Ta 5

Hindu-subɔsubɔ—Ablɔɖe Didi

“Le Hindutɔwo dome la, enye subɔsubɔkɔnu be ne wofɔ la, nu gbãtɔ si wowɔnae nye be woale tsi le tɔsisi si gogo afisi wole la me alo le aƒeme ne tɔ aɖeke megogo afima o. Woxɔe se be esia nana yewonɔa kɔkɔe. Emegbe esi naneke mede ame ƒe nume haɖe o la, woyina ɖe woƒe gbedoxɔ me eye wotsɔa seƒoƒowo kple nuɖuɖu va naa woƒe mawu. Ame aɖewo lea tsi na legba la eye wotsɔa pauɖa dzẽ kple aŋutiɖiɖi wɔa leke nɛ.

“Dzogoe alo xɔ kura gɔ̃ hã nɔa aƒe ɖesiaɖe kloe me hena ƒomea ƒe mawu lɔlɔ̃a subɔsubɔ. Mawu si bɔ ɖe teƒe aɖewoe nye Ganesa, atiglinyimawu la. Wodoa gbe ɖa nɛ vevietɔ be wòana dzɔgbenyui nanɔ yewo ŋu, elabena wogblɔna be eyae ɖea mɔxenuwo ɖa. Le teƒe bubuwo la, woade ta agu na Krishna, Rama, Siva, Durga, alo mawu bubu aɖe gbã.”—Tara C., Kathmandu, Nepal.

1. (a) Ƒo nu tso Hindutɔwo ƒe kɔnu aɖewo ŋu. (b) Nukawoe nye vovototo siwo le Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo kple Hindutɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusuwo dome la ƒe ɖewo?

NUKAE nye Hindu-subɔsubɔha? Alesi Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo susunɛ ko be enye ta dede agu na lãwo, tsi lele le Ganges-tɔsisi me, kple amewo me mamã koe wònyea? Alo ɖe wòfia nu geɖe wu emaa? Ŋuɖoɖoae nye: Efia nu geɖe fũ wu ema. Hindu-subɔsubɔha nye agbe gɔme sese ɖe mɔ si to vovo kura tso Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo tɔ gbɔ nu. Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo lɔ̃a agbe bubu be enye nusi me ŋutinya me nudzɔdzɔwo dzɔna ɖe ɣeyiɣi ƒe ɖoɖo nu le. Hindutɔwo bua agbe be enye nusi dzɔna gadzɔna zi geɖe, esi me amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutinya mele vevie boo o.

2, 3. (a) Nukatae wòsesẽ be woaɖe Hindu-subɔsubɔha gɔme? (b) Aleke Indiatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla aɖe ɖe Hindu-subɔsubɔha kple mawugeɖesubɔsubɔ gɔmee?

² Mele bɔbɔe be woaɖe nusi Hindu-subɔsubɔha nye la gɔme o, elabena dzixɔse si wogblɔ tẽ, nunɔlawo ƒe ɖoɖo, alo woƒe tatɔwo teƒenɔlawo ƒe ɖoɖo aɖeke mele wo si o. Gake swamiwo (nufialawo) kple guruwo (gbɔgbɔmemɔfialawo) ya le wo si. Ŋutinyagbalẽ aɖe si ɖe Hindu-subɔsubɔ gɔme gbadzaa la gblɔ be enye “dzixɔse kple nuɖoanyi vovovo siwo katã nɔ anyi tso esime woŋlɔ woƒe blemaŋɔŋlɔ (kɔkɔetɔwo kekeake) siwo nye Vedawo la dzi vaseɖe fifia.” Agbalẽ bubu gblɔ be: “Míate ŋu agblɔ be Hindu-subɔsubɔe nye ta dede agu na mawu siwo nye Vishnu, alo Shiva [Siva], alo mawunɔ Shakti, alo woƒe gbugbɔgadzɔwo, kple nɔnɔme vovovo siwo me woɖe wo ɖokui fia le, wo srɔ̃wo, alo woƒe dzidzimeviwo.” Ema wɔe be wòlɔ kɔmamã siwo nye Rama kple Krishna (Vishnu ƒe eɖokui ɖeɖe fia le ŋutilã me), Durga, Skanda, kple Ganesa (siwo nye Siva srɔ̃ kple via) ɖe eme. Wogblɔ be mawu miliɔn 330 ye Hindutɔwo subɔna, ke hã la, wogblɔna be Hindu-subɔsubɔha menye mawugeɖesubɔsubɔ o. Nukatae?

