Christophe Plantin Biblia-Tala Bibi Aɖe
WONYA Johannes Gutenberg (si nɔ agbe tso ƒe 1397 vaseɖe ƒe 1468 me lɔƒo) le ŋutinya me nyuie be eyae nye ame gbãtɔ si zã agbalẽtamɔ̃ tsɔ ta Bibliae. Gake ame geɖe menya nu tso Christophe Plantin ya ŋu o. Enye agbalẽtala bibi aɖe si wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le agbalẽwo kple Bibliawo tata me le xexeame godoo, le ƒe 1500-awo me.
Wodzi Christophe Plantin le ƒe 1520 me lɔƒo le Saint-Avertin, France. Esi Plantin di be yeanɔ France ƒe du si me subɔsubɔ ƒe ablɔɖe le wu, kple esi me dɔwɔnyawo kple ganyawo de ame dzi le wu ta la, eʋu yi ɖatsi Antwerp, si le Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa Ƒuta Dukɔwo me, esime wòxɔ abe ƒe 28 ene.a
Le gɔmedzedzea me la, agbalẽblala kple lãgbalẽwo ŋuti dɔwɔlae Plantin nye. Alesi wòtrɔa asi le nusiwo wòtsɔa lãgbalẽwo wɔna ŋui la wɔe be kesinɔtɔwo nɔa du dzi ɖe eƒe nuawo ƒeƒle ŋu. Gake afɔku aɖe si dzɔ ɖe Plantin dzi le ƒe 1555 me na wòva hiã be wòatrɔ eƒe dɔwɔɖuia. Esime Plantin tsɔ lãgbalẽkplo aɖe, si Ƒuta-nutowo dziɖula si tso Spain, Fia Philip II, dɔe be wòawɔ na ye la yina nɛ le Antwerp la, ahamula aɖewo dze edzi le mɔdodo aɖe dzi hetɔ hɛ abɔta nɛ. Togbɔ be abia va ku nɛ hã la, magate ŋu awɔ dɔ sesẽ o, si wɔe be wòɖe asi le dɔwɔɖui sia ŋu. Hendrik Niclaes, si nye Anabaptisttɔwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ƒe nunɔla, na gakpekpeɖeŋu Plantin wòtsɔ dze agbalẽtatadɔ gɔme.
“Dɔwɔwɔ Kple Kutrikuku”
Ŋkɔ si Plantin tsɔ na agbalẽtaƒe siae nye De Gulden Passer (si gɔmee nye Sikanuŋlɔti La). Etana nuŋlɔti si le dzo dam, si dzi woŋlɔ ɖo be “Labore et Constantia,” si gɔmee nye “Dɔwɔwɔ Kple Kutrikuku,” ɖe agbalẽ siwo wòtana la me tsɔ dea dzesi woe. Edze abe dzesidenu sia ɖɔ amesi ƒomevi tututue wònye la nyuie.
Esi wònye ɣeyiɣi si me zitɔtɔ nɔ subɔsubɔnyawo kple dunyahenyawo me le Europa mee Plantin nɔ agbe le ta la, edzea agbagba be yeaƒo asa na kuxiwo ɣesiaɣi. Agbalẽtatadɔa nɔ vevie nɛ wu nusianu. Togbɔ be Plantin lɔ̃ ɖe Protestant Subɔsubɔhaa ƒe nufiafia aɖewo dzi hã la, agbalẽŋlɔla Maurits Sabbe gblɔ tso eŋu be “meɖea eƒe susuwo gblɔna kã le subɔsubɔnyawo me loo, alo wɔa nane si ana nàkpɔe be subɔsubɔha sia mee wòle loo, alo ekemɛ mee wòle o.” Esia wɔe be afluiwo va nɔ ɖiɖim le Plantin ŋu be ele agbalẽ siwo me nyawo tsi tre ɖe Sɔlemehawo ƒe nufiafia ŋu la tam. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, woti eyome vevie le ƒe 1562 me, si na wòsi yi ɖanɔ Paris ƒe ɖeka kple edzivɔwo.
