Mawusubɔsubɔ Ƒe Ablɔɖe—Yayrae alo Fiƒodee? — Gbetakpɔxɔ INTERNET DZI AGBALẼDZRAƉOƑE

Mawusubɔsubɔ Ƒe Ablɔɖe—Yayrae alo Fiƒodee?

Woto Fukpekpe Geɖe Me Hafi Ðo Mawusubɔsubɔ Ƒe Ablɔɖe Anyi Le Kristodukɔa Me. Avu Wònye Wowɔ Tsi Tre Ðe Dzizizinufiafia, Nazãbubu, Kple Mɔmaɖemaɖeɖenuŋu Ŋuti. Ame Gbogbo Aɖewo Ƒe Agbe Tsi Aʋa Siwo Subɔsubɔhawo Wɔ Hekɔ Ʋu Ði Me. Nusɔsrɔ̃ Kae Le Ŋutinya Ðudziname Sia Me Na Mí?

ROBIN LANE FOX ŋlɔ ɖe agbalẽ si nye Pagans and Christians me be: “Yometiti le Kristotɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me eteƒe didi.” Woyɔ Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo be wonye kɔmamã eye wotso wo nu be wole zi dem amewo dome. (Dɔwɔwɔwo 16:20, 21; 24:5, 14; 28:22) Ewɔe be wowɔ fu wo dometɔ aɖewo eye wona lã wɔadãwo vuvu wo le Romatɔwo ƒe fefewɔƒewo. Yometiti sesẽ ƒe ɣeyiɣi sia mee ame aɖewo abe mawunyaŋununyala Tertullian ene ʋli mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ta le. Eŋlɔ le ƒe 212 M.Ŋ. me be: “Amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesi vevi aɖee wònye, enye mɔnukpɔkpɔ le dzɔdzɔme nu be amegbetɔ ɖesiaɖe nasubɔ le dzixɔse si le esi nu.”

Le ƒe 313 M.Ŋ. me la, alesi Roma fiaɖuƒea nɔ Kristotɔwo yome tim la va wu enu le Konstantino ƒe dziɖuɣi, esime Se si wode le Milan na mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe Kristotɔwo kple trɔ̃subɔlawo siaa. Asidada ɖe “Kristotɔnyenye” dzi le Roma Fiaɖuƒea me na yometitia tɔ te. Gake le ƒe 340 M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, nuŋlɔla aɖe si be Kristotɔ yenye bia be woati trɔ̃subɔlawo yome. Mlɔeba le ƒe 392 M.Ŋ. me la, Fiagã Theodosius I to Se si wode le Konstantinople dzi xe mɔ ɖe trɔ̃subɔsubɔ nu le fiaɖuƒea me, eye mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe nu tso kpo. Esi Roma “Kristotɔnyenye” zu Dziɖuɖua ƒe subɔsubɔha ta la, Sɔlemehaa kple Dziɖuɖua te amewo yome titi ƒe alafa geɖe, eye enu va sẽ wòzu Atitsogaʋawo wowɔ tso ƒe alafa 11 lia va ɖo ƒe alafa 13 lia me hekɔ ʋu geɖe ɖi, eye eyae na wowɔ ŋutasẽnuwo le Ŋutasẽʋɔnu siwo dze egɔme le ƒe alafa 12 lia me la me. Amesiwo te kpɔ be yewoahe nya ɖe nufiafia siwo li xoxo, esiwo wozina ɖe amewo dzi ŋu la, wotɔ ŋku wo be wonye aglãdzelawo eye wonyã wo ɖe nu le yometiti ŋkubiãtɔe ƒe ɣeyiɣi ma me. Nukatae wowɔ afɔɖeɖe siawo?

