Atitsogaʋawo—‘Amefuflu Wɔnublanui’ Aɖe
ETSO NYƆ! ƑE NUŊLƆLA SI LE ITALY GBƆ
ANƆ ƒe alafa asieke enye sia, le ƒe 1096 me, esusɔ vie Atitsogaʋa Gbãtɔ nafe ati. Ne ènɔ Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa ɣemaɣi la, anye ne àkpɔ alesi amewo, tasiaɖamwo, sɔwo, kple meliwo le agbɔsɔsɔ gã aɖe me va yinae. Yerusalem, du kɔkɔe si nɔ Moslemtɔwo si me tso keke ƒe alafa adrelia M.Ŋ. me kee woɖo tae.
Emae nye Atitsogaʋawo dometɔ gbãtɔ. Wo dometɔ enyi siwo lolo wu ye ŋutinyaŋlɔla geɖe de dzesii be wowɔ. Aʋawɔwɔ siawo gblẽ Ɣedzeƒe kple Ɣetoɖoƒe tɔwo dome ƒomedodowo me. Wowu amehawo eye wowɔ ŋutasẽnuwo le Mawu kple Kristo ƒe ŋkɔ me le wo me. Ƒe 174 le ema megbe la, wodze Atitsogaʋa gã mamlɛtɔ gɔme le ƒe 1270 me.
Woɖe Eŋlisigbe me nya “crusade” (atitsogaʋa) tso Latingbe me nya crux si gɔmee nye “atitsoga” me. Aʋa siawo wɔlawo dometɔ geɖe tɔ atitsogadzesi ɖe woƒe awuwo ŋu.
Nusiwo Ta Wowɔe
Susu siwo woɖe gblɔ be woawo tae wowɔ Atitsogaʋawoe nye be woaxɔ Yerusalem kple nusi wobe enye yɔdo kɔkɔe la le Moslemtɔwo si. Gake menye susu ma ɖeɖeko tae o. Tomefafa aɖe sinu nɔ Titina Ɣedzeƒetɔ siwo be Kristotɔwoe yewonye kple Moslemtɔwo dome, negbe nya ʋee aɖewo koe dzɔ ɖe wo dome. Nu vevi siwo he Atitsogaʋaawo vɛ ye nye dunyahenyawo, ganyawo, kple mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe dzre siwo va bɔ ɖe Europa.
Le ƒe alafa 11 lia me, esi wonɔ agbagba dzem be woana nuɖuɖu nabɔ la, wova ƒo kɔƒenyigba geɖe na agbledede. Agbe yeye va nɔ dugãwo me. Amewo va nɔ agbɔ sɔm ɖe edzi. Gake esi dɔ va to si na agbledela gbogbo aɖewo va ɖo ko la, wo dometɔ geɖe lɔ hoo yi dugãwo me, afisi dɔmakpɔwɔe kple fukpekpe nɔ wo lalam le. Tsitretsiɖeŋu nuwɔnawo dzɔna zi geɖe.
Adzɔxɔmegã gbogbo aɖewoe nye tatɔwo le amehawo dome. Aʋafia bibi siawo di be yewoazã alesi Charlemagne ƒe fiaɖuƒea me mãe eye dziɖuƒea tsi gbɔloe atsɔ axɔ dziɖuƒe yeyewoe.
Tɔtɔ nɔ Roma sɔlemeha la hã me. Megava kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Ɣedzeƒe Sɔlemeha la dzi tso ƒe 1054 me o. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, wonɔ fɔ bum eƒe haŋgɔnɔla geɖe ɖe agbegbegblẽnɔnɔ kple nudede dunyahehe me ta.
Amekpekpe le Clermont
Nusiawoe nɔ edzi yim hafi Papa Urban II kpe amewo be woawɔ Atitsogaʋa Gbãtɔ. Le eƒe susu nu la, aʋahoho bene woagaxɔ Yerusalem kple Palestina ake la aɖe vi geɖe. Ana Ɣetoɖoƒe Kristodukɔa ƒe ɖekawɔwɔ me nagasẽ ɖe edzi eye agaɖo kpe Roma Sɔlemeha la ƒe gãnyenye dzi. Awɔe be nyaʋiʋli nanɔ amegãawo dome ɣesiaɣi. Amesiawo azã woƒe asrafoɖaŋu ɖe dɔ “nyui” aɖe ŋu, eye woazu asrafoha na sɔlemeha la, ale be woaɖe vi tso mawusubɔsubɔ me, eye vevietɔ woakpɔ ga ɖe eteƒe.
