Xɔsetaʋlilawo Kristotɔwoe Wonye Loo Alo Xexemenunyalawoe?

ƑOMETƆ kplikplikpli gbɔ dɔdɔ, ɖeviwo wuwu, amelãɖuɖu—esiawoe nye nutsotso siwo wotsɔ ɖe Kristotɔwo ŋu le ƒe alafa evelia M.Ŋ. me la dometɔ aɖewo. Esia he yometiti gã aɖe va wo dzi, si ƒoe ɖe yeaɖi Kristotɔ siwo ŋlɔa nu tso Kristotɔnyenye ŋu la nu be woaʋli woƒe xɔse ta. Nuŋlɔla siawo siwo wova yɔ emegbe be xɔsetaʋlilawo la ɖoe be yewoaʋli yewo ɖokuiwo ta be naneke megblẽ le yewoƒe subɔsubɔa ŋu o, bene yewoƒe nu nadze Roma dziɖuɖua kple dukɔmeviwo siaa ŋu. Afɔku nɔ nuwɔna ma me, elabena hafi habɔbɔ aɖe ƒe nu nadze Roma fiaɖuƒea kple eteviwo ŋu la, ele be wòaɖe mɔ woaɖo nu nɛ. Afɔku bubu si gali hãe nye be, woƒe nuwɔnaa ana woagati wo yome ɖe edzi loo, alo ana woatɔ tsi Kristotɔnyenye vavãtɔ la. Ke aleke xɔsetaʋlilawo ʋli woƒe xɔse tae? Nya kawoe wotsɔ ʋli wo ɖokuiwo ta? Eye nu kae do tso woƒe agbagbadzedzeawo me?

Xɔsetaʋlilawo Kple Roma Fiaɖuƒea

Xɔsetaʋlilawo nye agbalẽnyala siwo nɔ anyi tso ƒe alafa evelia va se ɖe etɔ̃lia ƒe gɔmedzedze lɔƒo. Wo dometɔ siwo xɔ ŋkɔ wue nye Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria, kple Tertullian.a Trɔ̃subɔlawo kple Roma dziɖuɖumegãwo koŋ ye woŋlɔ woƒe agbalẽwo na be yewoatsɔ aɖe nu me na wo tso Kristotɔnyenye ŋu, eye woyɔ nya geɖewo tso Biblia me. Gawu la, xɔsetaʋlilawo tsi tsitre ɖe wo yometilawo ŋu, gbe be woƒe nutsotsoawo mele eme o, eye woƒo nu nyui tso Kristotɔwo ŋu.

Xɔsetaʋlilawo ƒe taɖodzinu vevi ɖekae nye be yewoana dziɖuɖumegãwo nase egɔme be Kristotɔwo metsi tsitre ɖe Roma fiagã la alo eƒe fiaɖuƒea ŋu o. Tertullian gblɔ tso fiagã la ŋu be “míaƒe Mawu lae ɖoe zi dzi,” eye Athenagoras ʋli ale si fiagãwo ƒe dzidzimeviwo nyia fiazikpuia dome la ta, evɔ ema nye nudede dunyahehe me. Woto esia dzi ŋe aɖaba ƒu Yesu Kristo ƒe nya siawo dzi be: “Nye fiaɖuƒe menye xexe sia ƒe akpa aɖeke o.”—Yohanes 18:36.

Xɔsetaʋlilawo gblɔ hã be ele be ɖekawɔwɔ nanɔ Roma fiaɖuƒea kple Kristotɔwo dome. Le Melito ƒe nya nu la, ele be nu eve mawo nazɔ aduadu bene ŋutifafa nanɔ fiaɖuƒe bliboa me. The Epistle to Diognetus (Diognetus ƒe Nyanyuigbalẽa) ŋlɔla, si ŋkɔ mele nyanya o, gblɔ be Kristotɔwoe ‘lé xexe bliboa ɖe te.’ Tertullian hã gblɔ be Kristotɔwo doa gbe ɖa be Roma fiaɖuƒea nakpɔ dzidzedze eye be nuɖoanyi sia ƒe nuwuwu nagava kaba o. Esia na wòdze abe Mawu Fiaɖuƒea ƒe vava megahiã o ene.—Mateo 6:9, 10.