Woyi edzi gbe mɔɖeɖe na subɔsubɔhawo kple susu be ne subɔsubɔhawo wɔ ɖeka ko hafi Dziɖuɖua ali ke sesĩe eye be subɔsubɔha vovovowo ahe masɔmasɔwo vɛ. Le ƒe 1602 me le England la, Fianyɔnu Elizabeth ŋuti mewo dometɔ ɖeka he nya be, “Ne Dziɖuɖua ɖe mɔ subɔsubɔha eve li la, manɔ dedie gbeɖe o.” Le nyateƒe me la, enɔ bɔbɔe be woaxe mɔ na amesiwo tsi tre ɖe subɔsubɔhaa ŋu tsɔ wu be woaku nu me anya nenye be woagblẽ nu le Dziɖuɖua alo subɔsubɔha si dzi woda asi ɖo ŋu nyateƒe. The Catholic Encyclopedia gblɔ be: “Dziɖuɖumegãwo loo alo subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo medea vovototo suetɔ kekeake gɔ̃ hã amesi nye aglãdzela si agblẽ nu kple amesi magblẽ nu o dome o.” Gake nuwo ava trɔ kpuie.

Fu Siwo Wokpe Hafi Mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu Va Li

Protestanttɔnyenye, si nye kɔmamã si gbe tsɔtsrɔ̃, ƒe zitɔtɔ si wòhe vɛ ye na nuwo va trɔ le Europa. Nuwo dzɔ kpatakpata ale gbegbe be Protestanttɔwo ƒe Ðɔɖɔɖoa wɔe be mawusubɔsubɔ na Europa mã, ale be dzitsinyablɔɖe ƒe nukpɔsusu do mo ɖa. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Ðɔɖɔɖowɔla xɔŋkɔ Martin Luther, ɖe eƒe nukpɔsusuwo nu le ƒe 1521 me gblɔ be: “Mawu ƒe Nyae nye dzitsinya zu kluvi na.” Mamã kee na wowɔ Ƒe Blaetɔ̃ ƒe Aʋa (ƒe 1618-48), si nye subɔsubɔhawo ƒe aʋa vovovo siwo me wowɔ ŋutasẽnuwo le eye wògblẽ nu le Europa vevie.

Gake esime aʋa la nɔ edzi yim la, ame geɖe va kpɔe be menye aʋawɔwɔe ana yewoayi ŋgɔ o. Eyata wowɔ se vovovowo, eye wo dometɔ aɖee nye Nantes Se si wowɔ le France (ƒe 1598), si mete ŋu na ŋutifafa va Europa o. Sedede siawo mee egbegbe mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu ƒe nukpɔsusua to vivivi hafi va li. Womebu susu nyui aɖeke ɖe “mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu” ŋu gbã o. Erasmus, amesi nye agbenɔnɔŋutinusrɔ̃la xɔŋkɔ aɖe ŋlɔ le ƒe 1530 me be: “Ne míeɖe mɔ na kɔmamãawo le nɔnɔme aɖewo me . . . la, ɖikeke mele eme o be anye nuvɔ̃—nuvɔ̃ gã vavã—gake mavɔ̃ɖi ade aʋawɔwɔ nu o.” Le susu totro sia ta le ƒe 1561 me la, enyo na ame aɖewo abe Fransetɔ Paul de Foix be wòaƒo nu le “mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe” ŋu tsɔ wu be wòaƒo nu le “mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu” ŋuti.

Gake le ɣeyiɣi aɖe megbe la, wova kpɔ mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu be menye nuvɔ̃ tsɛ eve dometɔ ɖekae wònye o, ke be enye ablɔɖetakpɔnu boŋ. Womegava bunɛ be enye mɔɖeɖe ɖe gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔ ŋu o, takpɔnu boŋ wova bunɛ. Esi wova dze asi dada ɖe dzixɔse vovovowo kple tamesusu ƒe ablɔɖe dzi be wonye nusiwo dzi ameƒome si li egbea nɔ te ɖo la, zazɛ̃nyahehe va bu.

Le ƒe alafa 18 lia ƒe nuwuwu la, mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu va zu nusi do ƒome kple ablɔɖe kpakple tasɔsɔ. Woɖe esia fia le sededewo kple tameɖoɖowo me, siwo ƒe ɖewoe nye Amegbetɔ Kple Dumevi ƒe Gomenɔamesiwo ƒe Sedede (ƒe 1789), le France, alo Ablɔɖese la (ƒe 1791), le United States. Esi sedede siawo va kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe tamesusu ƒe ablɔɖe dzi tso ƒe alafa 19 lia me ta la, womegabua mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu kple ablɔɖe be wonye fiƒode o ke be wonye yayra boŋ.