Esime Plantin trɔ gbɔ va Antwerp le ƒe 1563 me la, woa kple asitsala kesinɔtɔ aɖewo, siwo wonya nyuie be wonye Kalvintɔwo lae va nɔ dɔ wɔm ɖekae. Le dɔwɔwɔ hena ƒe atɔ̃ me la, wota agbalẽ vovovo 260 sɔŋ le Plantin ƒe agbalẽtamɔ̃wo dzi. Agbalẽ siawo dometɔ aɖewoe nye Biblia si wota ɖe Hebrigbe, Helagbe, kple Latingbe me, tsɔ kpe ɖe Netherlandstɔwo ƒe Katolikotɔwo ƒe Louvain Biblia, si wodo atsyã na wòle dzo dam la ŋu.
“Agbalẽtamɔ̃ si Ƒo Ðesiaɖe Ta”
Le ƒe 1567 me, le esime Ƒutanutoawo me tɔwo nɔ agbagba dzem vevie be yewoaxɔ ɖokuisinɔnɔ la, Spain-fia Philip II dɔ Alba ƒe Dziɖulagã ɖe nutoa me be wòaɖanye mɔmefia le afima. Esi wònye fia la na ŋusẽ dziɖulagã sia bliboe ta la, ewɔ nusianu si wòate ŋui be yeatsɔ atsi aglã si Protestanttɔwo dze la nu. Le esia ta Plantin dze dɔ gã aɖe si wòsusu be atsi amewo ƒe nazãbubu kple nya siwo sem wole tso ye ŋu nu la wɔwɔ gɔme. Edi vevie be yeata Biblia ɖe gbe gbãtɔ si me woŋlɔe ɖo la me ale be emenyawo nade pɛpɛpɛ. Fia Philip II lɔ̃ be yeakpe ɖe Plantin ŋu ne wòata Biblia yeye sia. Fia la do ŋugbe nɛ be yeana gakpekpeɖeŋui eye fia la dɔ Arias Montano, amesi ƒe ŋkɔ ɖi le dekɔnuwo kple amegbetɔwo ƒe ŋutetewo dodo ɖe ŋgɔ me la, ɖa be wòava kpɔ Biblia-tatadɔ sia dzi.
Montano se gbe vovovowo ale gbegbe, eye wòwɔa dɔ gaƒoƒo 11 gbesiagbe. Spain kple Belgiumtɔ gbegbɔgblɔ ŋuti nunyalawo kpe ɖe eŋu le esia wɔwɔ me. Woƒe taɖodzinue nye be yewoagbugbɔ Komplutensia Biblia xɔŋkɔ la ata.b Tsɔ kpe ɖe Latingbe me Vulgate, Helagbe me Septuagint, kple Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa ŋu la, Plantin tsɔ Aramgbe me Targum kple Siriagbe me Biblia xoxo aɖe, si woyɔna be Peshitta, kple esiwo gɔme woɖe tẽ tso Latingbe me, hã de eƒe Polyglot Biblia, si wòta ɖe gbe vovovo me, la me.
Wodze Polyglot Biblia sia tata gɔme le ƒe 1568 me. Wowu Bibliatatadɔ gã sia nu le ƒe 1572 me. Dɔ si wòhiã be woawɔ hafi ate ŋu ata Biblia sia la ɖee fia be etata tsɔ ŋutɔ. Le lɛta aɖe si Montano ŋlɔ ɖo ɖe Fia Philip II me la, egblɔ be: “Dɔ si míewɔna le afisia le ɣleti ɖeka me la, wu esiwo wotsɔna ƒe ɖeka wɔnae le Roma.” Plantin ta Polyglot Biblia yeyea ɖekaɖeka 1,213, eye tata ɖesiaɖe le babla gã enyi me. Ne ènya ke bablawo ƒe axa gbãtɔ ko la, àkpɔe be wota dzata, nyitsu, amegãxi, kple alẽvi siwo le gbe ɖum le lãto ɖeka me ŋutifafatɔe la ɖe afima. Esia nye Yesaya 65:25 me nyawo ƒe kpɔɖeŋu. Biblia sia si womebla ɖekae o la ƒe homee nye Netherlandtɔwo ƒe guilder 70—si nye ga gbogbo aɖe ŋutɔ, elabena ga si nu ƒomewo nɔa agbe ɖo ɣemaɣi le mama dedie nue nye guilder 50 ƒe ɖeka. Emegbe wova yɔ Biblia sia ƒe babla bliboa be Antwerp Polyglot. Eŋkɔ bubu hãe nye Biblia Regia (si gɔmee nye Fia ƒe Biblia), elabena Fia Philip II ye nye amesi ɖe mɔ hede ga etata me.
