Sɔlemeha Kple Dukɔ Si Le Byzantium

KRISTOTƆNYENYE gɔmeɖoanyila la gblɔ alesi wòle be eyomedzelawo nato vovo kura tso ameƒomea ƒe xexe si ɖe eɖokui ɖe aga tso Mawu gbɔ la gbɔe eme kɔ. Yesu gblɔ na eyomedzelawo be: “Ðe mietso xexeame la, ne xexeame alɔ̃ ye ŋutɔ tɔ; ke esi mietso xexeame o, hafi boŋ nye la metia mi tso xexeame la, eyaŋuti xexeame le fu lém mi ɖo.” (Yohanes 15:19) Yesu gblɔ na Pilato, amesi nye dunyahedziɖuɖu si nɔ anyi le eƒe ŋkekea me la teƒenɔla be: “Nye fiaɖuƒe metso xexe sia me o.”—Yohanes 18:36.

Be Kristotɔwo nate ŋu aɖe gbeƒã “vaseɖe anyigba ƒe seƒe ke” la, ele na wo be woaƒo asa na xexeame ƒe nya siwo ado kplamatse wo. (Dɔwɔwɔwo 1:8) Abe Yesu ene la, Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo meƒo wo ɖokui ɖe dunyahehe me o.

(Yohanes 6:15) Edze kɔte be Kristotɔ wɔnuteƒewo meɖua fia alo nyea dukplɔlawo o. Ʋɛʋɛʋɛ la, nɔnɔme sia va trɔ kura.

‘Wozu Xexeame ƒe Akpa Aɖe’

Ɣeyiɣia aɖe le apostolo mamlɛtɔ ƒe ku megbe la, subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo dze woƒe nukpɔsusu tɔtrɔ ku ɖe woa ŋutɔwo kple xexeame ŋu gɔme. Wova nɔ “fiaɖuƒe” aɖe si menye xexeame koe wòle o ke boŋ enye eƒe akpa aɖe hã ŋu bum. Ŋkuléle ɖe alesi mawusubɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe de nu wo nɔewo me le Byzantium Fiaɖuƒea me—si nye Ɣedzeƒe Roma Fiaɖuƒe si ƒe fiadu le Byzantium (si nye Istanbul fifia)—ŋu ana míasrɔ̃ nu atso eme.

Byzantium Sɔlemeha si ƒe ta hã nɔ Byzantium, nɔ ŋu sẽm ŋutɔ le afisi mawusubɔsubɔ wɔa akpa vevi aɖe le. Sɔlemeha ƒe ŋutinyaŋlɔla Panayotis Christou gblɔ ɣeaɖeɣi be: “Byzantiumtɔwo bu woƒe anyigba dzi fiaɖuƒea be enɔ Mawu ƒe Fiaɖuƒea ƒe nɔnɔme me.” Gake dziɖuɖua ya mebunɛ alea ɣesiaɣi o. Esia na be masɔmasɔ nɔa Sɔlemeha la kple Dukɔa dome ɣeaɖewoɣi. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium gblɔ be: “Constantinople [alo Byzantium] bisiɔpwo ɖea nɔnɔme vovovowo fiana, si ƒe ɖewoe nye be wodzona nyanyanya le dukplɔla sesẽwo ŋkume . . . , wowɔa ɖeka kple dziɖula la bliboe . . . , eye wotsia tre ɖe nusi nye dziɖula ƒe didi ŋu vevie.”

Constantinople ƒe blemafofo, si nye ta na Ɣedzeƒe Sɔlemehawo la, va zu ŋusẽtɔ gã aɖe. Eyae ɖo fiagã la zi dzi, eyata ekpɔa mɔ be wòanye amesi aʋli Orthodɔks ta nuteƒewɔwɔtɔe. Kesinɔnuwo hã nɔ blemafofoa si ale gbegbe, elabena eyae kpɔa sɔlemea ƒe gakpɔmɔnu gbogboawo dzi. Ekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe saɖagaxɔmenɔla gbogboawo dzi abe alesi wòkpɔnɛ ɖe hameviawo dzi ene.

Zi geɖe la, blemafofoa dina be yeatsi tre ɖe fiagã la ŋu. Ete ŋu doa ŋɔdzi nɛ be yeaɖee le hame—ahanɔ eƒe lɔlɔ̃nu zim ɖe edzi le Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ me—alo ato mɔnu bubu dzi siwo ate ŋu ana woaɖe fia la le zi dzi.

