eyata woke ɖi Roma ƒe nufiafiawo vevie. Papa Innocent III de se be woati Albitɔwo yome. Egblɔ be: “Ne ehiã la, mitsɔ yi te wo ɖe toe.”

³⁷ Woho atitsogaʋa ɖe “aglãdzelawo” ŋu, eye Katoliko-titsogaʋawɔlawo wu ŋutsu kple nyɔnu kple ɖevi 20,000 le Béziers, France. Le ʋukɔkɔɖi gã aɖe megbe la, ŋutifafa gava le ƒe 1229 me esime woɖu Albitɔwo dzi. Narbonne ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea “de se be Biblia ƒe akpa aɖeke meganɔ ame gbɔlowo si o.” Edze kɔte be nusi nye kuxia na Katoliko-ha lae nye be Biblia la le gbe si ameawo dona la me.

38. Nukae nye Ŋutasẽʋɔnu la, eye dɔ kae wotsɔe wɔe?

³⁸ Afɔ si ha la gaɖee nye be wòaɖo Ŋutasẽʋɔnu la si nye ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si woatsɔ atsi aglãdzedze nui. Ŋutasẽgbɔgbɔ aɖe nɔ fiefiem le ameawo me da ɖi xoxo eye wole klalo be yewoadze “aglãdzelawo” dzi le nuvlowɔha me ahawu wo. Nɔnɔme siwo nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa 13 lia me la sɔ ɖe edzi na sɔlemeha la be wòazã ŋusẽ ɖe ŋutasesẽmɔ nu. Gake “wotsɔa aglãdzela siwo Ha la bu fɔe dea asi na ‘ŋusẽ si me menye subɔsubɔha la tɔ o’ la—woƒe dziɖuɖuwo—wotɔa dzo wo wokuna.” (The Age of Faith) Esi wogblẽ amewuwuawo ŋutɔŋutɔ ɖe xexeamedziɖuɖuwo si me la, ha la awɔ eɖokui abe ɖe meɖi ʋufɔ o ene. Ŋutasẽʋɔnua wɔe be subɔsubɔ ƒe yometiti siwo he nugbegblẽwɔwɔwo, aʋatsonutsotso siwo me amenutsola la meyɔa eɖokui ŋkɔ o, amewuwu, fififi, funyafunyawɔwɔ, kple ame akpe siwo do dzi xɔ nu bubu dzi se la wuwu ʋeʋeʋe vɛ la ƒe azã aɖe dze egɔme. Wotsi subɔsubɔha si dze ame ŋu me nɔnɔ ƒe ablɔɖe nu kura. Ðe mɔkpɔkpɔ aɖe nɔ anyi na amesiwo nɔ Mawu vavã dim la? Ta 13 lia aɖo nya ma ŋu.

39. Subɔsubɔhabɔbɔ kae dze egɔme le ƒe alafa adrelia me, eye aleke wòdze egɔmee?

³⁹ Esime nusiawo katã nɔ dzɔdzɔm le Kristodukɔa me la, Arabiatɔ akogo aɖe si nɔ Titina Ɣedzeƒe la tsi tre ɖe etɔwo ƒe ɖekematsɔleme na mawusubɔsubɔ kple trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ŋu. Eɖo subɔsubɔha aɖe anyi le ƒe alafa adrelia me si me amesiwo de miliɔn akpe ɖeka kloe la le egbea. Ha mae nye Islām. Ta si kplɔe ɖo adzro nu me tso nyagblɔɖila si ɖo ha ma ƒe ŋutinya ŋu eye wòaɖe eƒe nufiafia aɖewo kple afisi wodzɔ tso hã me.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka si le axa 262]

Kristotɔ Gbãtɔwo Kple Trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe Roma