³ Indiatɔ agbalẽŋlɔla A. Parthasarathy ɖe eme be: “Hindutɔwo menye mawugeɖesubɔlawo o. Mawu ɖeka ŋu koe Hindu-subɔsubɔha ƒoa nu le . . . Mawu gã ɖeka la ƒe ŋusẽwo kple eƒe dɔwɔwɔwo le xexe si wokpɔna me la teƒe koe mawu kple mawunɔ siwo le mawu ƒe ƒuƒoƒoa me la le.”

4. Nukawoe nya “Hindu-subɔsubɔha” lɔ ɖe eme?

⁴ Hindutɔwo yɔa woƒe xɔse la be sanatana dharma, si gɔmee nye se alo ɖoɖo mavɔ. Le nyateƒe me la, nya si wogblɔna gbadzaa tsɔ yɔa subɔsubɔha kple kɔmamã (sampradaya) gbogbo aɖewo siwo dzɔ tso blema Hindu-gli vovovoawo me la koe ŋkɔ Hindu-subɔsubɔhaa nye. Gli mawo sa kɔ ale gbegbe be New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology gblɔ be: “Indiatɔwo ƒe gliwo nye avetsu dodo si me mɔ mele woato o. Ne ège ɖe eme la, màgakpɔ ɣe ƒe keklẽ o eye afisi yim nèle la abu ɖe wò.” Ke hã la, ta sia aƒo nu tso xɔse ma ƒe akpa aɖewo kple nufiafia aɖewo ŋu.

Hindu-subɔsubɔha la ƒe Blemadzɔtsoƒewo

5. Aleke gbegbe Hindu-subɔsubɔha la keke tae?

⁵ Togbɔ be Hindu-subɔsubɔha mabɔ abe subɔsubɔha gã bubu aɖewo ene o hã la, le ƒe 1990 me la, emenɔlawo de miliɔn 700 kloe, alo esi anye abe ame 1 le anyigbadzinɔla 8 (13%) ɖesiaɖe dome ene. Gake amesiawo ƒe akpa gãtɔ le India. Eyata susu le eme be míabia be, Aleke Hindu-subɔsubɔha wɔ va xɔ aƒe ɖe India eye nukatae?

6, 7. (a) Le ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖewo ƒe nya nu la, aleke Hindu-subɔsubɔ wɔ va ɖo India? (b) Aleke Hindutɔwo tu woƒe xo le tsiɖɔɖɔa ŋui? (d) Abe alesi tomenukula Marshall gblɔe ene la, subɔsubɔ ka ƒomevie nɔ Indus-balia me do ŋgɔ na Aryatɔwo ƒe vava?

⁶ Ŋutinyaŋlɔla aɖewo gblɔ be Hindu-subɔsubɔha dze egɔme ƒe 3,500 kple edzivɔwoe nye sia esime Aryatɔ siwo ƒe ŋutigbalẽ fu kpii gbogbo aɖewo ʋu va nɔ Indus-Bali, si ƒe akpa gãtɔ le Pakistan kple India fifia la me. Wokaka tso afima yi Ganges-tɔsisia ƒe baliwo me kple ɖe India katã. Amesiwo nya esia nyuie dometɔ aɖewo gblɔ be blema Iran kple Babilontɔwo ƒe nufiafiawo dzie wotu woƒe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe nukpɔsusuwo ɖo. Nane si bɔ ɖe dukɔ geɖe me si hã le Hindu-subɔsubɔ mee nye tsiɖɔɖɔ ŋuti xotutuwo.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 120.

