Akpa 2
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya—Mɔ si Dzi Ameƒomea To Le Nyateƒea Dim
Mawusubɔsubɔha Kple Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya Nutsakatsaka Gbegblẽe
EWƆ abe ƒe akpe geɖe siwo wotsɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒe dimee la na woɖo gɔmeɖoanyi sesẽ aɖe hena numekuku siwo akplɔe ɖo dzi yiyi ene. Le nyateƒe me la, naneke mate ŋu axe mɔ na ŋgɔyiyi si woagawɔ la o. Ke hã la, The Book of Popular Science gblɔ be “dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya mekpɔ dzidzedze kura le ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia, enelia kple atɔ̃lia M.Ŋ. me o.”
Nudzɔdzɔ eve gbɔ koŋ ye nɔnɔme sia tso. Le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ la, Yesu Kristo ƒe vava he mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe azã yeye aɖe vɛ. Eye ƒe geɖe do ŋgɔ le ƒe 31 D.M.Ŋ. me la, dunyahehe ƒe ɣeyiɣi aɖe va esi woɖo Roma-fiaɖuƒea anyi.
To vovo na Hela xexemenunyala siwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na wo me la, numekugbalẽ si míeyɔ ɖe etame la gblɔ be Romatɔwo “tsɔ ɖe le gbesiagbe ƒe agbemekuxiwo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ me vevie wu alesi wotsɔ ɖe le nyateƒe si ɣla la didi me.” Eyata agbagba siwo wodze le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya vavãtɔ me meɖo afi aɖeke o.
Gake Romatɔwo wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me sidzedze si nɔ anyi vaseɖe ɣemaɣi la kaka ɖi me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Pliny Xoxoetɔ ƒo dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe nya aɖewo nu ƒu le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ me ɖe agbalẽ si woyɔna be Natural History me. Togbɔ be vodadawo megbe eme nɔnɔ o hã la, edzra dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nya ƒomevi vovovowo ɖo siwo ate ŋu abu ɖe dzidzime siwo va emegbe la hafi ne ɖe meƒo wo nu ƒu o.
Le mawusubɔsubɔ gome la, Kristo-hame si nɔ ta kekem kabakaba la meƒo eɖokui ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nudidi si nɔ anyi le ɣemaɣi me la me o. Menye be Kristotɔwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu ale o, ke boŋ abe alesi Kristo ŋutɔ ɖo eƒe kpɔɖeŋui ene la, Kristotɔwo ƒe nu vevitɔe nye mawusubɔsubɔ me nyateƒea gɔme sese kple ekaka.—Mateo 6:33; 28:19, 20.
Do ŋgɔ na ƒe alafa gbãtɔ ƒe nuwuwu la, Kristotɔ siwo de megbe la va nɔ tsi tɔm mawusubɔsubɔ me nyateƒe si wode wo si be woaɖe gbeƒãe la xoxo. Esia na wova ɖo Kristotɔnyenye ƒe alakpa tɔ emegbe abe alesi wogblɔe ɖi ene. (Dɔwɔwɔwo 20:30; Tesalonikatɔwo II, 2:3; Timoteo I, 4:1) Nusiwo dzɔ emegbe la ɖee fia be ɖekematsɔlemegbenɔnɔ—le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒea didi gome—kpe ɖe woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ me nyateƒea gbegbe ŋu eye wotsi tre ɖe eŋu ɣeaɖewoɣi gɔ̃ hã.
“Kristotɔwo” ƒe Europa Mete Ŋu Yi Edzi Xɔ Ŋgɔ O
The World Book Encyclopedia ɖe nu me be le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me (tso ƒe alafa 5 lia vaseɖe ƒe alafa 15 lia) “le Europa la, mawuŋutinunya alo mawusubɔsubɔ ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃ mee agbalẽnyalawo tsɔa ɖe le vevie wu dzɔdzɔmenuwo ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃.” Eye Collier’s Encyclopedia ɖee fia be “gbetete ɖe ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ dzi wu dzɔdzɔmenuwo me kuku” sia “nye mɔxenu na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya tsɔ wu be wòadoe ɖe ŋgɔ.”