Esime dukplɔɖoɖo siwo nɔ du gã la godo me va nɔ gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔm vivivi la, zi geɖe la bisiɔpwo va zua ŋusẽtɔ gãtɔwo kekeake le duawo me henɔa tasɔsɔ me kple nutoame dziɖula siwo ŋu wokpea asi ɖo tiana la. Bisiɔpwo dea nu ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyawo kple asitsatsanyawo me ɣesiaɣi si wòaku ɖe sɔlemea ŋu—kple ne meku ɖe eŋu o gɔ̃ hã. Nusi na wòte ŋu dzɔna aleae nye be nunɔlawo kple saɖagaxɔmenɔlawo katã bɔbɔa wo ɖokui ɖe woƒe nutoame bisiɔp la te, eye woade akpe nanewo.

Dunyahehe Kple Ðoƒeƒeƒle

Abe alesi wòdze le etame ene la, kplɔlawo ƒe dɔ kple dunyahehe de nu wo nɔewo me ale gbegbe be tsi metoa wo dome o. Gakpe ɖe eŋu la, nunɔla gbogboawo kple woƒe subɔsubɔdɔ siwo wowɔna nana wozãa ga geɖe. Nunɔla akpa gãtɔ siwo le ɖoƒe kɔkɔwo ɖua agbe ŋutɔ. Esime ŋusẽ kple kesinɔnuwo va le sɔlemea si sum la, ahedada kple kɔkɔenyenye va bu kura le nunɔlawo dome. Nunɔla kple bisiɔp aɖewo ƒlea woƒe ɖoƒewo. Ðoƒeƒeƒlea bɔ kaka va ɖo ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ kekeake hã. Nunɔla siwo ŋu kesinɔtɔwo kpena ɖo la ʋlia sɔlemeha ƒe ɖoƒewo le fiagã la ŋkume.

Zãnunana hã nye mɔ siwo dzi wotona naa subɔsubɔhakplɔla tsitsiwo wɔa nusi ameawo di. Esime Fianyɔnu Zoe (anɔ ƒe 978-1050 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) na wowu srɔ̃a Romanus III eye wòdi be yeaɖe eƒe ahiãvi si ava zu Fiagã Michael IV la, eɖo du ɖe Blemafofo Alexius kple dzitsitsi be wòava fiasãa me. Blemafofoa se Romanus ƒe ku kple srɔ̃kpekpe si wodi be wòava wɔ la. Esi sɔlemeha la nɔ Fiɖa Kɔkɔe ɖum fiẽsi ma ta la, menɔ bɔbɔe na Alexius be wòawɔ nusi dim wole tso esi o. Gake exɔ nunana gbogbo siwo fianyɔnua tsɔ nɛ eye wòwɔ eƒe didia dzi nɛ.

Ðokuibɔbɔ ɖe Fiagã la Te

Le Byzantiumtɔwo ƒe fiaɖuƒea me ɣeaɖewoɣi la, fiagã la zãa eƒe ɖoƒe madzemadzee tsɔ tiaa blemafofo si dze eŋu le Constantinople. Le ɣemaɣiwo me la, ame aɖeke mate ŋu anye blemafofo alo anɔ anyi didi ne fiagã la melɔ̃ ɖe edzi o.

Fiagã Andronicus II (ƒe 1260-1332) ya kpɔ be ele be yeaɖɔ li blemafofowo zi gbɔ zi asieke. Tameɖoɖo si ta wòwɔa esia zi geɖe enye be wòatia amesi abɔbɔ eɖokui na ye aɖo blemafofoe. Agbalẽ si nye The Byzantines gblɔ be blemafofo aɖe ŋlɔ agbalẽ do ŋugbe na fiagã la gɔ̃ hã be “yeawɔ nusianu si wòabia tso ye si, ne mele se nu kura o gɔ̃ hã, eye yemawɔ naneke si avee o.” Fiagãwo dze agbagba zi eve be yewoazi yewoƒe lɔlɔ̃nu ɖe sɔlemea dzi to fiavi si tso fiaƒomea me ŋu kɔkɔ be wòanye blemafofo me. Fiagã Romanus tsɔ via Theophylact, si xɔ ƒe 16 pɛ ko la, ɖo blemafofo ƒe bubunɔƒea.

Ne blemafofo aɖe mewɔ fia la ƒe didi dzi o la, eɖenɛ le zi dzi alo dea se na sɔlemeha ƒe aɖaŋudeha la be woaɖee le zi dzi. Agbalẽ si nye Byzantium gblɔ be: “Le Byzantiumtɔwo ƒe ŋutinya me zi geɖe la, dumegãwo ƒe ŋusẽ kple gbe si woxɔ tso Fiagã la gbɔ tẽ koŋ dzie wonɔa te ɖo tiaa bisiɔpwo.”