⁷ Gake mawusubɔsubɔ ka ƒomevie nɔ Indus-Balia me hafi Aryatɔwo va? Aƒetɔ John Marshall si nye blemanukula aɖe ƒo nu tso “‘Mawunɔ Gã La,’ si ƒe nɔnɔmetata aɖewo nye nyɔnu funɔ ƒe kpememewo [ŋu], eye woƒe akpa gãtɔ nye nyɔnu siwo le amama eye wodo kɔmedzonu hebla ta lɔbɔɔ. . . . Emegbe àkpɔ ‘Mawu si nye Ŋutsu,’ ‘si nàte ŋu akpɔ adze sii zi ɖeka be eyae do ŋgɔ na mawu si nye Siva si xɔ ŋkɔ le ŋutinya me la ƒe nɔnɔmetata la’, enɔ anyi eye eƒe afɔƒomewo ka wo nɔewo ŋu (esia nye alesi wonɔa anyii le yoga wɔwɔ me), eye eƒe vidzinu dzɔ kã (esia ɖo ŋku lingam [vidzinu] ƒe tadedeagu dzi na mí), lãwo ƒo xlãe (enye ŋkɔ si wotsɔ na Shiva be enye ‘lãwo ƒe Aƒetɔ’ la ƒe nɔnɔmetata). Kpemème siwo nye ŋutsu kple nyɔnu ƒe vidzinuwo bɔ, siwo fia asi ta dede agu na Shiva ƒe lingam kple srɔ̃a ƒe yoni.” (World Religions—From Ancient History to the Present) Vaseɖe egbegbe la, wodea ta agu na Siva abe vidzidzimawu, ŋutsu ƒe vidzinu alo lingam ƒe mawu ene. Nyitsu si ŋkɔe nye Nandi dzie wòbɔbɔ nɔ.

8, 9. (a) Aleke Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽnyala aɖe tsi tre ɖe susu si Marshall do ɖa la ŋui? (b) Nya kawoe wògblɔ tsɔ tsi tre ɖe Hindutɔwo kple “Kristotɔwo” ƒe subɔsubɔnuwo ŋu? (d) Nukawo dzie wonɔ te ɖo ŋlɔ Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ kɔkɔewo?

⁸ Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla Swami Sankarananda melɔ̃ ɖe Marshall ƒe numeɖeɖea dzi o; egblɔ be gbã la, kpe siwo wodea ta agu na, siwo dometɔ aɖewo woyɔna be Sivalinga la nye “yamedzo alo ɣe, kple ɣe ƒe dzo si nye ɣekeklẽwo ƒe dzesi.” (The Rigvedic Culture of the Pre-Historic Indus) Eɖe nu me be “gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe tadedeagu ɣaɣla la medze egɔme abe mawusubɔsubɔ ƒe tadedeagu ene o. Emegbe hafi wòva zu tadedeagu ƒe subɔsubɔha ɣaɣla. Gbãtɔ lae va gblẽ. Ameawoe ɖiɖi nusi de blibo, si kɔkɔ na wo akpa be woase egɔme la ɖe anyi, ɖe nusi anya wɔ na wo la nu.” Le tsitre tsitsi ɖe alesi Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ɖea ɖeklemi Hindu-subɔsubɔe ŋu me la, egblɔ be, esi Kristotɔwo dea ta agu na atitsoga si nye ŋutsu ƒe vidzinu ƒe dzesi na trɔ̃subɔlawo ta la, “Kristotɔwoe . . . doa vivi ɖe gbɔdɔdɔ ƒe tadedeagu ŋu.”