Menye ɖe woɖoe be Kristo ƒe nufiafiawo nanye mɔxenu nenema o. Gake alakpasubɔsubɔha ƒe nufiafia masegɔmena siwo le Kristodukɔa si, si ƒe ɖee nye gbetete ɖe luʋɔ siwo wobe mekuna o ƒe ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ dzi fũ gbɔe megbeyiyi sia tso. Sɔlemeha lae kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nusiwo wosrɔ̃na ƒe akpa gãtɔ dzi, eye saɖagaxɔwo me koŋ ye wosrɔ̃a wo le. Mawusubɔsubɔha ƒe nuwɔna sia he dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒea didi ɖe megbe.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe nyawo va xɔ nɔƒe evelia na mawuŋutinunya tso Mía Ŋɔli ƒe gɔmedzedzea me ke. Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ŋgɔyiyi si ko dzi wohea susu yinae ɣesiaɣi kloe ye nye atikeŋutinunya. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Romatɔwo ƒe atikeŋutinuŋlɔla Aulus Celsus, si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa gbãtɔ M.Ŋ. me, si woyɔna be “Romatɔwo ƒe Hippocrates” ŋlɔ nusi wobuna fifia be enye atikewɔgbalẽ deŋgɔ. Helatɔwo ƒe atikewɔla Pedanius Dioscorides, si nye amekola le Nero ƒe Roma-srafowo dome ŋlɔ atikewɔgbalẽ tɔxɛ aɖe si wozã ƒe alafa geɖe le teƒe geɖewo. Galen si nye Helatɔ si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa evelia me to atikewo dodo kpɔ ɖoɖo anyi me kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe atikeŋutinufiafia kple ewɔwɔ dzi tso eŋɔli me vaseɖe Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔmayimayi ƒe ɣeyiɣia yi edzi nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa 15 lia megbe gɔ̃ hã. Nyateƒee, Europa- dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo ke ɖe nu yeyewo ŋu le ɣeyiɣi sia me ya, gake le nusiwo ŋu woke ɖo ƒe akpa gãtɔ gome la, menye woawoe nye ame gbãtɔwo toe vɛ o. Time magazine gblɔ be: “[Chinatɔwoe] nye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala deŋgɔ gbãtɔwo le xexeame. Gbaɖegbe ke do ŋgɔ na Europatɔwo la, wonya alesi wozãa mɔfianui (compass), wowɔa pepa kple ɖu, [eye] wotsɔa mɔ̃ si wotrona kple asi taa agbalẽe.”
Eyata le alesi Europa “Kristotɔwo” ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋuti sidzedze menɔ ŋgɔ yim o ta la, dukɔ siwo menye Kristotɔwo o la va gbɔ wo ŋu.
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me Ŋgɔyiyi
Kaka ƒe alafa 9 lia naɖo la, Arab-dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo va nɔ ŋgɔ yim kabakaba le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me. Vevietɔ le ƒe alafa 10 kple 11 lia me—esi Kristodukɔa ya nɔ megbelele hem—la woyi ŋgɔ le nuwɔwɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi tɔxɛ aɖe me. Wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi veviwo le atikewɔwɔ, atikewo dodo kpɔ, numiemieŋutinunya, dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽwo ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃, ɣletiviwo ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃, kple ƒo ye katã ta la, le akɔntabubu me. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 20) Maan Z. Madina, si nye Arabiagbe ŋuti nufialagã le Columbia Yunivɛsiti gblɔ be: “Arabiatɔwoe to egbegbe dzogoe etɔ̃ nuwo ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃, kple ŋɔŋlɔdzesiwo tsɔtsɔ akpe ɖe xexlẽdzesiwo ŋu ƒe akɔntabubu kple nudzidzekɔntabubuwo ƒe akpa gãtɔwo vɛ.”
Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me sidzedze siawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ nye nusiwo woto vɛ tẽ. Gake Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunya ƒe gɔmeɖoanyi gbadza la dzie wotu eƒe akpa aɖewo ɖo, eye nukutɔe la mawusubɔsubɔhawo ƒe nudede emee hoe ɖe dzi.
Mía Ŋɔli ƒe gɔmedzedze me kee Kristodukɔa keke ta ɖo Persia kple emegbe la Arabia kple India. Le ƒe alafa atɔ̃lia me la, Nestorius si nye Konstantinople tɔgbui ƒo eɖokui ɖe nyaʋiʋli si he mamã va Ɣedzeƒe sɔlemeha me la me. Esia na woɖo habɔbɔ si ɖe eɖokui ɖe aga si nye Nestoriatɔwo.