Fiagã la gaxɔa ŋgɔ le aɖaŋuɖotakpekpewo me esime blemafofoa nɔ exa. Enɔa zi me na nyahelawo, ɖoa xɔse ƒe gɔmeɖosewo, eye wòhea nya kple bisiɔpwo kple hamevi siwo melɔ̃ ɖe sɔlemeha la ƒe nufiafia aɖe dzi o, amesiwo wòtsoa afia na mlɔeba—si nye be woahe amea ɖe ati ŋuti. Fiagã la kee tsoa nya me le se kple nufiafia siwo dzi woada asi ɖo ŋu le aɖaŋuɖotakpekpe me heɖea mɔ ɖe eŋudɔwɔwɔ ŋu. Menye ɖeko wòbua fɔ amesiwo tsi tre ɖe eŋu be womedea bubu ye ŋu o ke ebua wo be wonye sɔlemea kple Mawu ƒe futɔ hã. Blemafofo aɖe si nɔ anyi le ƒe alafa adelia me gblɔ be: “Mele be woawɔ naneke atsi tre ɖe Fiagã la ƒe didi kple eƒe sedede ŋu o.” Bisiɔp siwo le ʋɔnua—siwo nye ameŋkumenuwɔla siwo wòzãna bɔbɔe wonɔa kuku ɖem ayetɔe la—meƒoa nu fũ zi geɖe abe woƒe amegã la ene o.

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, esime Blemafofo Ignatius (anɔ ƒe 799-878 M.Ŋ. lɔƒo) gbe nuɖuɖu kɔkɔe nana Dudɔnulɔlagã Bardas la, dudɔnunɔla la tso ɖe eŋu. Bardas tso Ignatius nu be eya hã le nugbeɖoɖo kple yomemɔfiafia aɖe si wobe woɖo la me. Wolé Blemafofoa eye wonyãe le dua me. Dudɔnunɔla la tia Photius, amesi menye nunɔla o, eye le ŋkeke ade ko me la, eɖoe sɔlemeha la ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔa wòva zu blemafofo mlɔeba. Ðe Photius dze be woaɖoe blemafofoa? Woƒo nu le eŋu be enye “amesi biãa ŋu vevie, kple dadala si ɖeke mesɔ kplii o, eye ame aɖeke mede enu le dunyahehe me o.”

Xɔsemeʋuʋu le Dunyahehe Me

Orthodɔks xɔsemeʋuʋu kple xɔsegbegbe ŋu nyawo tsyɔa dunyahehe me fulélea dzi, eye dunyawo ŋue fiagã geɖe tsia dzi ɖo wu nufiafia yeyewo toto vɛ. Zi geɖe la, ŋusẽ nɔa fiagã la si wòfiaa xɔse si me wòle be woalé ɖe asi eye nusi wòɖo na sɔlemeha lae woawɔ.

Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Fiagã Heraclius (ƒe 575-641 M.Ŋ.) dze agbagba vevie be yeakpɔ mama aɖe si do mo ɖa ku ɖe Kristo ƒe nɔnɔme ŋu, si di be yeahe mama va eƒe fiaɖuƒe si gbɔdzɔ si ŋu wɔna vɔ le la gbɔ. Eto nufiafia yeye aɖe si nye Tameɖoɖoɖekanufiafia vɛ, si me wòdze agbagba le be yeahe ɖekawɔwɔ ava wo dome.a Emegbe esi Heraclius di be yeakpɔ egbɔ be anyiehe nutoa kpɔtɔ bɔbɔ ɖe ye te la, etia blemafofo yeye tso Alexandria, Cyrus si tso Phasis, amesi lɔ̃ ɖe nufiafia si dzi fiagã la da asi ɖo la dzi. Menye blemafofo koe fiagã la ɖo Cyrus o ke eɖoe Egypt-nyigba tatɔe hã, be wòakpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe afimatɔwo dziɖulawo dzi. Esi wòhe yometiti vi aɖe va wo dzi megbe ko la, Egypt-sɔlemeha ƒe akpa gãtɔ va lɔ̃ ɖe eƒe nya dzi.

Nuŋeŋe le Vevesese Me

Afikae woate ŋu akpɔ Yesu ƒe nya kple gbɔgbɔ si dze le gbe si wòdo ɖa me be yeƒe nusrɔ̃lawo ‘menye xexeame ƒe akpa aɖeke o’ la le le nudzɔdzɔ siawo me?—Yohanes 17:14-16.