⁹ Le ɣeyiɣi aɖewo megbe la, woŋlɔ Indiatɔwo ƒe dzixɔseawo, gliawo kple woƒe xotutuawo ɖi, eye woawoe va zu Hindu-subɔsubɔ ƒe agbalẽ kɔkɔewo egbea. Togbɔ be agbalẽ kɔkɔe mawo ƒo nu tso nu geɖe ŋu hebɔ hã la, womedze agbagba be yewoaɖo Hindu-nufiafia si me ɖekawɔwɔ le la anyi o.

Hindutɔwo ƒe Agbalẽ Kɔkɔewo

10. Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ xoxowo dometɔ aɖewo ŋkɔ ɖe?

¹⁰ Agbalẽ gbãtɔ siwo woŋlɔe nye Vedawo, siwo nye gbedodoɖawo kple hadzidziwo ƒe ƒuƒoƒo siwo woyɔna be Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, kple Atharva-Veda. Woŋlɔ wo le ƒe alafa geɖe me eye wowu wo nu le ƒe 900 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo. Wotsɔ ŋɔŋlɔ bubuwo, siwo dome Brahmanawo kple Upanishadwo hã le, va kpe ɖe Vedawo ŋu emegbe.

11. (a) Vovototo kae le Brahmanawo kple Upanishadwo dome? (b) Nufiafia kawoe le Upanishadwo me?

¹¹ Brahmanawo gblɔ alesi woawɔ kɔnu kple vɔsa siwo wowɔna le aƒeme kple dutoƒoe kɔte eye wòɖe gɔmesese deto si le wo ŋu la me tsitotsito. Wodze wo ŋɔŋlɔ gɔme tso ƒe 300 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo alo le ema megbe. Upanishadwo, (egɔmeɖeɖe tẽe nye, “nufiala gbɔ nɔnɔwo”), siwo wogayɔna be Vedanta la, siwo woŋlɔ le ƒe 600-300 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo la, nye numeɖegbalẽ siwo ɖe susu si le megbe na tamebubu kple nuwɔna ɖesiaɖe, le Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia nu, la me. Wogblɔ samsara (luʋɔ ƒe gege ɖe ŋutilã bubu me) kple Karma (dzixɔse si nye be agbe si wonɔ va yi gbɔe nɔnɔme si me wole le fifigbenɔnɔ me la tso) ƒe nufiafiawo ɖe agbalẽ siawo me.

12. Amekae nye Rama, eye afikae woakpɔ eƒe ŋutinya le?

¹² Woƒe agbalẽwo ƒe hatsotso bubue nye Puranawo, alo ŋutinya siwo nye kpɔɖeŋunyagbɔgblɔ siwo me Hindutɔwo ƒe mawuwo kple mawunɔwo kpakple Hindutɔwo ƒe kalẽtɔwo ƒe gliwo le. Ramayana kple Mahabharata ƒe ŋutinya didiwo hã le Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ gbogbo siawo me. A. Parthasarathy gblɔ be gbãtɔe nye “Aƒetɔ Rama . . . amesi ŋu ŋutikɔkɔe le wu le amesiwo katã woyɔ ɖe agbalẽ siwo tso ŋɔŋlɔawo me dome” la ƒe ŋutinya. Ramayana la nye Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ siwo bɔ wu la dometɔ ɖeka eye woŋlɔe le ƒe alafa enelia D.M.Ŋ. lɔƒo. Enye Rama, alo Ramachandra, si Hindutɔwo buna be enye amesi ɖo kpɔɖeŋu nyuitɔ ɖi abe viŋutsu, nɔviŋutsu, kple srɔ̃ŋutsu ene la ƒe ŋutinya. Wobui be eyae nye Vishnu ƒe avatar (gbugbɔgadzɔ ɖe ŋutilã me) adrelia, eye woyɔa eŋkɔ tsɔ doa gbee na ame.

13, 14. (a) Le Hindugbalẽ aɖe ƒe nya nu la, nukae nye Bhagavad Gita? (b) Sruti kple Smriti gɔme ɖe, eye nukae nye Manu Smriti?