Yeaɖi Kristotɔwo Va Zu Xexemenunyafialawo

Xexemenunyala Celsus gblɔ tso Kristotɔwo ŋu fewuɖutɔe be wonye “leblewo, sumékawo, agbledelawo, kple bometsila siwo mele ɖeke me nyam o.” Fewuɖunya mawo ɖu dzi na xɔsetaʋlilawo vevie. Woɖoe be yewoana amewo nakpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe yewo ŋu, si wɔe be wova to wo ɖokuiwo ta ʋiʋli ƒe mɔnu yeye vae. Xexemenunya si gbɔ wogbe nu le tsã la ŋue wova trɔ ɖo azɔ be yewoatsɔ aʋli Kristotɔ si woawo ŋutɔ wobe yewonye ta. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Clement of Alexandria bu xexemenunya be enye “mawuŋutinunya vavã.” Togbɔ be Justin ŋutɔ gblɔ be yegbe nu le nu si wòyɔ be trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe xexemenunya gbɔ hã la, eyae nye ame gbãtɔ si zã xexemenunya tsɔ ʋli Kristotɔwo ƒe dzixɔsewo ta hegblɔ be xexemenunya si ƒomevi yezã la nye “esi ɖea vi, eye naneke megblẽ le eŋu o.”

Alea wòdzɔe be vivivi la, mɔnu si xɔsetaʋlilawo va zãnae nye be, womegatsi tsitre ɖe xexemenunya ŋu o, ke boŋ wona Kristotɔnyenye va dze abe xexemenunya si de ŋgɔ wu trɔ̃subɔlawo tɔ ene. Justin ŋlɔ be: “Le go aɖe me la, míaƒe nufiafiawo sɔ kple hakpanyaŋlɔla kple xexemenunyafiala siwo ŋu míedea bubui tɔ, eye le go bubu me la, wodea blibo hekuna ɖe mawumenunya ŋu wu woawo tɔ.” Ale si xɔsetaʋlilawo va tsɔ xexemenunya ɖo atsyɔ na woƒe nufiafiawoe wɔe be ame geɖe va kpɔ ŋudzedze ɖe nufiafia mawo ŋu hedea asixɔxɔ wo ŋu tso gbe aɖe gbe ke. Xɔsetaʋlilawo gblɔ be Kristotɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Helatɔwo ƒe agbalẽnyalawo tɔwo, eye be nyagblɔɖila siwo ŋu woƒo nu tso le Biblia me la nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Hela xexemenunyalawo. Wo dometɔ aɖewo ƒo nya ta gɔ̃ hã be xexemenunyafiala aɖewo kɔpi nyagblɔɖigbalẽ siwo le Biblia me la me nya aɖewo. Wogblɔ kura be Mose ƒe nusrɔ̃lae Plato nye.

Wotɔ Tsi Kristotɔnyenye

Xɔsetaʋiʋli mɔnu yeye sia wɔe be wova tsɔ xexemenunya tɔ tsi Kristotɔnyenye. Wotsɔ Helatɔwo ƒe mawu aɖewo sɔ kple Bibliamemewo. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, wotsɔ Yesu sɔ kple Perseus; eye wotsɔ Maria ƒe fufɔfɔa sɔ kple Perseus dada Danaë si ŋu wogblɔ le be eya hã nye ɖetugbui nɔaƒe la tɔ.

Wotro gbo Biblia ƒe nufiafia aɖewo ya kura. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Biblia yɔ Yesu be “Nya la,” si fia be eyae nye Mawu ƒe Nyanuɖela. (Yohanes 1:1-3, 14-18; Nyaɖeɖefia 19:11-13) Justin zã xexemenunya tsɔ tro gbo nufiafia sia to Helagbemenya logos, si gɔme woɖe be “nya,” si hã gɔme woagate ŋu aɖe be “tamebubu,” la zazã ɖe mɔ gbegblẽ nu dzi. Egblɔ be Kristotɔwo xɔ nya la to Kristo xɔxɔ me. Gake logos ƒe gɔmesese evelia, si nye tamebubu, ya le ame sia ame me, trɔ̃subɔlawo meto le eme o. Ale wòƒo nya ta be ame sia ame si nya le agbe eye wòbua tame ko la, Kristotɔe wònye, ame siwo gblɔna be yewonye mawudzimaxɔselawo gɔ̃ hã, abe Socrates kple bubuawo ene.