Ablɔɖe si Seɖoƒe Li Na

Togbɔ be ablɔɖe nye nu xɔasi hã la, seɖoƒe li nɛ. Bene ablɔɖe geɖe wu nanɔ amesiame si ta la, Dziɖuɖu dea se siwo ɖoa seɖoƒe na ablɔɖe aɖewo. Nya siwo ku ɖe ablɔɖe ŋu siwo me dzrom wole le Europa dukɔ geɖe me dometɔ aɖewoe nye: Afikae wòle be dziɖuɖua ƒe sewo nakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe ame ŋutɔ ƒe agbenɔnɔ dzi ase ɖo? Vi kae wòaɖe? Nukae wòawɔ le ablɔɖe ŋu?

Nyakakamɔnuwo ƒoa nu tsoa nya siwo hem wole le hadomeblɔɖewo kple ame ŋutɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ŋu la ŋuti vevie. Wotsoa subɔsubɔha aɖewo nu be woblea amewo nu, woxɔa ga le amewo si, wowɔa ŋlɔmi le ɖeviwo ŋu, eye wogblɔa nu vlo gã gbogbo bubuwo, eye zi geɖe la, kpeɖodzi vavã aɖeke menɔa wo ŋu o. Nyakakamɔnuwo kakaa subɔsubɔha suewo ŋu nyawo hoo. Vlodoŋkɔwo abe “vivimeha” alo “kɔmamã” ene va zu nyagbɔgblɔ siwo bɔ. Amewo ƒoa nya ɖe dziɖuɖuwo nu woŋlɔa habɔbɔ siwo wobe wonye vivimeha vɔ̃ɖiwo ƒe ŋkɔwo gɔ̃ hã.

France nye dukɔ si ƒua asi akɔ be yeɖea mɔ ɖe nu ŋu eye be mawusubɔsubɔ kple Dziɖuɖu wole wo ɖokui si. Eɖea gbeƒãe dadatɔe be yenye dukɔ si me “Ablɔɖe, Tasɔsɔ, Nɔvisiléle” le. Gake agbalẽ si nye Freedom of Religion and Belief—A World Report, gblɔ be wodo susu ɖa le dukɔ ma me be “woafia nu amewo le sukuwo me bene woatsri subɔsubɔha yeyewo.” Gake ame geɖe bui be nuwɔna sia agblẽ mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe me. Aleke wòagblẽ emee?

Wodi Be Woagblẽ Mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe Ablɔɖe Me

Ne wowɔa nu ɖe subɔsubɔha siwo katã dea bubu se ŋu hewɔna ɖe se dzi ŋu sɔsɔe ko hafi woagblɔ be mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe vavãtɔ li. Ablɔɖe meganɔa anyi o ne Dziɖuɖu tia subɔsubɔhaawo dometɔ si dze eŋu be eya menye subɔsubɔha o eye wogbe mɔnukpɔkpɔ si Dziɖuɖua naa subɔsubɔhawo nana wo. Time magazine gblɔ le ƒe 1997 me be: “Vevienyenye si le mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ŋu va zua numaɖinu ne dziɖuɖua tsɔnɛ ɖoa eɖokui dzi daa asi ɖe subɔsubɔhawo dzi abe alesi wònaa mɔɖegbalẽvi ʋukulawo ene.” France ƒe nyagbugbɔdrɔ̃ƒe aɖe gblɔ be ewɔwɔ nenema “azu ame dzi ɖuɖu dzizizitɔe, eɖanye ɖe woɖoe loo alo womeɖoe o.”