“Esi Kristotɔwo ƒe ha la ge ɖe Roma Fiaɖuƒea me la, enye gbetɔame na trɔ̃subɔla siwo trɔ dzime la hã be woatrɔ woƒe nɔnɔme kple woƒe agbenɔnɔ. Trɔ̃subɔla geɖe siwo, le alesi wonyi woe ta la, wobua srɔ̃ɖeɖe be hadomegbenɔnɔ kple gadidi ƒe ɖoɖo koŋ koe wònye, eye wobua ŋutsu kple ŋutsu ƒe wo nɔewo gbɔ dɔdɔ be enye hehe si wòle be ŋutsuwo naxɔ ƒe akpa aɖe, be gbolowɔwɔ, ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo tɔ siaa, nye nusi woawɔ faa eye wòle se nu, eye srɔ̃gbegbe, fugege, mɔxexe ɖe fufɔfɔ nu, kple vidzĩ siwo womedi o wuwu be enye nusi woate ŋu awɔ faa ne wolɔ̃ ko, la xɔ Kristotɔwo ƒe gbedasia si tsi tre ɖe nuwɔna mawo ŋu la atuu wòwɔ nuku na woƒe ƒometɔwo ale gbegbe.”—Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, si Elaine Pagels ŋlɔ.

[Aɖaka si le axa 266]

Kristotɔnyenye Kple Kristodukɔa

Porphyry, ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia me xexemenunyafiala aɖe si tso Tiro, amesi tsi tre ɖe Kristotɔnyenye ŋu, bia nenye be “Yesu yomedzelawo gbɔe nɔnɔme si de dzesi Kristotɔwo ƒe subɔsubɔ la tso eye menye tso Yesu ŋutɔ gbɔ o. Porphyry (kple Julian [ƒe alafa enelia me Roma-fiagã kple Kristotɔnyenye ƒe futɔ]) nɔ te ɖe Nubabla Yeyea dzi ɖee fia be Yesu meyɔ eɖokui be yenye Mawu o eye meɖe gbeƒã le eɖokui ŋu o, ke boŋ Mawu ɖeka, si nye amesiame ƒe Mawu ŋue wòɖe gbeƒã le. Eyomedzelawoe gblẽ eƒe nufiafiawo ɖi eye woawo ŋutɔwo to woƒe mɔ yeye vɛ esi me Yesu (menye Mawu ɖeka la o) zu nusi wodea ta agu na hesubɔna. . . . [Porphyry] tɔ asi nya aɖe si ɖea fu na Kristotɔwo ƒe tamebulawo: Yesu ƒe gbeƒãɖeɖe dzie wotu Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ɖo loo alo eƒe nusrɔ̃lawo le dzidzime siwo kplɔ eƒe ku ɖo ƒe susu siwo woawo ŋutɔwo to vɛ dzie wotui ɖo?”—The Christians as the Romans Saw Them.

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 268]

Petro Kple Papanyenye La

Yesu gblɔ na apostolo Petro le Mateo 16:18 be: “Eye mele egblɔm na wò be, wòe nye Petro [Helagbe, Peʹtros], eye kpe [Helagbe, peʹtra] sia dzi matu nye ha la ɖo, eye ku ƒe ŋusẽwo maɖu edzi o.” (RS) Katoliko-ha la nɔa te ɖe esia dzi gblɔna be Petro, amesi wogblɔna be eyae nye Roma bisiɔp siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo matɔmatɔe, eye wonye Petro teƒenɔlawo la ƒe gbãtɔ, la dzie Yesu tu eƒe ha la ɖo.

Amekae nye kpe si ƒe nya Yesu gblɔ le Mateo 16:18 la, Petro yea alo Yesue? Nya siwo ƒo xlã nya la ɖee fia be amesi Yesu nye, esi nye “Kristo la, Mawu gbagbe la ƒe Vi,” abe alesi Petro ʋu emee ene ŋue wonɔ nu ƒom le. (Mateo 16:16, RS) Eyata enye nusi me susu le be Yesu ŋutɔe anye kpe sesẽ ma si anye ha la ƒe gɔmeɖokpe, menye Petro, amesi ava gbe Kristo zi etɔ̃ emegbe lae o.—Mateo 26:33-35, 69-75.