Tsɔ kpe ɖe eŋu la, ale si xɔsetaʋlilawo, abe Tertullian ene, zã gɔmesese si nu Hela xexemenunyalawo zãa nya logos le, si woyɔna tɔna ɖe Mawu ŋutɔ ŋu, tsɔ ɖe logos si Biblia gblɔ be Yesu nye gɔme la wɔe be woto nufiafia aɖewo vɛ, si dzi wova tu Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ dzixɔsea ɖo mlɔeba.b

Nya “luʋɔ” dze le Biblia me wòwu zi 850, eye wo dometɔ 100 kple edzivɔwo dze le Hela Ŋɔŋlɔawo me. Nugbagbe siwo kuna—amegbetɔwo kple lãwo siaa—koŋ ŋue wòkuna ɖo. (1 Korintotɔwo 15:45; Yakobo 5:20; Nyaɖeɖefia 16:3) Ke hã, xɔsetaʋlilawo tro gbo Biblia ƒe nufiafia sia esi wova xɔ Plato ƒe xexemenunya si nye be luʋɔ nye nu makpɔmakpɔ aɖe le amegbetɔ me, si mekuna o la de eme. Minucius Felix gblɔ gɔ̃ hã be Pythagoras ƒe nufiafia si nye be ame si ku ƒe luʋɔ gatrɔna dzɔa ame bubu la dzie wotu ame kukuwo ƒe tsitretsitsi dzixɔsea ɖo. Aleke gbegbe Hela xexemenunya kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe wo dzi wotro gbo Biblia ƒe nufiafiawoe nye esi!

Wowɔ Tiatia Gbegblẽ

Xɔsetaʋlila aɖewo de dzesi nu si xexemenunya ate ŋu agblẽ le Kristotɔnyenye ŋu. Ke hã, togbɔ be wohea nya ɖe xexemenunyalawo ŋu hã, woawo ŋutɔ wolɔ̃a xexemenunya zazã le woƒe numeɖeɖewo me. Le kpɔɖeŋu me, Tatian gblɔ be xexemenunyalawo mele bo aɖeke nu o, evɔ eya kee yɔ Kristotɔnyenye be “míaƒe xexemenunya,” eye wòzã xexemenunya le eƒe numeɖeɖewo me. Tertullian hã ƒo nu tso ŋusẽ gbegblẽ si trɔ̃subɔlawo ƒe xexemenunya ate ŋu akpɔ ɖe Kristotɔwo ƒe nuŋububu dzi la ŋu. Gake eya ŋutɔ ke gagblɔ be yedi be yeadze “Justin, si nye xexemenunyala kple xɔsetakula; Miltiades, si nye sɔlemehaa ƒe xexemenunyafialagã,” kple ame siawo tɔgbi ƒe afɔɖoƒe yome. Athenagoras yɔ eɖokui be “Kristotɔwo ƒe xexemenunyafialagã si tso Atene.” Clement hã se le eɖokui me be “Kristotɔwo ate ŋu awɔ xexemenunya ŋu dɔ ŋuɖɔɖotɔe, abe nunya tsoƒe ene, atsɔ aʋli woƒe xɔse ta.”

Dzidzedze ka kee xɔsetaʋlilawo anya kpɔ le woƒe xɔsetaʋiʋlia me o, wowɔ vodada gã aɖe. Le mɔ ka nu? Apostolo Paulo ɖo ŋku edzi na Kristotɔwo be gbɔgbɔmeʋawɔnu siwo ŋu dɔ woate ŋu awɔ la dometɔ si de ŋgɔ wue nye “Mawu ƒe nya,” si “le agbe, eye ŋusẽ le eŋu.” Paulo gblɔ be to eya dzi la, “míele tamebubuwo kple nu kɔkɔ sia nu kɔkɔ, si tsia tsitre ɖe Mawu ŋuti sidzedze ŋu la mum ƒu anyi.”—Hebritɔwo 4:12; 2 Korintotɔwo 10:4, 5; Efesotɔwo 6:17.