Kplɔla siwo gblɔna be Kristotɔwoe yewonye le Byzantiumtɔwo ŋɔli kple emegbe siaa ŋe kutsetse gbegblẽwo esi woƒo wo ɖokui ɖe dunyahehe kple asrafonyawo me le xexeame ta. Nukae nèsrɔ̃ tso ŋutinya kpui sia me dzodzro me? Ðe Mawu kple Yesu Kristo kpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe Byzantium Sɔlemehakplɔlawo ŋua?—Yakobo 4:4.

Subɔsubɔhakplɔla ŋubiãla mawo kple woƒe ɖekawɔwɔ kple dunyahelawo mena Kristotɔnyenye vavã li ke wòɖe vi aɖeke o. Mawusubɔsubɔ kple dunyahehe tsakatsaka nuwɔna makɔmakɔ sia tɔtɔ mawusubɔsubɔ si Yesu fia. Mina míasrɔ̃ nu tso nusi dzɔ va yi la me be míaganye ‘xexeame ƒe akpa aɖeke.’

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔ]

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 10]

“ABE MAWU AÐE SI LE XLÃ ƑOM LE YAME ENE”

Nusi dzɔ le Blemafofo Michael Cerularius (anɔ ƒe 1000-1059 lɔƒo) gome nye kpɔɖeŋu na akpa si sɔlemehakplɔla la wɔna le Dukɔa ƒe nyawo me kple tameɖoɖo si tae wowɔnɛ nenema ɖo. Esi woɖo Cerularius blemafofoe vɔ la, eɖoe be yeagayi ŋgɔ wu ema. Woƒo nu tso eŋu be enye ɖokuidoɖedzila, dadala, amesi wɔa nusi dzea eŋu eye meɖoa to ame aɖeke o—“si na eƒe nɔnɔme dze abe mawu aɖe si le xlã ƒom le yame ene.”

Esi Cerularius nɔ didim vevie be yeado ye ɖokui ɖe ŋgɔ ta la, ewɔ mama ƒe nubabla aɖe kple papa le Rome le ƒe 1054 me, eye wòzi fiagã la dzi be wòada asi ɖe mamaa dzi. Esi dzidzedze si Cerularius kpɔ do dzidzɔ nɛ ta la, eɖoe be yeatsɔ Michael VI aɖo zia dzi be wòana yeƒe nɔƒe nali ke. Ƒe ɖeka megbe la, Cerularius zi fiagã dzi be wòaɖe asi le zia ŋu eye wòtsɔ Isaac Comnenus (anɔ ƒe 1005-1061 lɔƒo) ɖo eteƒe.

Ʋiʋli si nɔ blemafofowo kple fiagãwo dome va do gã ɖe edzi. Cerularius do ŋɔdzi na fiagã la, biae akpa sesẽtɔe be wòawɔ yeƒe didi dzi, eye wòdze ŋutasesẽ nuwɔwɔ ɖe eŋu gɔme—esi wòkpɔ be ameha la ade ye dzi ta. Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖe si nɔ anyi le eŋɔli gblɔ be: “Eƒoa nu tsoa Fiagã la ƒe anyidzedze ŋu enuenu amemabumabutɔe henɔa gbɔgblɔm be, ‘Medo wò ɖe dzi, wò tagbɔkukutɔ; gake matsrɔ̃ wò.’ ” Gake Isaac Comnenus na wolée, eye wodee mɔ, emegbe wonyãe wòva nɔ Imbros-ƒukponyigba dzi.

Kpɔɖeŋu siawo fia kuxi siwo gbegbe blemafofo siwo nɔ Constantinople he vɛ kple alesi gbegbe wote ŋu tsi tre ɖe fiagã la ŋu kalẽtɔe. Zi geɖe la, enɔ na fiagã siawo be woakpe akɔ kple ŋutsu siwo nye dunyahela bibi siawo siwo te ŋu tsia tre ɖe fiagãwo kple asrafowo siaa ŋu.

[Map/Picture on page 9]

(Edze nyuie le agbalẽa ŋutɔ me)

Aƒisi Byzantium Ƒiaduƒe Keke Ta Va Ðo

Ravenna

Rome

MACEDONIA

Constantinople

Black Sea

Nicaea

Ephesus

Antioch

Jerusalem

Alexandria

Mediterranea Ƒua

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 10, 11]

Comnenus

Romanus III (le miame)

Michael IV

Fianyɔnu Zoe

Romanus I (le miame)

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Comnenus, Romanus III, and Michael IV: Courtesy Classical Numismatic Group, Inc.; Empress Zoe: Hagia Sophia; Romanus I: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 12]

Photius

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 12]

Heraclius kple viaŋutsu

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

Heraclius and son: Photo courtesy Harlan J. Berk, Ltd.; all design elements, pages 8-12: From the book L’Art Byzantin III Ravenne Et Pompose