Aleke míewɔ nya be Kristoe nye gɔmeɖokpe la? Petro ŋutɔ ƒe nyagbɔgblɔe na míenya, esi wòŋlɔ be: “Amesi gbɔ mieva wònye kpe gbagbe, si amewo gbe; gake le Mawu gbɔ la enye nu tiatia kple nusi xɔ asi sesẽ, . . . Eyata wòle ŋɔŋlɔ la me bena: ‘Kpɔ ɖa, meɖo dzogoedzikpe tiatia xɔasi anyi ɖe Zion, eye amesi ke xɔ edzi se la, ŋu mele ekpe ge o.’” Paulo hã gblɔ be: “[Wotu mi] ɖe apostolowo kple nyagblɔɖilawo ƒe gɔmeɖoɖo la dzi, afisi Yesu Kristo ŋutɔ nye dzogoedzikpe le.”—Petro I, 2:4-8; Efesotɔwo 2:20.

Kpeɖodzi aɖeke mele Ŋɔŋlɔa alo ŋutinya me be wobu Petro be exɔ nɔƒe gbãtɔ le etɔwo dome o. Megblɔ nya ma aɖeke le eya ŋutɔ ƒe lɛtawo me o, eye Nyanyui etɔ̃ bubuawo—si me Marko tɔ hã le (edze abe Petroe gblɔe na Marko ene)—meƒo nu tso nya si Yesu gblɔ na Petro la gɔ̃ hã ŋu o.—Luka 22:24-26; Dɔwɔwɔwo 15:6-22; Galatiatɔwo 2:11-14.

Ðaseɖiɖi kɔte aɖeke gɔ̃ hã meli be Petro nɔ Roma kpɔ o. (Petro I, 5:13) Esi Paulo yi Yerusalem la, “Yakobo kple Kefa [Petro] kpakple Yohanes, amesiwo wobuna bena, wonye sɔtiwo” la nɔ megbe nɛ. Eyata ɣemaɣi la Petro nye sɔti siwo de etɔ̃ teti le hamea me la dometɔ ɖeka. Menye “papa,” o eye womeyɔnɛ nenema alo be Yerusalem “bisiɔp” gãtɔ hã o.—Galatiatɔwo 2:7-9; Dɔwɔwɔwo 28:16, 30, 31.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 264]

Kristodukɔa ƒe Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ Nya Ɣaɣla ƒe Dzogoetɔ̃ti

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 269]

Vatikan la (si ƒe aflaga dze le ete) dɔa dukɔteƒenɔlawo ɖo ɖe xexeamedziɖuɖuwo gbɔ

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 275]

Nicaea ƒe Aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea nye gɔmeɖokpe na nusi woava yɔ be Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ ƒe nufiafia la

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 277]

Tadedeagu na Maria si si vi le, le titina, ɖi blema trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ƒe mawunɔ siwo do ŋgɔ nɛ xoxo la ŋutɔ—miame, Egipte ƒe Isis kple Horus; ɖusime; Roma ƒe Mater Matuta

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 278]

Ɣedzeƒe Orthodoks sɔlemewo—Sveti Nikolaj, Sofia, Bulgaria, kple, ete, St. Vladimir, New Jersey, U.S.A.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 281]

Menye Islām koe “Kristotɔ” atitsogaʋawɔlawo di be yewoaɖe ɖa le Yerusalem o ke boŋ wodi be yewoatsrɔ̃ “aglãdzelawo” abe Waldotɔwo kple Albitɔwo hã gbidii

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 283]

Tomás de Torquemada,

Dominik-saɖaganunɔla nɔ ŋgɔ na Spaniatɔwo ƒe Ŋutasẽʋɔnu vɔ̃ɖi la esi me wozã funyafunyawɔnuwo tsɔ zi amewo dzi le be woagblɔ nusi wowɔ