¹³ Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, amesi nye Ŋudzɔ Nɔnɔ ɖe Krishna Ŋu ƒe Dukɔwo Dome Habɔbɔ ɖoanyila gblɔ be “Bhagavad-gītā [Mahabharata ƒe akpa aɖe] lae nye agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe mɔfiafia kɔkɔtɔ kekeake. Mɔfiame siwo le Bhagavad-gītā me lae nye mɔ si nu wosubɔa mawu toe ƒe kɔkɔtɔ kple agbenyuinɔnɔmɔ kɔkɔtɔ. . . . Nya mamletɔ si le Gītā me si nye: bɔbɔ ɖokuiwò ɖe Kṛṣṇa [Krishna] te, ye nye agbenyuinɔnɔ kpakple mawusubɔsubɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒe nya mamletɔ.”—BG.

¹⁴ Bhagavad Gita (Dziƒohadzidzi) la si ame aɖewo buna be enye “kpe xɔasi le India ƒe gbɔgbɔmenunya me” la nye aʋagbedzidzeɖoɖo aɖe le “Aƒetɔ Śrī Kṛṣṇa [Krishna], si nye Ame Gãtɔ le Mawuƒokpli la me kple Arjuna, Exɔlɔ̃ vevi kple esubɔla, amesi Wòfia alesi woaɖo ame ŋutɔ ƒe ŋutetewo gbɔ la dome.” Gake Bhagavad Gita la nye Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ kɔkɔe gbogboawo dometɔ ɖeka ko. Wobu agbalẽ siawo dometɔ aɖewo (Vedawo, Brahmanawo, kple Upanishadwo) be wonye Sruti, alo “nya siwo wose,” eye le ema ta wobu wo be wonye ŋɔŋlɔ kɔkɔe siwo woɖe fia tẽ. Bubuwo, abe ŋutinya didiwo kple Puranawo ene, nye Smriti, alo “nya siwo dzi woɖo ŋkui,” eyata wonye nuŋlɔla amegbetɔwo ƒe agbalẽwo, togbɔ be ɖeɖefia me woɖe wo tsoe gake. Eƒe kpɔɖeŋu aɖee nye Manu Smriti, si gblɔ Hindutɔwo ƒe mawusubɔsubɔsewo kple hadomegbenɔnɔsewo, hekpe ɖe vovototo dede ame me ƒe nuɖoanyi alo amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi la. Dzixɔse siwo Hindugbalẽ siawo fia dometɔ aɖewo ɖe?

Nufiafiawo Kple Agbenɔnɔ—Ahimsa Kple Varna

15. (a) Gblɔ nusi ahimsa la nye, eye nàgblɔ alesi Jaintɔwo zãnɛ. (b) Aleke Ghandi bu ahimsae? (d) Aleke Sikhtɔwo to vovo tso Hindutɔwo kple Jaintɔwo gbɔe?

¹⁵ Abe alesi wòle subɔsubɔha bubuwo mee ene la, le Hindu-subɔsubɔha me la, nufiafia vevi aɖewo li siwo kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe amewo ƒe tamebubu kple gbesiagbegbenɔnɔ dzi. Wo dometɔ ɖedzesi aɖee nye ahimsa (Sanskritgbe, ahinsa), alo ʋunyaʋunyamawɔmawɔ si me Mohandas Gandhi (ƒe 1869-1948), si woyɔna be Mahatma, xɔ ŋkɔ le vevie. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 113.) Le nufiafia sia nu la, mele be Hindutɔwo nawu nuwɔwɔ bubuwo alo asẽ ŋuta le wo ŋu o, eye esiae nye nusiwo tae Hindutɔwo dea ta agu na lã aɖewo abe nyi, da, kple kese ene la dometɔ ɖeka. Amesiwo léa nufiafia sia me ɖe asi goŋgoŋ ye nye Jain-subɔsubɔha (si woɖo le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ.) la me tɔwo, amesiwo zɔa afɔ ƒuƒlu eye wotsɔa takuvi blaa nui hã be nudzodzoe aɖeke megava ge ɖe nume na yewo yewoami o. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 104, kple foto si le axa 108.) Le nusi to vovo na amesiawo tɔ me la, Sikhtɔwo xɔ ŋkɔ le aʋawɔwɔ me, eye Singh, si nye ŋkɔ mamlea si wolɔ̃a tsɔtsɔ kpe woƒe ŋkɔ gɔmee nye dzata.—Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 100-101.