Le November 27, 1095 dzi la, Urban tsɔ eƒe nyawo ɖo aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe aɖe ŋkume le Clermont, France. Sɔlemeha la ƒo nu vɔ̃ le woƒe futɔawo ŋu be wodze na Mawu ƒe tohehe. Foucher de Chartres si nye nunɔla aɖe si kpɔ gome le Atitsogaʋa Gbãtɔa me la gblɔ be ehiã be woawɔ aʋa la atsɔ aʋli Ɣedzeƒe “Kristotɔwo” ta tso Moslemtɔwo si me. Wodo ŋugbe be woatsɔ amesiwo aku le aʋa mɔa dzi alo le aʋagbea dzi la ƒe nuvɔ̃wo ake wo enumake. Eyata ana adzɔxɔmegãawo nadzudzɔ aʋawɔwɔ kple wo nɔewo eye woaho aʋa “kɔkɔe” ɖe “dzimaxɔsetɔwo” ŋu. Aƒadodo si va zu Atitsogaʋa Gbãtɔ ƒe mɔfiamenya ɖi hoo le aɖaŋuɖotakpekpea me be: “Mawu lɔ̃ ɖe edzi!”
Mɔdzedze Eveawo
Esi wonya da mɔdzegbea ɖe August 15, 1096 dzi ko la, papa la kpɔ egbɔ be woakpe ɖe amegã siwo menye nunɔlawo o siwo si wotsɔ asrafodɔwo de la ŋu. Sɔlemeha la ƒu asi akɔ be yewoakpɔ woƒe nunɔamesiwo dzi na wo le ɣeyiɣi siwo katã woanɔ dɔa gbe la me. Woƒoe ɖe amesiwo si alɔme mele tututu o la nu be woadzɔ ga atsɔ akpe asi ɖe nugbeyiyia ŋui.
Gake ame aɖewo dze mɔ do ŋgɔ na ŋkeke ɖoɖia. Ameha sia me tɔwo mexɔ hehe o, wonye ame maɖɔʋu siwo dome nyɔnuwo kple ɖeviwo nɔ. Woyɔ wo be pauperes Christi (Kristo ƒe kotɔwo). Afisi woyinae nye Yerusalem. Zideamedomelawoe nɔ ŋgɔ na wo, eye ɖewohĩ wo dometɔ si xɔ ŋkɔ wue nye Peter Ðokuiɖeɖeagala, amesi nye saɖagaxɔmenɔla si dze mawunyagbɔgblɔ gɔme na ame tsɛwo le ƒe 1095 ƒe nuwuwu lɔƒo.
Titinaɣeyiɣi me ŋutinyaŋlɔla Albert si tso Aix gblɔ be Peter de Yerusalem kpɔ. Wogblɔ be gbeɖeka zã me la, ekpɔ ŋutega aɖe si me Kristo gblɔ nɛ le be wòayi bisiɔpgã si le Yerusalem gbɔ ne wòana ɖaseɖigbalẽwoe wòatsɔ ayi Ɣetoɖoƒee. Albert gblɔ be drɔ̃ea va eme eye be esi Peter xɔ agbalẽa vɔ la, edze mɔ yi Roma, afisi wòdo go papa le. Albert ƒe nyawo nye nyateƒenya kple nyakpakpawo, gake drɔ̃e, ŋutega, kple agbalẽ siwo ŋu nya wògblɔ lae ƒlɔ dzo ɖe amehaawo me vevie.
Ameha siwo kplɔ Peter Ðokuiɖeɖeagala ɖo la dze mɔ tso Cologne le April 20, 1096 dzi. Esi nu menɔ kotɔawo si boo woatsɔ azɔ mɔa to aƒu dzi o ta la, ele na wo be woazɔ afɔ alo anɔ tasiaɖam klɔkɔsɔewo me azɔ mɔ legbe la ayi Anyigba Kɔkɔe la dzi. Esi aʋawɔnuwo menɔ wo si o eye womeɖo teƒe aɖeke hafi nuɖuɖu hã va vɔ le wo si o ta la, woha mɔa dzi tɔ siwo “Kristo ƒe asrafo” maɖɔʋu siawo ƒe vava na woɖi vo la ƒe nuwo.
