“Numekɔkɔ” Ku Ðe Biblia Ŋu Tso Russia Ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe Xoxotɔ

AGBALẼNYALA eve aɖewo ɖo gbe be woaɖadi Biblia-gbalẽ xoxo siwo wotsɔ asi ŋlɔe. Wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe zɔ mɔ to dzogbenyigbawo dzi hetsa le kpetowo me, saɖagaxɔwo me, kple afisiwo todzinɔlawo nɔ le blema. Ƒe aɖewo megbe la wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒe mɔzɔzɔ kplɔe va ɖo Russia ƒe hahoo agbalẽdzraɖoƒe xoxotɔ kekeake, afisi woƒo Biblia-gbalẽ siwo wofɔ si wɔa nuku na amewo le xexeame wu ɖesiaɖe la nu ƒu ɖo. Amekawoe nye amesiawo? Aleke wɔ Biblia-gbalẽ xoxo siwo ŋu woke ɖo la va tsi Russia?

Agbalẽ Xoxoawo​—Woʋlia Mawu ƒe Nya la Ta

Be míanya agbalẽnyala eve siawo dometɔ ɖeka la, ele be míatrɔ ayi ƒe alafa 19 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze, esime numekuku tso nusiwo ŋu nya ku ɖo ŋu nɔ edzi yim le Europa. Enye dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya me ŋgɔyiyi kple nu yeyewo nyanya ƒe ɣeyiɣi, si me woɖe ɖeklemi dzixɔse siwo li tso gbaɖegbe ke la le. Ðeklemiɖela gãwo dze agbagba be yewoaxɔ ŋusẽ le Biblia si. Le nyateƒe me la, agbalẽnyalawo va nɔ ɖi kem Biblia ƒe nuvãnyenye.

Biblia taʋlila anukwaretɔ aɖewo va kpɔe be nu yeye siwo aʋli eta—siwo nye blema Biblia-gbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi siwo ŋu womekpɔ ke ɖo o la—ate ŋu aɖo kpe Mawu ƒe Nya la ƒe nyateƒenyenye dzi godoo. Ne woate ŋu akpɔ nuŋlɔɖi siwo woŋlɔ xoxo do ŋgɔ na esiwo li fifia la, woate ŋu aɖi ɖase le kpeɖodzi siwo li be wometɔ tsi Biblia me nyawo o ŋu, togbɔ be wote kpɔ zi geɖe ɣeyiɣi didi aɖe be woagblẽ eƒe gbedasia alo atɔtɔe hafi hã. Asinuŋɔŋlɔ Biblia-gbalẽ mawo agate ŋu ana woade dzesi teƒe ʋɛ siwo gbegɔmeɖelawo wɔ vodada le le kpukpui aɖewo gɔmeɖeɖe me.

Afisi wohe glãka le vevie ku ɖe Biblia ƒe nuvãnyenye ŋu la dometɔ ɖekae nye Germany. Afisiae nufiala ɖekakpui aɖe gblẽ eƒe nufiafiadɔ si nana dzidzemee la ɖi zɔ mɔ si ava na wòake ɖe Biblia-gbalẽ aɖewo ŋu, siwo nye gbogbotɔ siwo ŋu woke ɖo la dometɔ ɖeka. Eŋkɔe nye Konstantin von Tischendorf, amesi nye Biblia-nyala eye esi melɔ̃ ɖe Biblia ŋuti ɖeklemiɖeɖe dzi o ta la, eʋli eta dzidzedzetɔe be enye nu vavã wòɖe dzesi. Ekpɔ dzidzedze wɔnuku aɖe le eƒe mɔzɔzɔ gbãtɔ yi Sinai gbedzi me le ƒe 1844 me. Esi wòbe yeakpɔ nugo aɖe si me gbeɖuɖɔ nɔ le saɖagaxɔ aɖe me ɖa ko la, ekpɔ blema Septuagint aɖe, alo Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo, siwo gɔme woɖe yi Helagbe me—si nye xoxotɔ kekeake si ŋu woke ɖo kpɔ!