Ablɔɖe veviwo me gblẽna ne ƒuƒoƒo ɖeka aɖe ko ɖo tɔ ɖe nyakakamɔnuwo dzi. Nublanuitɔe la, nusiae le dzɔdzɔm le dukɔ geɖe me enuenu. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, esi habɔbɔ siwo tsi tre ɖe vivimehawo ŋu di be yewoafia nusi sɔ be mawusubɔlawo nawɔ la, wowɔ wo ɖokui amenutsolawo, ʋɔnudrɔ̃lawo, kple nyametsolawoe, eye emegbe wodze agbagba be yewoazi yewoƒe akpaɖekadzidede ƒe susuwo ɖe amewo dzi to nyakakamɔnuwo dzi. Gake abe alesi France nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ si nye Le Monde gblɔ ene la, ɣeaɖewoɣi ne habɔbɔ siawo le nusia wɔm la, woɖea “akpaɖekadzidede ƒe nɔnɔme si ŋu wobe yewole tsitre tsim ɖo [fiana], eye woate ŋu ahe ‘yometiti ŋkubiãtɔe’ ƒe nɔnɔme vɛ.” Nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽa bia be: “Ðe gbɔɖiɖi subɔsubɔha suewo le hadome . . . mele ablɔɖe veviwo me gblẽ ge oa?” Martin Kriele ƒe nya si wòŋlɔ ɖe Zeitschrift für Religionspsychologie (Subɔsubɔhawo ƒe Nuwɔna Ŋuti Magazine), me gblɔ be: “Ele be woatsi dzi ɖe alesi wole kɔmamãwo yome tim vɔ̃ɖitɔe ŋu tsɔ wu be woatsi dzi ɖe wo dometɔ geɖe siwo ‘wotsɔ ŋkɔ na be kɔmamãwo kple ƒuƒoƒo susuŋudɔmawɔlawo’ ŋu. Kpuie ko la: Ele be woaɖe asi le dumevi siwo medaa se dzi o ŋu bene woavo. Ele be ablɔɖe nanɔ mawusubɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe ŋu eye ablɔɖe nanɔ wo ŋu le Germany hã.” Mina míade ŋugble le kpɔɖeŋu ɖeka ŋu.

“Dumevi Nyuiwo”—Wona Ŋkɔ Wo be Wovɔ̃ɖi

Subɔsubɔha kae wobe “wovɔ̃ɖi wu kɔmamã bubuawo katã” le Katolikoha-kplɔlawo ƒe susu nu abe alesi woŋlɔe ɖe Spaintɔwo ƒe nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ vevi si nye ABC me ene? Awɔ nuku na wò be nàse be Yehowa Ðasefowo ŋue ABC nɔ nu ƒom le. Ðe wowɔ nutsotsoawo akpaɖekadzimademade kple ameŋkumemakpɔmakpɔtɔea? Xlẽ nya siwo gbɔna siwo ame bubuwo gblɔ kpɔ:

“Ðasefoawo fiaa amewo be woaxe woƒe adzɔwo le anukwareɖiɖi me, be woagakpɔ gome le aʋawɔwɔwo alo dzadzraɖo ɖe eŋu me o, be woagafi fi o, ne míagblɔe koŋ la, be woanɔ agbe si, ne amewo awɔ ɖe edzi la, ana agbenɔnɔ le ɖekawɔwɔ me ƒe dzidzenuwo nanyo ɖe edzi.”—Sergio Albesano, Talento, November-December 1996.

“To vovo na ameŋugblẽnya siwo wokakana ɣeaɖewoɣi la, nyemekpɔe be [ Yehowa Ðasefowo] agblẽ naneke kura le Dziɖuɖua ƒe nuɖoanyiwo ŋu o. Wonye dumevi siwo lɔ̃a ŋutifafa, wokua kutri, eye wodea bubu dziɖuɖumegãwo ŋu.”—Belgium dziɖuɖudɔnunɔla teƒenɔla aɖe.

“Yehowa Ðasefowoe nye amesiwo wonya be woɖia anukware wu le Germany.”—Germany nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ Sindelfinger Zeitung.