16. (a) Aleke Hindutɔwo bua amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi lae? (b) Nukae Ghandi gblɔ tso amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyia ŋu?

¹⁶ Hindu-subɔsubɔ ƒe nuwɔna aɖe si wonya le xexeame katãe nye varna, alo vovototo dede amewo ƒe hatsotsowo me ƒe nuɖoanyi (amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi) si mã amewo ɖe hatsotso siwo ŋu màte ŋu awɔ naneke le o la me. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 113.) Mesesẽ be nàde dzesii be nuɖoanyi sia gamã Hindutɔwo dome klukluklui kokoko o, togbɔ be Buddhatɔwo kple Jaintɔwo gbee hã. Gake abe alesi vovototo dede ŋutigbalẽ vovovo me tɔwo me gakpɔtɔ le United States kple teƒe bubuwoe ene la, nenema ke amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyia gaƒo ke ɖe to sesĩe ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe susu mee. Le mɔ aɖe nu la, enye ŋudzɔ nɔnɔ ɖe amewo ƒe hatsotso si me tɔe wonye ŋu, si tɔgbe ƒe akpa sue aɖe woate ŋu akpɔ le Britaniatɔwo kple dukɔ bubuwo me tɔwo me. (Yakobo 2:1-9) Eyata wodzia ame ɖe amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi sesẽ tikaa aɖe me le India, eye ƒã hafi nate ŋu awɔ nane le eŋu. Gawu la, Hinduwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ medzea agbagba be yewo ŋutɔwo yewoawɔ naneke le eŋu o. Wobunɛ be enye dzɔgbe ƒe nuɖoɖo si nu yewomate ŋu asi le o, si nye nusiwo yewowɔ le anyinɔnɔ siwo va yi, alo Karma, me la metsonu. Gake aleke amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyia wɔ va dzɔ? Le esia hã me la, ɖeko wòle be míagayi ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo me.

17, 18. Le Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo ƒe nya nu la, aleke amememamãnuɖoanyi la wɔ dzɔ?

¹⁷ Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo gblɔ be, le gɔmedzedzea me la, amewo ƒe hatsotso enee nɔ anyi siwo woɖo ɖe Purusha, amesi le abe ameƒomea fofo gbãtɔ ene la ƒe ŋutilã ƒe akpa vovovoawo nu. Rig-Veda me hadzidziwo gblɔ be:

“Esi womã Purusha la, akpa nenie wokpɔ?

Aleke woyɔ na eƒe nu kple eƒe abɔwo? Aleke woyɔ na eƒe atawo kple afɔwo?

Brahman [hatsotso kɔkɔtɔ] ye nye eƒe nu, eƒe abɔ eveae wotsɔ wɔ Rajanya.

Eƒe atawo zu Vaisya, eƒe afɔwo mee Sudra dzɔ tso.”—The Bible of the World.

¹⁸ Eyata wosusui be nunɔlawo ƒe hatsotso si nye Brahmanwo, hatsotso kɔkɔtɔ la, dzɔ tso Purusha ƒe nume, si nye eƒe ŋutilã ƒe dzimekpa dzi. Fiawo alo aʋawɔlawo ƒe hatsotso (Kshatriya alo Rajanya) dzɔ tso eƒe abɔwo me. Asitsalawo kple asinudɔwɔlawo ƒe hatsotso si woyɔna be Vaisya, alo, Vaishya dzɔ tso eƒe atawo me. Sudra, alo, Shudra ƒe hatsotso si le tsɛ wu siwo nye dɔ tsɛ wɔlawo dzɔ tso afɔ, esi nye eƒe ŋutilã ƒe akpa si bɔbɔ ɖe anyi wu la me.