Tischendorf, amesi me dzidzɔ yɔ fũ la dze agbagba tsɔ Biblia-gbalẽ ɖeɖi 43. Togbɔ be eka ɖe edzi be bubuwo gali hã la ʋɛ aɖewo ko ŋu wòva ke ɖo esi wògatrɔ yi le ƒe 1853 me. Afikae wòakpɔ mamlɛawo le? Esi ga va vɔ le Tischendorf si ta la, eyi ɖabia gakpekpeɖeŋu kesinɔtɔ aɖe, eye wògaʋu le wo dedukɔ me be wòaɖadi nuŋlɔɖi xoxowo. Gake hafi wòazɔ mɔ sia la ehiã be wòabia kpekpeɖeŋu tso Russia-fiagã la gbɔ.

Fiagã la Tsɔ Ðe Le Eme

Tischendorf anya nɔ tame bum le alesi Russia, si nye anyigba lolo si me tɔwo nye Russia Orthodɔks sɔlemeha me tɔwo la, axɔ eyama si nye Protestanttɔ la ŋu. Dzidzɔtɔe la, Russia ge ɖe ɣeyiɣi deamedzi aɖe si me tɔtrɔ kple ɖɔɖɔɖowo nɔ edzi yim me. Gbetete ɖe agbalẽsɔsrɔ̃ dzi na Fianyɔnu Catherine II (si wogayɔna be Catherine Gãtɔ) ɖo agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si woyɔna be Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe si le St. Petersburg le ƒe 1795 me. Esi eyae nye Russiatɔwo ƒe hahoo agbalẽdzraɖoƒe gbãtɔ ta la, wodzra agbalẽ gbogbo aɖewo ɖo ɖe eme be ame geɖewo nate ŋu awɔ wo ŋudɔ.

Togbɔ be wokafu Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea be enye nyuitɔ siwo le Europa dometɔ ɖeka hã la, kuxi ɖeka aɖe nɔ eŋu. Ƒe blaatɔ̃ va yi tso esime woɖo agbalẽdzraɖoƒea gake Biblia ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ siwo le Hebrigbe me ɖekaɖeka ade koe nɔ agbalẽawo dome. Mesɔ gbɔ akpɔ alesi Russiatɔwo le dzi tsim ɖe gbegbɔgblɔ siwo me woŋlɔ Biblia ɖo sɔsrɔ̃ kple wo gɔmeɖeɖe gbɔ na wo o. Catherine II ɖo agbalẽnyalawo ɖe Europa yunivɛsitiwo be woaɖasrɔ̃ Hebrigbe. Esi nusrɔ̃laawo gbɔ la, woɖo Hebrigbe srɔ̃ƒewo ɖe Russia Orthodɔks sɔfosuku gãwo me, eye ɣemaɣie nye zi gbãtɔ Russiatɔ agbalẽnyalawo te dɔ wɔwɔ le Biblia gɔmeɖeɖe tso Hebrigbe me yi Russiagbe me ŋu nyuie. Gake gakuxi dze ŋgɔ wo eye sɔlemehaŋgɔnɔlawo gɔ̃ hã tsi tre ɖe wo ŋu. Numekɔkɔ vavãtɔ mekpɔ va na amesiwo le Biblia me sidzedze dim la haɖe o.

Fiagã, Alexander II, kpɔ Tischendorf ƒe taɖodzinua ƒe vevienyenye dze sii enumake eye wòna gakpekpeɖeŋui. Togbɔ be “woʋã ŋui eye zazɛ̃nyahelawo tsi tre ɖe eŋu” hã la, Tischendorf de Sinai gbɔ va kple Septuagint ƒe akpa mamlɛawo.a Wova tsɔ ŋkɔ nɛ emegbe be Codex Sinaiticus (Blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ si tso Sinai,) eye wòkpɔtɔ nye Biblia nuŋlɔɖi xoxotɔwo kekeake dometɔ ɖeka si li. Esi Tischendorf gbɔ va St. Petersburg la, eɖe abla yi fiagã la ƒeme, si nye Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Vuvɔŋɔli me Fiasã me. Edoe ɖe fiagã la gbɔ be wòado alɔ “Biblia me kuku tsitotsito ŋuti dɔ gãwo dometɔ aɖe”—si nye nuŋlɔɖi si wofɔ yeyee la tata, si wova tsɔ da ɖe Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe emegbe. Fiagã la lɔ̃ ɖe edzi enumake, eye Tischendorf si me dzidzɔ yɔ fũ la ŋlɔ emegbe be: Mawu ƒe mɔfiafia wɔe be míaƒe dzidzimea kpɔ . . . Biblia si tso Sinai be wòanye numekɔkɔ le nusi Mawu ƒe Nya si woŋlɔ la nye tututu ŋu, kple be wòakpe ɖe mía ŋu míaʋli nyateƒea ta to kpeɖoɖo eƒe nuvãnyenye dzi.”