“Woate ŋu abu [ Yehowa Ðasefowo] be wonye dumevi kpɔɖeŋuɖolawo. Woxea adzɔwo pɛpɛpɛ, woléa be na dɔnɔwo, wohoa aʋa ɖe agbalẽmanyamanya ŋu.”—United States ƒe nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ San Francisco Examiner.

“Yehowa Ðasefowo ƒe srɔ̃ɖeɖewo lia ke wu ha bubu ɖesiaɖe me tɔwo tɔ.”—American Ethnologist.

“Yehowa Ðasefowo le Afrika-dukɔwo me vi siwo ɖia anukware hedoa vevie nu wu dome.”—Ðk. Bryan Wilson, Oxford Yunivɛsiti.

“Le ƒe gbogbo siwo va yi me la, xɔseha sia me tɔwo hã wɔ akpa gã aɖe le dzitsinya ƒe ablɔɖe keke ɖe enu me.”—Nat Hentoff, Free Speech for Me—But Not for Thee.

‘Wowɔ akpa aɖe koŋ be nu vevitɔ kekeake aɖewo gakpɔtɔ le míaƒe demokrasi me.’—Nufialagã C. S. Braden, These Also Believe.

Abe alesi amewo ƒe nya siwo míeyɔ ɖe etame fia ene la, wodze si Yehowa Ðasefowo le xexeame katã be wonye dumevi kpɔɖeŋunyuiɖolawo. Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, wonya wo nyuie be wowɔa Biblia-nufiafiadɔ femaxee eye wofiaa ƒomedzidzenuwo. Woƒe nuxexlẽ kple nuŋɔŋlɔ fiafia kpe ɖe ame gbogbo aɖewo ŋu, eye woƒe dɔmenyodɔ siwo wowɔ le ƒe siwo va yi me kpe ɖe ame akpe geɖe ŋu, vevietɔ le Afrika.

Akpaɖekadzimademade ƒe Vevienyenye

Anukwaremaɖila siwo tafaa ame maɖifɔwo bɔ ɖe ameƒomea dome ŋutɔ. Eyata ehiã vevie be woaɖɔ ŋu ɖo le subɔsubɔnyawo gome. Gake aleke wònye akpaɖekadzimademadee eye aleke wòade mawusubɔsubɔblɔɖe dzii ne nyadzɔdzɔŋlɔla aɖewo va xɔ nyatakaka tso sɔlemeha siwo kpɔe be yewoƒe hameviwo le vɔvɔm gbɔ alo woxɔe tso habɔbɔ siwo tsri kɔmamãwo evɔ kakaɖedzi meli be womade akpa ɖeka dzi o gbɔ le esi teƒe be woabia amesiwo nya nu tso nyaa ŋu? Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nyadzɔdzɔgbalẽ si gblɔ be Yehowa Ðasefowo ‘vɔ̃ɖi wu kɔmamã bubuawo katã’ la lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be “[Katoliko] Sɔlemeha la me tɔ bibiwo” gbɔe yexɔ nyaa tsoe. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, Francetɔwo ƒe magazine aɖe gblɔ be nyati siwo ƒoa nu tso ha siwo yɔm wole be kɔmamãwo ŋu ƒe akpa gãtɔ tsoa habɔbɔ siwo tsri kɔmamãwo gbɔ. Ðe wòwɔ na wò be mɔ siae nye akpaɖekedzimademade vavãtɔ si dzi woato axɔ nyatakaka si me womade akpa ɖeka dzi le oa?

Dukɔwo dome ʋunudrɔ̃ƒewo kple habɔbɔ siwo kpɔa amegbetɔ ƒe gomenɔamesi veviwo gbɔ, abe Dukɔ Ƒoƒuawo ene, gblɔ be “vovototo si wodea subɔsubɔha kple kɔmamã dome nye ayemenuwɔna si mesɔ be woada asi ɖe edzi o.” Ke nukata ame aɖewo yi edzi le gbɔɖiamenya si nye “kɔmamã” zam? Enye kpeɖodzi bubu be wodi be woagblẽ mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe me. Ke aleke woate ŋu akpɔ ablɔɖe vevi sia tae?