19. Amemamãɖoɖo bubu kawo hãe dzɔ?

¹⁹ Le ƒe alafa aɖewo megbe la, hatsotso siwo gale tsɛ wu kura va dzɔ, woawoe nye amesiwo mele ɖekeɖeke me o kple Amesiwo Ŋu Ame Ŋuti Mekana O, alo abe alesi Mahatma Gandhi yɔ wo dɔmenyotɔe wu ene la, wonye Harijanwo, alo, “mawu Vishnu ƒe amewo.” Togbɔ be wode se ɖe amewo ƒe ameŋumakamaka nu le India le ƒe 1948 me ke hã la, agbenɔnɔ gasẽ ŋutɔ na Amesiwo Ŋu Ame Ŋuti Mekana O kokoko.

20. Nukawoe nye amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi la ƒe akpa bubuwo?

²⁰ Esi ɣeyiɣiawo nɔ yiyim la, hatsotsoawo dzi ɖe edzi ɖe Indiatɔwo ƒe dɔ kple asinudɔ ɖesiaɖe kloe nu. Le nyateƒe me la, blema amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi sia, si na ŋutsu kple nyɔnu ɖesiaɖe nɔa eƒe nɔƒe le hadomegbenɔnɔ me, nye vovototo dede ŋutigbalẽwo me hã eye “ŋutigbalẽ siwo ɖe dzesi nyuie tso amesiwo woyɔna be Aryatɔwo [siwo ƒe agbalẽ me klẽ] vaseɖe amesiwo nɔ anyi do ŋgɔ na Dravid-ƒomeawo [siwo ƒe ŋutilã nyɔ wu] la dzi la le [nuɖoanyi sia] me.” Nya varna, alo amemetsyatsya, la gɔmee nye “amadede.” “Hatsotso etɔ̃ gbãtɔwo nye Aryatɔwo, amesiwo ƒe ŋutigbalẽ me klẽ wu; hatsotso eneliae nye ame gbãtɔ siwo koŋ nye afimatɔwo, amesiwo ƒe ŋutigbalẽ nyɔ, siwo menye Aryatɔwo o.” (Myths and Legends Series—India, si Donald A. Mackenzie ŋlɔ) Nyateƒee wònye le Indiatɔwo ƒe agbenɔnɔ me be memamãɖoɖo sia, si subɔsubɔha ƒe nufiafia si nye Karma do ŋusẽe, la na ame miliɔn geɖewo le ahedada kple madzɔmadzɔnyenye ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ me ɣesiaɣi.

Gbugbɔgadzɔ Mavɔmavɔ Tiameawo

21. Aleke Garuda Purana gblɔ be Karma kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe ame ƒe dzɔgbe dzii?

²¹ Dzixɔse bubu si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe nuwɔwɔ kple agbenɔnɔ dzi, eye wònye esi le vevie wue nye Karma ƒe nufiafia la. Esiae nye gɔmeɖose si nye be nuwɔna ɖesiaɖe metsonu si nye nyui alo vɔ̃ la li; etsoa nya me le alesi luʋɔ si ge ɖe ŋutilã bubu me, alo esi gagbugbɔdzɔ la ƒe anyinɔnɔ ɖesiaɖe anɔ la ŋu. Abe alesi Garuda Purana ɖe emee ene la:

“Ame ŋutɔe ɖoa nu na eƒe dzɔgbese, eye esime wònye ʋukɔe kura gɔ̃ hã la agbe si wònɔ va yi tsã la ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe edzi. Eɖanye amea tsi teƒe ɣaɣlɛ aɖe le todzi alo le alɔ̃ dɔm le atsiaƒu titina o, eɖale dedie le dadaa ƒe ata ta alo dadaa dae do ɖe dzi o, womate ŋu asi le nusiwo wowɔ va yi la metsonuwo nu o. . . . Nusianu si ke adzɔ ɖe ame aɖe dzi le ƒe aɖe xɔxɔ me kple le ɣeyiɣi aɖe dzi tututu la adzɔ ɖe edzi godoo ɣemaɣi le ɣletiŋkeke ma dzi.”