Europa Yudatɔ siwo nu wotso be wodo ga na bisiɔp nufitifitiwɔlawo dzie wodze gbã. Peter Ðokuiɖeɖeagala ƒe amewo wɔ anyra le Yudatɔwo ŋu le teƒewo abe Rouen kple Cologne, du si me wodze mɔ tsoe ene. Albert si tso Aix gblɔ be esi Yudatɔ siwo nɔ Mainz “kpɔ be Kristotɔawo metsɔe ke yewo vi suewo gɔ̃ hã alo kpɔ nublanui na ame aɖeke o ta la, woa ŋutɔwo dze wo nɔviŋutsuwo, wo srɔ̃wo, wo dadawo, kple wo nɔvinyɔnuwo dzi eye wowu wo nɔewo. Nusi wɔ nublanui wue nye be vinɔwo ŋutɔwo tso ve na wo vi nonowo alo tɔ hɛ wo, enyo na wo wu be yewo ŋutɔwo yewoawu wo tsɔ wu be aʋamatsomatsotɔwo nava wu wo.”
Nu mawo tɔgbe ke wogawɔ le Balkan mɔ dzi, esime woyina Asia Sue. Esi ameha la ɖo Constantinople eye Fiagã Alexius I medi be ʋunyaʋunya mawo nagadzɔ o la, ena kotɔawo tso eme ge ɖe Asia-ƒuta bɔbɔe. Moslem-srafowo wu nyɔnuwo kple ɖevi gbogbo aɖewo kpakple dɔnɔwo hekpe ɖe ame tsitsiwo ŋu le afima. Ame ʋee aɖewo koe susɔ te ŋu trɔ yi Constantinople.
Le ɣeyiɣi mawo me, si nye ƒe 1096 ƒe dzomeŋɔli la, asrafo siwo xɔ hehe la dze mɔ. Kplɔla siwo xɔ ŋkɔ le ɣeyiɣi mawo mee nɔ ŋgɔ na wo. Kotɔawo ƒe ɖoɖonumanɔmanɔ si wotsɔ dze mɔ gbãtɔ la ɖe fu na Papa Urban, eye wòwɔ ɖoɖo be mɔa zɔzɔ yi Ɣedzeƒe nanɔ ɖoɖo nu. Ele be amesiwo le mɔ dzem fifia nakpɔ egbɔ be nusiwo nu yewoanɔ agbe ɖo la le yewo si. Susuae nye be nyɔnuwo, ɖeviwo, ame tsitsiwo, kple ame dahewo naganɔ eme o.
Aʋadziɖuɖu Kple Amewuwu Bubuwo
Esi asrafoawo, asrafomegãwo, kple kotɔ siwo tsi agbe la va kpe ta le Constantinople vɔ la, woɖo ta woƒe dɔgbe. Fifia hã wogawɔ ŋutasẽnuwo le Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ me. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla Petrus Tudebodus gblɔ be esi atitsogaʋawɔlaawo ɖe to ɖe Antioxia hewu woƒe futɔwo vɔ la, “wotsɔ woƒe kukuawo katã ƒu gbe ɖe yɔdo gã ɖeka me eye wotsɔ woƒe ta siwo wotso la gbɔ va [woƒe] asaɖa me bene yewoanya woƒe xexlẽme, negbe ameta siwo wotsɔ do agba ɖe sɔ ene dzi siwo woɖo ɖe ƒuta hena Babilon-fia ƒe dukɔteƒenɔlawo koe menɔ eme o.”
Atitsogaʋawɔlaawo ɖu Yerusalem dzi le July 15, 1099 dzi. Raymond si tso Aguilers gblɔ be: “Nu dziŋɔ aɖee dzɔ. Wotso ta le [futɔawo] dometɔ siwo eme nyo na la nu; bubuwo ge tso gli ta eye woda aŋutrɔ wo flofloflo; wotɔ dzo wo dometɔ bubu geɖe. Woli kɔ ametawo, amebɔwo, kple afɔwo ɖe dua ƒe mɔdodowo kple ablɔwo dzi gleglegle.” Gake atitsogaʋawɔlaawo gate kpɔ ɖe wo ɖokui nu be mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ŋkɔ mee yewowɔ ŋutasẽnuawo le.
Amefuflu aɖe ƒe Nuwuwu
Aʋadziɖuɖu siae na wova ɖo Yerusalem ƒe Latin Fiaɖuƒe anyi. Fiaɖuƒe sia mete ŋu li ke o le esi hoʋiʋli va ɖo adzɔxɔmegã siwo va xɔ anyinɔ ɖe Ɣedzeƒea dome enumake ta. Le ɣeyiɣi mawo me la, Moslemtɔwo gbugbɔ ƒo woƒe asrafowo nu ƒu. Womedi be woaxɔ anyigba le yewo si le Palestina kura o.