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 8]

Ƒe alafa 16 lia me Mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe Ablɔɖe Taʋlilawo

Amewo ʋli mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ta le ʋukɔkɔɖiʋa siwo subɔsubɔhawo wɔ le Europa le ƒe alafa 16 lia me la me. Taʋlinya siwo wogblɔ gale vevie le mawusubɔsubɔblɔɖe ƒe numedzodzro sia me.

Sébastien Chateillon (ƒe 1515-63): “Amekae nye aglãdzela? Nyemekpɔ nu bubu aɖeke tsɔ wu be míebua amesiwo katã meda asi ɖe míaƒe nukpɔsusu dzi o be wonye aglãdzelawo. . . . Ne wobu wò be ènye xɔsetɔ vavã le du sia alo nuto sia me la, woabu wò aglãdzelae le bubu me.” Chateillon, amesi nye Francetɔ Biblia gɔmeɖela kple mɔɖeɖeɖenuŋu taʋlila veviedola xɔŋkɔ aɖe tɔ asi nu vevi aɖe dzi le mawusɔbɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe ŋu nyaʋiʋlia me: Amekae nya amesi nye aglãdzela?

Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert (ƒe 1522-90): ‘Míexlẽ be le blema la, Kristo ŋutɔ gɔ̃ hã tsɔ eƒe nyateƒenyawo ɖe fu na amewo le Yerusalem eye emegbe xɔsetakula geɖe tsɔ wo tɔ ɖe fu le Europa. Ele be woaɖe nya “ɖe fu” gɔme wòasɔ pɛpɛpɛ eye eme nakɔ nyuie.’ Coornhert he nya be mele be woatsɔe be enye zidede amewo dome ne ame aɖe ƒe subɔsubɔ to vovo o. Ebia be: Nyateƒe wònye be amesiwo dzea agbagba wɔa se dzi hedea bubu se ŋu la le zi dem amewo domea?

Pierre de Belloy (ƒe 1540-1611): Enye “bometsitsi be woaxɔe se be subɔsubɔhawo ƒe vovototo hea ʋunyaʋunyawɔwɔ vaa Dukɔ me eye wòna wònɔa anyi.” Esi Belloy, amesi nye France-senyala nɔ nu ŋlɔm le Subɔsubɔhawo ƒe Aʋawo wɔɣi (ƒe 1562-98) la, ehe nya be menye subɔsubɔhawo ƒe nuɖekawɔwɔe ana tomefafa nanɔ Dukɔ me o, ke negbe ɖe subɔsubɔhawo zia nya ɖe dziɖuɖua dzi.

Thomas Helwys (ƒe 1550 lɔƒo–1616 lɔƒo): “Ne [fia ƒe] amewo nye toɖolawo eye wonye tevi siwo wɔa amegbetɔ ƒe sewo katã dzi le anukware me la, ke nu bubu aɖeke megali wòabia tso wo si o.” Helwys, amesi nye Eŋlisiawo ƒe Baptist-ha ɖolawo dometɔ ɖeka, ŋlɔ nu tsɔ de Sɔlemeha kple Dziɖuɖu ƒe wo ɖokui si nɔnɔ dzi, eye eƒoe ɖe fia la nu be wòana mawusubɔsubɔblɔɖe sɔlemehawo kple kɔmamãwo katã eye be dziɖuŋusẽ si le esi ɖe amewo kple nunɔamesiwo dzi nasɔ gbɔ nɛ. Eƒe nuŋɔŋlɔa te gbe ɖe biabia si li fifia dzi: Afikae wòle be Dziɖuɖua nakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe gbɔgbɔmenyawo dzi ase ɖo?

Nuŋlɔla si womenya o (ƒe 1564): “Ne dzitsinya ƒe ablɔɖe anɔ anyi la, mesɔ gbɔ be woaɖe mɔ na ame be wòatsri subɔsubɔha si medze eŋu, evɔ le ablɔɖe sia ke ta woagbe mɔɖeɖe nɛ be megasubɔ le ha si dze eŋu me o.”

[Nɔnɔmetatawo]

Tertullian

Chateillon

De Belloy

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