Blema Biblia-gbalẽ Veviwo Tso Crimea

Míehe susu yi agbalẽnyala bubu si nɔ Biblia-gbalẽ xoxowo dim la dzi le nyati sia ƒe gɔmedzedze. Amekae wònye? Ƒe ʋɛ aɖewo do ŋgɔ na Tischendorf ƒe tɔtrɔ va Russia la, wotsɔ Biblia-gbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi la ƒe agbɔsɔsɔ gbogbo ŋutɔ aɖe yi na Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea, agbɔsɔsɔa wɔ nuku na tatɔawo ale gbegbe henyɔ fiagã la hã ƒe ɖetsɔleme, eye ehe agbalẽnyala geɖewo tso Europa ƒe akpa sia kpa va Russia. Ewɔ nuku na wo ale gbegbe. Wotsɔ asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ gbogbo aɖewo kple agbalẽ buuwo nɔ wo nam. Woƒe xexlẽme si wɔ nuku ŋutɔ lae nye 2,412, siwo dome asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ kple agbalẽxatsaxatsa 975 le. Esiawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Biblia ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ 45 siwo woŋlɔ do ŋgɔ na ƒe alafa ewolia. Togbɔ be blemagbalẽ siwo nu woƒo ƒu hetsɔ yii la ƒe agbɔsɔsɔa wɔ nuku alea hã ame ɖeka aɖe koe ƒo wo katã nu ƒu, eŋkɔ enye Abraham Firkovich, Karaitɔ agbalẽnyala si xɔ ƒe 70 kple edzivɔ ɣemaɣi! Gake amekawoe nye Karaitɔwo?b

Fiagã la tsɔ ɖe le biabia sia me vevie. Russia keke eƒe liƒowo ɖe enu wòlɔ anyigba siwo nɔ dukɔ bubuwo si me tsã ɖe eme. Esia na gbe yeye dolawo va le fiaɖuƒea me. Crimea nuto dzeani, si le Ƒuyibɔa ƒe go dzi la, nye afisi amesiwo dze abe Yudatɔwo ene gake wonyia Turkeytɔwo ƒe kɔwo eye wodoa gbe si le abe Tatargbe ene la le. Karaitɔ siawo kpɔe be yewo tɔgbuiwo nɔ Yudatɔ siwo woɖe yi aboyo me le Babilon esi wotsrɔ̃ Yerusalem le ƒe 607 D.M.Ŋ. me megbe dome. Gake woto vovo na Yuda-rabiwo le susua nu be wogbe Talmud la eye wotea gbe ɖe Ŋɔŋlɔawo xexlẽ boŋ dzi. Crimea Karaitɔwo di vevie be yewoaɖo kpe edzi na fiagã la be yewoto vovo na Yuda-rabiwo ale be woabu wo ɖe hatsotso bubu me. Wokpɔ mɔ be yewoato blema nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe ɖaseɖiɖiwo dzi afia be yewodzɔ tso Yudatɔ siwo ʋu va Crimea esi wogbɔ tso aboyo me le Babilon la me.