Le ƒe alafa 7 lia me esime Islam ƒe subɔsubɔha yeye la do kpata ɖe xexeame eye wòdze eƒe takeke ƒe dɔ la gɔme la, Nestoriatɔwo wɔ kaba na woƒe sidzedze sia su Arabiatɔ siwo ɖu wo dzi la si. The Encyclopedia of Religion gblɔ be: “Nestoriatɔwoe nye ame gbãtɔ siwo do Helatɔwo ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple xexemenunya ɖe ŋgɔ to Helatɔwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo gɔme ɖeɖe ɖe Aramgbe kple emegbe ɖe Arabiagbe me la me.” Woawoe ganye “ame gbãtɔ siwo tsɔ Helatɔwo ƒe atikewɔwɔnunya va Baghdad.” Arabiatɔwo ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyalawo va nɔ woƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ tum ɖo ɖe nusi wosrɔ̃ tso Nestoriatɔwo gbɔ la dzi. Arabiagbe va xɔ ɖe Aramgbe teƒe abe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyagbe ene le Arab-fiaɖuƒea me eye wòva nye gbegbɔgblɔ si sɔ nyuie na dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ŋɔŋlɔ.
Gake hekpe ɖe Arabiatɔwo ƒe sidzedze xɔxɔ ŋu la, woawo hã na ɖe amewo. Esime Moortɔwo to Spania ʋu yi Europa eye wonɔ anyi ƒe 700 kple edzivɔ—la wotsɔ Moslemtɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋugbenɔnɔ ɖe asi vɛ. Eye le nusi woyɔna be Kristotɔwo ƒe Atitsogaʋa enyi ƒe ɣeyiɣia me, si dze egɔme tso ƒe 1096 vaseɖe ƒe 1272 me la, Islamtɔwo ƒe ŋkuʋuʋu si de ŋgɔ si wova do goe la wɔ dɔ ɖe Ɣedzeƒe atitsogaʋawɔlawo dzi. Abe alesi agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe gblɔe ene la, wotsɔ “nusɔsrɔ̃ yeye geɖewo” gbɔe.
Arabiagbe me Akɔntabubumɔnu Bɔbɔewo
Ŋgɔyiyi gã siwo Arabiatɔwo wɔ na Europatɔwo dometɔ ɖekae nye Arabiagbe me xexlẽdzesiwo toto vɛ be woatsɔ aɖɔ li ŋɔŋlɔdzesi siwo Romatɔwo zãna lae. Le nyateƒe me la, ŋkɔ “Arabiagbe me xexlẽdzesiwo” yɔyɔ nɛ mesɔ nyuie o. Ðewohĩ nyagbe si sɔ nyuie wu lae nye “Hindutɔwo ƒe Arabiagbe me xexlẽdzesiwo.” Le nyateƒe me la, ƒe alafa asiekelia me Arabiatɔ akɔntanyala kple ɣletiviŋutinunyala al-Khwārizmī ye ŋlɔ nu tso xexlẽdzesi ƒe ɖoɖo sia ŋu, gake Hindutɔ akɔntanyala siwo nɔ India, amesiwo toe vɛ ƒe akpe ɖeka do ŋgɔ, le ƒe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. me gbɔe wòkpɔe tsoe.
Womenya xexlẽdzesi siawo le Europa do ŋgɔ hafi akɔntanyala xɔŋkɔ Leonardo Fibonacci (si wogayɔna be Leonardo si tso Pisa) toe vɛ le ƒe 1202 me le Liber abaci (Akɔntabutigbalẽ) me o. Esi wònɔ viɖe si le xexlẽdzesi sia ŋu ɖem fia la, eɖe nu me be: “Indiatɔwo ƒe xexlẽdzesi asiekeawoe nye: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1. Woate ŋu atsɔ xexlẽdzesi asieke siawo kple dzesi si nye 0 . . . aŋlɔ xexlẽme ɖesiaɖee.” Gbã la, Europatɔwo metsɔ dzo ɖe eŋu o. Gake kaka Titinaɣeyiɣiwo ƒe nuwuwu naɖo la, woxɔ xexlẽdzesi ƒe ɖoɖo yeyea, eye alesi wòle bɔbɔe la do dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ŋgɔyiyi ɖe ŋgɔ.
Ne èke ɖi le Hindutɔwo ƒe Arabiagbe me xexlẽdzesi siwo le bɔbɔe wu Romatɔwo ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo wozã do ŋgɔ ƒe nyateƒenyenye ŋu la, ekema dze agbagba nàɖe LXXIX tso MCMXCIII me. Ðe wòna nètɔtɔa? Ðewohĩ 79 ɖeɖe tso 1,993 me anɔ bɔbɔe na wò wu.
Nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe Didi Vevie Nyɔnyɔ Ake le Europa
Tso ƒe alafa 12 lia me la, nusɔsrɔ̃ ƒe didi si nɔ amewo me vevie le Moslem-dukɔwo me la de asi toyiyi me. Gake wogbugbɔ tui ɖo le Europa esi agbalẽnyalawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒowo va ɖo nusrɔ̃ƒe siwo va zu egbegbe yunivɛsitiwo. Le ƒe alafa 12 lia ƒe domedome la, woɖo Paris kple Oxford ƒe yunivɛsitiwo. Woɖo Cambridge ƒe Yunivɛsiti ɖe eyome le ƒe alafa 13 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze, eye woɖo Prague kple Heidelberg tɔwo le ƒe alafa 14 lia me. Kaka ƒe alafa 19 lia naɖo la, yunivɛsitiwo va zu dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuƒe gãwo.
Le gɔmedzedzea me la, mawusubɔsubɔhae kpɔ ŋusẽ sesẽ ɖe suku siawo dzi, eye wotu nusɔsrɔ̃wo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ɖe mawuŋutinunya dzi alo woƒe akpa aɖe dea nu eme. Gake le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, sukuwo va lɔ̃ ɖe Helatɔwo ƒe xexemenunya dzi, vevietɔ Aristotle ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo. The Encyclopedia of Religion gblɔ be: “Wotrɔ asi le Agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ ƒe mɔnu . . . si nɔ anyi le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me—ŋu le Aristotle ƒe numeɖeɖe, numamã, kple tamebubu le nuŋɔŋlɔwo gɔme ɖeɖe me kple eƒe nu sesẽwo me ɖeɖe ƒe nunya nu.”
Ƒe alafa 13 lia me agbalẽnyala aɖe si ɖoe be yeatsɔ Aristotle ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ atsaka Kristotɔwo ƒe mawuŋutinunyae nye Thomas Aquinas, si wova yɔ emegbe be “Kristotɔwo ƒe Aristotle.” Gake eƒe nya aɖewo to vovo tso Aristotle tɔwo gbɔ. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Aquinas gbe nufiafia si nye be gɔmedzedze meli na xexeame o, esi wɔ ɖeka kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo si gblɔ be ɖe wowɔe la. The Book of Popular Science gblɔ be ŋutsu sia “ƒe dzixɔse si nye be xexe si wowɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu mee míele, si me wòlé ɖe asi goŋgoŋ, si gɔme woate ŋu ase to ŋugbledede me la wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le egbegbe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe ŋgɔyiyi me.”
Gake amewo alo sɔlemeha la gɔ̃ hã va xɔ Aristotle, Ptolemy, kple Galen ƒe nufiafiawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ dzi se abe nyateƒe si ŋu vodada aɖeke mele o ene. Numekugbalẽ si míeyɔ va yi la ɖe nu me be: “Le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me esime ɖetsɔtsɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nudodo kpɔ kple ŋkuléle ɖe nuwo ŋu tẽ me yi to la, Aristotle ƒe nyawo va zu se. Ipse dixit (‘Eya ŋutɔe gblɔe’) nye nyaʋiʋli si Titinaɣeyiɣi me sukuviwo zãna be yewoatsɔ aɖo kpe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nukpɔkpɔ geɖe ƒe nyateƒenyenye dzii. Le nɔnɔme siawo me la, vodada siwo Aristotle wɔ, vevietɔ le dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kple ɣletiviŋutinunya me la he dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ŋgɔyiyi ɖe megbe ƒe alafa geɖewo.”
Ame aɖe si ke ɖi le nukpɔsusu xoxowo me léle ɖe asi numekukuwɔwɔ aɖeke mawɔmawɔe sia ŋu ye nye ƒe alafa 13 lia me Oxford ƒe saɖagaxɔmenɔla Roger Bacon. Bacon si woyɔna be “ame vevitɔ le Titinaɣeyiɣiwo me dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me” ɖeka kloe nɔ nuwo dodo kpɔ be woatsɔ anya dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒewoe ta ʋlim. Wogblɔ be le ƒe 1269 me, si nye ƒe alafa geɖe siwo do ŋgɔ hafi ame bubuwo va kpɔ nyateƒenya siawo dze sii la, egblɔ ʋuwo, yameʋuwo, kple meliwo ƒe vava ɖi.