Togbɔ be Papa Gregory XIII da asi ɖe Biblia sia dzi hã la, wobu fɔ Arias Montano vevie ɖe alesi wòwɔ dɔae ta. Elabena Montano bu Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔa be eme nyawo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ wu Latingbe me Vulgate la tɔ. Amesi lé fui vevie wu lae nye Spaintɔ, mawunyaŋununyala, León de Castro, amesi bua Latingbe me Vulgate la be eme nyawo sɔ pɛpɛpɛ wu. De Castro tsɔ nya ɖe Montano ŋu be etsɔ Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ dzimaxɔse ƒe nukpɔsusuwo tɔ tsi Biblia la me nyawoe. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, nusi ve dɔme na de Castro vevie enye be, nya si wokpa de Yohanes I, 5:7 be “le dziƒo: Fofo la, Nya la kple Gbɔgbɔ kɔkɔe la, eye ame etɔ̃ siawo le ɖeka” (King James Version, si dzi wokpɔ ɖe Eʋegbe Biblia gɔme) la medze le Siriagbe me Peshitta la me o. Gake Spaintɔwo ƒe ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si wodrɔ̃a ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔwo ŋu nya le la tso afia na Montano be medze agɔ aɖeke kura o. Ame aɖewo bu Antwerp Polyglot Biblia la be “eyae nye agbalẽ si agbalẽtala ɖeka aɖe ta wòdze ani nyuie wu agbalẽ ɖesiaɖe le ƒe alafa 16 lia me.”
Viɖenu Mavɔ Aɖe
Ɣemaɣi la, agbalẽtamɔ̃ eve alo etɔ̃ koe nɔ agbalẽtala geɖewo si. Gake esime Plantin va nɔ agbalẽ geɖe tam la, agbalẽtamɔ̃ 22 kple dɔwɔla siwo wu 160 ya tetie nɔ esi. Plantin ŋkɔ ɖi hoo le nuto siwo katã me wodoa Spaingbe le la me be eyae tana agbalẽ wu ame ɖesiaɖe.
Le ɣeyiɣi siawo katã me la, Ƒutanutoawo me tɔwo ƒe aglãdzedze ɖe Spain dziɖuɖua ŋu nɔ dzidzim ɖe edzi. Aʋa va dzɔ le Antwerp. Le ƒe 1576 me la, Spain-srafo siwo womexe fe na o la dze dua dzi heha nuwo le dua me. Wotɔ dzo aƒe siwo wu 600, eye wowu Antwerptɔ akpe geɖe. Adzɔdolawo si dzo le dua me. Esia wɔe be Plantin ƒe gakpɔmɔnua ɖo afɔku me. Gawu la, eva hiã hã be Plantin nanɔ adzɔ gãwo xem na asrafoawo.
Le ƒe 1583 me la, Plantin ʋu yi ɖe Leiden-du, si didi kilometa 100 tso Antwerp gbɔ le dziehe gome, la me. Eɖo agbalẽtaƒe aɖe ɖe afima, eye wona wòtana agbalẽwo na Leiden Yunivɛsiti, si Kalvin Protestanttɔwo ɖo la. Nya siwo wotsɔ ɖe eŋu va yi be edze aglã ɖe Katoliko-ha ƒe nufiafiawo ŋu la gafɔ ɖe te ake. Eyata Plantin trɔ gbɔ va Antwerp le ƒe 1585 ƒe nuwuwu, esime Spain dziɖuɖua gate dua dzi ɖuɖu teti. Plantin nɔ eƒe ƒe 60-wo me ɣemaɣi, eye ame ene pɛ koe susɔ hetsɔ agbalẽtamɔ̃ aɖe nɔ dɔ wɔmee le eƒe Sikanuŋlɔti-dɔwɔƒea. Plantin dze agbagba be yeana agbalẽtaƒea nagatso ɖe eƒe afɔ dzi. Ke hã, mede alesi wònɔ tsã la nu gbeɖe o. Plantin ku le July 1, 1589, dzi.