Esi Firkovich be yeaƒo blema nuŋlɔɖiwo kple Biblia-gbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi nu ƒu la, edze egɔme tso teƒe siwo wonɔ le Chufut-Kale to dzi le Crimea. Karaitɔwo ƒe dzidzimewo nɔ aƒe suesue siwo wotso ɖe toawo ƒe agadowo me eye wodea ta agu hã le wo me. Karaitɔwo megblẽa Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe tatawo ƒe afisiwo Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ, Yehowa dze le gbeɖe o, elabena wobua nuwɔna ma be enye bubumademade nu kɔkɔewo ŋu. Wodzra nuŋlɔɖiawo ɖo nyuie ɖe nudzraɖoƒe sue aɖe si woyɔna be genizah, si gɔmee nye “nuɣlaɖoƒe” le Hebrigbe me. Esi Karaitɔwo dea bubu deto Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ ŋu ta la, womekaa asi asinuŋɔŋlɔ Biblia-gbalẽ siawo ŋu kabakaba o.

Ʋuʋudedi si wɔ ɖe agbalẽawo ŋu ƒe alafa geɖewo la meɖe dzi le Firkovich ƒo o, eyi ɖatsa genizah teƒeawo nyuie. Le ɖeka me la, eke ɖe ƒe 916 M.Ŋ. me Biblia ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ xɔŋkɔ la ŋu. Eŋkɔe nye Petersburg Codex of the Latter Prophets (Nyagblɔɖila Megbetɔwo ƒe Blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ si le Petersburg), enye Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi xoxotɔwo kekeake dometɔ ɖeka si li.

Firkovich dze agbagba ƒo nuŋlɔɖi gbogbo aɖe nu ƒu, eye le ƒe 1859 me la eɖoe be yeatsɔ wo ana Fiaɖuƒea ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea. Le ƒe 1862 me la, Alexander II do alɔ agbalẽawo ƒeƒle da ɖe agbalẽdzraɖoƒea, si ƒe homee nye ruble 125,000, si nye ga gbogbo aɖe ɣemaɣi. Le ɣemaɣi la, ga si woka ɖe agbalẽdzraƒe bliboa ƒe nuhiahiãwo ŋu le ƒe ɖeka me mewu ruble 10,000 o! Leningrad Codex (B 19^A) xɔŋkɔ la, si nye blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ aɖe hã nɔ agbalẽ siwo woƒle la dome. Woŋlɔ eƒe akpa aɖewo le ƒe 1008 me eye wònye Hebri Ŋɔŋlɔ bliboa ƒe xoxotɔ kekeake le xexeame. Agbalẽnyala aɖe gblɔ be “anɔ eme be enye Biblia ƒe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ vevitɔ, elabena enye nuŋlɔɖi si dzi wokpɔna tana Hebri Biblia gɔmeɖeɖewo egbea nyuie, vodadamanɔmee.” (Kpɔ aɖaka si kpe ɖe eŋu.) Le ƒe 1862 ma ke me la, wota Tischendorf ƒe Codex Sinaiticus (Blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ si ŋu woke ɖo le Sinai) la, si wokafu le xexeame godoo.

Gbɔgbɔmenumekɔkɔ Egbea

Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea, si woyɔna fifia be Russia Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe la nye afisi woƒo blemanuŋlɔɖi gbogbotɔ nu ƒu ɖo le xexeame.c Wotrɔ agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ƒe ŋkɔ zi adre le ƒe alafa eve me wòɖe nusiwo dzɔ le Russiatɔwo ƒe blemaŋutinya me fia. Ŋkɔ nyanyɛawo dometɔ ɖekae nye Dukɔ Saltykov-Shchedrin ƒe Hahoo Agbalẽdzraɖoƒe. Togbɔ be ƒe alafa 20 lia me zitɔtɔwo gblẽ nu le agbalẽdzraɖoƒea ŋu hã la, asinuŋɔŋlɔ Biblia-gbalẽawo ya to xexemeʋa eveawo kple toɖeɖe ɖe Leningrad ŋu me do dedie. Viɖe kae míekpɔna tso nuŋlɔɖi mawo me?