Gake togbɔ be Bacon kpɔ etsɔ me ʋĩ eye eƒe susu ɖa hã la, afi aɖe koe eƒe nyateƒeawo nyanya se ɖo. Exɔ ɣletivimefakaka, akunyawɔwɔ, kple ganuwo tɔtrɔ zu sikae ƒe vivimenuwɔwɔ dzi se. Esia ɖee fia be le nyateƒe me la, dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya nye mɔ si dzi woto le agbagba dzem be woake ɖe nyateƒea ŋu, eye wole tɔtrɔ wɔm le eŋu ɣesiaɣi.
Togbɔ be edze abe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me numekuku menɔ afɔ tsɔm le ƒe alafa 14 lia me ene o hã la, esi ƒe alafa 15 lia gogo eƒe nuwuwu la, ameƒomea ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nyateƒea didi ƒe agbagbadzedzea meɖo eƒe nuwuwu kura o. Le nyateƒe me la, ƒe 500 si kplɔe ɖo la ade ŋgɔ wu ƒe siwo do ŋgɔ nɛ. Xexeame va ɖo dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me tɔtrɔ kpata ƒe agbo nu. Eye abe alesi wòle le tɔtrɔ kpata ɖesiaɖe gome ene la, ame xɔŋkɔwo, agɔdzelawo, kple ƒo ye katã ta la, amesiwo ŋu wòagblẽ nu le anɔ esia me.
[Aɖaka si le axa 20]
Arabiatɔwo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya ƒe Ɣeyiɣi Tɔxɛ
Al-Khwārizmī (ƒe alafa enyilia vaseɖe asiekelia) nye Iraqtɔ akɔntanyala kple ɣletiviŋununyala; wonyae nyuie be eyae to nya “algebra” si tso al-jebr me si gɔmeɖeɖe le Arabiagbe mee nye “nu kakɛwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo” vɛ.
Abū Mūsā Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (ƒe alafa enyilia vaseɖe asiekelia) nye akunyawɔwɔ ŋuti nunyala; woyɔnɛ be Arabiatɔwo ƒe atikewo dodo kpɔ fofo.
Al-Battānī (ƒe alafa asiekelia vaseɖe ewolia), enye ɣletiviŋutinunyala kple akɔntanyala; etrɔ asi le Ptolemy ƒe ɣletiviwo ŋuti akɔntabubu ŋu wònyo ɖe edzi, eto esia me bu nuwo abe ƒe kple agbledeɣiwo ene ƒe didime ƒe akɔnta wòsɔ ɖe edzi wu.
Ar-Rāzī (Rhazes) (ƒe alafa asiekelia vaseɖe ewolia), enye Persia vidzidzi, atikewɔla xɔŋkɔwo dometɔ ɖeka; eyae nye ame gbãtɔ si de vovototo sakpate kple agbayi dome eye wòde vovototo nuwo me esiwo nye lãwo, amagbewo alo ga si nye nunyiame si tsoa nuɖuɖu me.
Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) si tso Basra (ƒe alafa 10 lia vaseɖe 11 lia), akɔntanyala kple dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋutinunyala; ewɔ akpa vevi aɖewo le ŋku ƒe nukpɔkpɔ, ɣe ƒe keklẽ si zɔna toa nu vovovowo me, didiƒekpɔmɔ̃, kple kekeli si klẽna toa yame ƒe nufiafiawo me; eyae nye ame gbãtɔ si ɖe nukpɔkpɔ me wòsɔ ɖe edzi nyuie be enye kekeli ƒe ŋusẽ si tsoa nu me klẽna ɖe ŋkua dzi.
Omar Khayyám (ƒe alafa 11 lia vaseɖe 12 lia), enye Persiatɔ akɔntanyala, dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋutinunyala, ɣletiviŋutinunyala, atikewɔla, kple xexemenunyala xɔŋkɔ; wonyae nyuie le Ɣetoɖoƒedukɔwo me le eƒe hakpanyaŋɔŋlɔ ta.
[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 18]
Aristotle (etame) kple Plato (anyime) kpɔ ŋusẽ triakɔ ɖe dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me nukpɔsusu dzi ƒe alafa geɖe
[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]
National Archaeological Museum of Athens
Musei Capitolini, Roma