Christophe Plantin tsɔ ƒe 34 ta agbalẽ vovovo 1,863, si fia be etana agbalẽ 55 kloe le mama dedie nu ƒe sia ƒe. Egbea gɔ̃ hã la, asesẽ ŋutɔ hafi agbalẽtala aɖe si le eɖokui si la nata agbalẽ xexlẽme sia ƒe sia ƒe! Togbɔ be Plantin meƒo eɖokui ɖe subɔsubɔha aɖeke me tẽ o hã la, menye agbalẽtata kple ebabla atsyãtɔe koe eƒe dɔa do ɖe ŋgɔ o, ke boŋ ena ame geɖewo hã va srɔ̃ Ŋɔŋlɔawo. (Timoteo II, 3:16) Le nyateƒe me la, Plantin kple agbalẽtala bubu siwo nɔ anyi le eŋɔlime la wɔ akpa vevi aɖe le Biblia la tata me, si wɔe be wòva su amesiame kloe si egbea.
[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]
a “Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa Ƒuta Dukɔwo” fia ƒutanuto siwo le Germany kple France dome, nuto si me Belgium, Netherlands, kple Luxembourg le egbea.
b Wota Biblia sia, si le gbegbɔgblɔ vovovowo me la, le ƒe 1517 me. Hebrigbe, Helagbe, kple Latingbe ye le Biblia sia me, eye eƒe akpa aɖewo hã le Aramgbe me. Kpɔ nyati si ƒe tanyae nye “Komplutensia Biblia Si Le Gbe Vovovowo Me—Gbegɔmeɖegbalẽ Xɔŋkɔ Aɖee Wònye,” si dze le April 15, 2004, ƒe Gbetakpɔxɔ, axa 28-31 me.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]
PLANTIN KPLE MORETUS ƑE BLEMANUDZRAÐOƑE LA
Le ƒe 1877 me la, wokɔ xɔ si me Plantin kple eƒe dzidzimeviwo nɔ le Antwerp dua me hafi nɔ agbalẽtadɔa wɔm la ŋu be wòazu blemanudzraɖoƒe si amewo ate ŋu ayi aɖakpɔ nu. Agbalẽtaƒe siwo nɔ anyi tso ɣemaɣi la dometɔ aɖeke megakpɔtɔ li hele ɖoɖo nu abe esia ene o. Agbalẽtamɔ̃ atɔ̃ siwo wozã tso ƒe alafa 17 lia me va ɖo ƒe 18 lia me la gakpɔtɔ le afima. Agbalẽtamɔ̃ eve bubu siwo wozã le Plantin ŋɔli ke—siwo nye xoxotɔwo kekeake le xexeame—hã le afima. Agbalẽtata ŋuti dɔwɔnu akpe gbogbo aɖewo hã le blemanudzraɖoƒe sia. Agbalẽ 638 sɔŋ siwo woŋlɔ kple asi le ƒe alafa 9 lia me va ɖo ƒe alafa 16 lia me, kple agbalẽ 154, siwo wota do ŋgɔ na ƒe 1501, woe le blemanudzraɖoƒea ƒe agbalẽdzraɖoƒe. Biblia si Gutenberg ta do ŋgɔ na ƒe 1461 kpakple Plantin ƒe Antwerp Polyglot Biblia xɔŋkɔ la, hã le agbalẽ siawo dome.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 16]
Hebrigbe me nuŋlɔɖi gbãtɔ la, Latingbe me “Vulgate” la, Helagbe me “Septuagint” la, Siriagbe me Biblia xoxo si woyɔna be “Peshitta” la, kple Aramgbe me Targum kpakple alesi woɖe wo gɔmee tẽ ɖe Latingbe me lae le Plantin ƒe Polyglot Biblia, si wòta ɖe gbe vovovo me, la me
Arias Montano
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 15]
Nutata eveawo: By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen
[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]
By courtesy of Museum Plantin-Moretus/Stedelijk Prentenkabinet Antwerpen