Le zã si do ŋgɔ na eƒe ku me la, Yesu gblɔ na eƒe nusrɔ̃lawo be: “Milé dzi ɖe ƒo! Meɖu xexea dzi.” (Yohanes 16:33) Nɔnɔme sesẽ kple xaxa siwo me wòva to le xexea me la megbɔdzɔ eƒe xɔse kple nuteƒewɔwɔ na Fofoa me o. Apostolo Yohanes, si nye apostolo mamlɛtɔ si ku la hã gblɔ be: “Aʋadziɖuɖu si ɖua xexea dzi lae nye esi: míaƒe xɔse.” (1 Yohanes 5:4) Togbɔ be xɔsetaʋlilawo di be yewoaʋli Kristotɔwo ƒe xɔse ta hã la, wowɔ tiatia gbegblẽ esi wotrɔ ɖe xexemenunya ŋu. Woto esia dzi ɖe mɔ xexemenunya kplɔ wo trae, ale xexea ɖu woawo ŋutɔwo kple Kristotɔnyenye si ƒomevi me wolé ɖe asi la dzi. Eya ta le esi teƒe be sɔlemeha gbãtɔa ƒe xɔsetaʋlilawo naʋli Kristotɔnyenye vavãtɔ ta la, wova dze Satana, si “yia edzi trɔa eɖokui wɔa kekeli ƒe dɔla” la ƒe mɔ me, ɖewohĩ le woawo ŋutɔwo ƒe manyamanya me.—2 Korintotɔwo 11:14.

Nu ma tututue le dzɔdzɔm ɖe egbegbe sɔlemehawo ƒe osɔfowo kple mawunyafialawo hã dzi. Le esi teƒe be woaʋli Kristotɔnyenye ta to Mawu ƒe Nyaa zazã dzi la, ɖe wotɔa tsi Biblia me nyawo zi geɖe to xexemenunya zazã le woƒe nufiafiawo me dzi le agbagbadzedze be yewoalé sɔlemehaa ƒe blema dzixɔsewo me ɖe asi eye yewoƒe nu nadze amewo ŋu ta. Le esi teƒe be woaxlɔ̃ nu amewo tso afɔku siwo le wo ɖokuiwo ƒoƒo ɖe xexea me nuwɔna siwo mewɔ ɖeka kple Ŋɔŋlɔawo o me ŋu la, wozu nufiala siwo ‘lũa tome’ na woƒe nyaselawo bene ame geɖewo nage ɖe yewoƒe ha me. (2 Timoteo 4:3) Nublanuitɔe la, abe xɔsetaʋlila gbãtɔawo ene la, mawunyafiala siawo hã ŋe aɖaba ƒu apostolo Paulo ƒe nuxlɔ̃amenya siawo dzi be: “Mikpɔ nyuie: ɖewohĩ ame aɖe ato xexemenunya kple beble dzodzro dzi le amewo ƒe kɔnyinyiwo nu alé mi adzoe, le xexea ƒe gɔmedzenuwo nu, ke menye le Kristo nu o.” Apostoloa ɖo ŋku edzi na mí be “woƒe nuwuwu anɔ ɖe woƒe dɔwɔwɔwo nu.”—Kolosetɔwo 2:8; 2 Korintotɔwo 11:15.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Nya si ɖe dzesi si le axa 31]

“Míele tamebubuwo kple nu kɔkɔ sia nu kɔkɔ, si tsia tsitre ɖe Mawu ŋuti sidzedze ŋu la mum ƒu anyi.”—2 KORINTOTƆWO 10:5

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 28]

Le Justin ƒe nukpɔsusu nu la, xexemenunya zazã “ɖea vi, eye naneke megblẽ le eŋu o”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 29]

Clement bu xexemenunya be enye “mawuŋutinunya vavã”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 29]

Xexemenunya si Tertullian do ɖe ŋgɔ hã wɔ akpa aɖe le Mawuɖekaetɔ̃ dzixɔsea toto vae me

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 29]

Tatian yɔ Kristotɔnyenye be “míaƒe xexemenunya”

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 30]

Xɔsetaʋlilawo ƒe afɔɖoƒewo yomee sɔlemehawo ƒe osɔfowo kple mawunyafialawo dze

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 31]

Apostolo Paulo xlɔ̃ nu tso xexemenunya kple amewo ƒe beble ŋu

[Picture Credit Lines on page 29]

Clement: Historical Pictures Service; Tertullian: © Bibliothèque nationale de France