Le ɣeyiɣi aɖewo megbe la, wogawɔ Atitsogaʋa bubuwo, eye wowɔ mamlɛtɔ le ƒe 1270 me. Gake le esi wova nɔ wo dzi ɖum ta la, ame geɖe va nɔ tame bum be ɖe wònyo be woawɔ aʋa mawo tɔgbe le mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ŋkɔ me hã. Woƒe susue nye be, ne ɖe Mawu da asi ɖe aʋa “kɔkɔe” mawo dzi la, ke anya de amesiwo gblɔ be ele megbe na yewo la dzi kokoko. Gake tso ƒe alafa 13 lia dzi yina la, sɔlemeha la ƒe senyalawo dze agbagba be yewoaʋli nya be mawusubɔsubɔʋa mawo kple subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo ƒe gomekpɔkpɔ le eme sɔ.
Dzo si nɔ amewo me ɖe atitsogaʋa gbãtɔwo ŋu la tsi. Vevietɔ wu la, Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe gamɔnuwo dome ava gblẽ ne woaganɔ aʋa mawo wɔwɔ dzi. Eyata wova ho aʋa ɖe futɔ siwo nɔ Europa Kristodukɔa me la ŋu: Arabtɔ siwo nɔ Spain, “aglãdzenufialawo,” kple trɔ̃subɔla siwo nɔ Dziehe.
Moslemtɔwo va xɔ atitsogaʋawɔlawo ƒe du sesẽ mamlɛtɔ si nye Acre-dugã la le ƒe 1291 me. Yerusalem kple ‘Yɔdo Kɔkɔe’ la gatrɔ yi Moslemtɔwo si me. Le ƒe alafa eve ƒe aʋawɔwɔ me la, ganyawo kple dunyahenyawo koe subɔsubɔhawo hena. Italytɔ ŋutinyaŋlɔla Franco Cardini gblɔ be: “Vaseɖe ɣeyiɣi sia me la, Atitsogaʋawo trɔ vivivi zu dunyahenya kple gadimɔnu nyama aɖe, ezu tatɔwo abe bisiɔpwo, saɖaganunɔlawo, fiawo, nubialawo, kple gadzraɖoƒedɔwɔlawo ene ƒe hoʋiʋli nyadri aɖe. Le hoʋiʋli sia me la, . . . Yesu ƒe yɔdo megava le vevie o.” Cardini gblɔ hã be: “Atitsogaʋawo ƒe ŋutinya nye ŋutinya si me woda vo gãtɔ kekeake le, si me woble ame le nyamaa wu, esi wɔ nublanui wu, eye le go aɖewo me la, enye Kristodukɔa ƒe amefuflu si ɖi kokoe wu ɖesiaɖe.”
Womesrɔ̃ Nu tso Eme O
Ðe wòle be Atitsogaʋaawo kple alesi wodo kpo nui la nana woakpɔe be zazɛ̃nyahehe kple amewuwu koe ŋukeklẽ ɖe ga ŋu kple dziɖuŋusẽ kɔkɔtɔ didi la ahe vɛ. Gake wogbe nusia sɔsrɔ̃. Aʋawɔwɔ geɖe siwo gakpɔtɔ na ʋu le kɔkɔm ɖe míaƒe anyigba ƒe akpa geɖe la nye esia ƒe kpeɖodzi. Mawusubɔsubɔe wotsɔ ɖoa ŋkume nɔa nu vlo siawo katã wɔm.
Gake magayi edzi ɖaa o. Eteƒe madidi o gbɔgbɔ si ƒlɔ dzo ɖe Atitsogaʋawo wɔwɔ te eye wògale dzo ƒlɔm ɖe egbegbe ƒe aʋa ‘kɔkɔewo’ te la nu ayi eye alakpasubɔsubɔ kple nuɖoanyi si le Satana ƒe ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi te la katã hã ayi kplii.—Psalmo 46:9, 10; Yohanes I, 5:19; Nyaɖeɖefia 18:4, 5, 24.
[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 12]
The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck
[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 15]
Tame: Yudatɔwo ƒe ameɖibɔ si le Worms, Germany—enye Atitsogaʋa Gbãtɔ me amewuwu ƒe ŋkuɖodzinu
Miame: Atitsogaʋawɔla aɖe ƒe ta si wotsɔ kpe mee
Miame ɖaa: Atitsogaʋawɔƒome xɔŋkɔ aɖe ƒe akpoxɔnu dzi dzesi
[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]
Akpoxɔnu dzi dzesi kple ta: Israel Antiquities Authority; fotowo: Israel Museum, Jerusalem