Blema nuŋlɔɖiwoe nye esiwo ŋu kakaɖedzi le si dzi wokpɔna ɖea Biblia geɖewo gɔme egbea. Wokpena ɖe nyateƒedila anukwaretɔwo ŋu woxlẽa Ŋɔŋlɔ Kɔkɔeawo ƒe gɔmeɖeɖe siwo me kɔ nyuie. Sinai kple Leningrad ƒe blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo siaa nye kpekpeɖeŋu gã aɖe le New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures bliboa, si Yehowa Ðasefowo ta heɖe go le ƒe 1961 me, la gɔmeɖeɖe me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia kple Kittel ƒe Biblia Hebraica, si New World Bible Translation Committee zã la, tso Leningrad Codex me, eye Tetragrammaton, si nye Hebrigbe me ŋɔŋlɔdzesi ene siwo wotsɔ ŋlɔa Mawu ƒe ŋkɔe, dze le nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔ siawo me zi gbɔ zi 6,828 sɔŋ.

Biblia xlẽla ʋɛ aɖewo koe nya akpa vevi si agbalẽdzraɖoƒe ma si le St. Petersburg kple eƒe asinuŋlɔgbalẽwo, siwo dometɔ aɖewo wotsɔ ŋkɔ, Leningrad si nye dua ƒe ŋkɔ tsã, na la, wɔ. Gake míaƒe akpedada gãtɔ yi na Biblia Ŋlɔla, Yehowa, amesi nana gbɔgbɔ me kekeli mí. Esia ta hakpala la ɖe kuku nɛ be: “Ðo wò kekeli kple wò nyateƒe ɖa, ne woakplɔm.”—Psalmo 43:3.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka si le axa 13]

WONYA MAWU ƑE ŊKƆ EYE WOZÃE

Yehowa kpɔ egbɔ be wokpɔ eƒe Nya, Biblia, ta vaseɖe egbe to eƒe nunya dzi. Egbugbɔŋlɔlawo ƒe veviedodonu le ƒeawo me hã na wote ŋu kpɔ eta. Wo dometɔ siwo lé fɔ ɖe nu ŋu wu wo katãe nye Masoretwo, amesiwo nye Hebritɔ agbalẽŋlɔla bibi siwo wɔ dɔ tso ƒe alafa adelia vaseɖe ewolia M.Ŋ. me. Womezãna ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi le Blema Hebrigbe nuŋɔŋlɔwo me o. Esi ƒeawo va nɔ yiyim eye Aramgbe va nɔ xɔxɔm ɖe Hebrigbe teƒe la, ena ŋkɔa yɔyɔ nyuie va ɖo afɔku me vevie. Masoretwo to ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi dede nya me ƒe mɔnu aɖe vɛ be woatsɔ akpe ɖe Biblia nuŋlɔɖiwo ŋu be woate ŋu ayɔ Hebrigbe me nyawo nyuie.

Masoretwo ƒe ablɔɖegbeɖiɖi dede nya me mɔnu si le Leningrad Codex, si nye blemasinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo, me fia alesi woayɔ Tetragrammaton—si nye xaxagbeɖiɖi ene si ƒe ƒuƒoƒo nye Mawu ŋkɔ—lae be Yehwah’, Yehwih’, kple Yeho·wah’. Fifia la, “Yehowa” ye nye ŋkɔ si ame akpa gãtɔ nya heyɔna nɛ. Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ la nye ŋkɔ gbagbe nyanyɛ na Biblia ŋlɔlawo kple ame bubuwo le blema. Egbea la, ame miliɔn geɖe siwo lɔ̃ ɖe edzi be ‘Yehowa ɖeɖekoe ɖo kpo ɖe anyigba bliboa dzi’ la nya Mawu ƒe ŋkɔ hezãnɛ.—Psalmo 83:19.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 10]

Xɔ si me wodzra asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽwo ɖo le Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽdzraɖoƒea

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 11]

Fianyɔnu Catherine II

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 11]

Konstantin von Tischendorf (titina) kple Alexander II, Russia fiagã

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 12]

Abraham Firkovich

[Nɔnɔmetata Tsoƒe si le axa 10]

Foto evea siaa: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg

[Picture Credit Lines on page 11]

Catherine II: National Library of Russia, St. Petersburg; Alexander II: From the book Spamers Illustrierte Weltgeschichte, Leipzig, 1898