Garuda Purana la yi edzi be:

“Sidzedze si su ame si le eƒe dzɔdzɔ si do ŋgɔ me, kesinɔnu siwo wòna amewo abe amenuvevenunana ene le eƒe anyinɔnɔ si do ŋgɔ me, kple dɔ siwo katã wòwɔ le eƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ si va yi me, dzea ŋgɔ na eƒe luʋɔ le eƒe anyinɔnɔ kpui la me.”

22. (a) Vovototo kae le afisi Hindutɔwo gblɔna be luʋɔ la yina ne woku kple afisiwo Kristodukɔa gblɔ be eyae wòyina la dome? (b) Nukae Biblia fia tso luʋɔa ŋu?

²² Nuka ŋue dzixɔse sia ziɔ ɖo? Luʋɔ makumaku nufiafia hiã na Karma nufiafia sia, eye Karma lae nye nusi na Hindutɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu ku ɖe luʋɔ ŋu la to vovo na Kristodukɔa tɔ. Hindutɔwo xɔ edzi se be luʋɔ, jīva alo prān,b ɖesiaɖe toa gbugbɔgadzɔ geɖe me eye ate ŋu ava eme be anɔ “hell” hã. Ele be wòaʋli sesĩe be yeawɔ ɖeka kple “Ŋusẽ Kɔkɔtɔ Kekeake,” si woyɔna hã be Brahman, alo Brahm (eto vovo na Hindutɔwo ƒe mawu Brahma) la. Gake le subɔsubɔha si me amea le ƒe dzixɔsewo nu la, Kristodukɔa ƒe nufiafiawo gblɔ be luʋɔ la ate ŋu ayi dziƒo, hell, ŋutiklɔdzo me, alo Limbo.—Nyagblɔla 9:5, 6, 10; Psalmo 146:4.

23. Aleke Karma la kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe Hindutɔwo ƒe nukpɔsusu le agbe ŋu la dzie? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Galatiatɔwo 6:7-10.)

²³ Le Karma nufiafia la ta la, Hindutɔwo lɔ̃a dzɔgbese dzi xɔxɔ se. Woxɔe se be nɔƒe si ame aɖe le kple nɔnɔme si me wòle la nye eƒe anyinɔnɔ si do ŋgɔ la metsonu eye le ema ta enye nusi dze nɛ, eɖanye nyui alo vɔ̃ o. Hindutɔ ate ŋu adze agbagba be yeanɔ agbe si ɖɔ ʋu wu bene agbe nanya nɔ na ye vie wu le anyinɔnɔ si akplɔe ɖo me. Eyata nɔnɔme si me wòle le agbe me nya tsɔna nɛ bɔbɔe wu Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo. Hindutɔ bua esiawo katã be enye se si nye nusi gbɔ nane tso kple emetsonue zɔna la metsonu si ƒe dɔwɔwɔ tso eƒe anyinɔnɔ si do ŋgɔ me. Enye nusi nèƒã le nusi wosusu be enye anyinɔnɔ si do ŋgɔ me la ŋeŋe. Gake nyagbɔgblɔ si nye be luʋɔ makumaku li si dzona yia agbe bubu me, eɖanye ame, lã, alo gbee wòava zu o, dzie wotu esiawo katã ɖo.

24. Nukae nye moksha, eye aleke Hindutɔwo bu be wowɔna kpɔnɛ?

²⁴ Eyata nukae nye Hindutɔ ƒe taɖodzinu mamletɔ? Eyae nye be yeƒe asi nasu moksha dzi, esi gɔmee nye ablɔɖe, alo ɖeɖe, tso gbugbɔgadzɔ kple anyinɔnɔ vovovowo ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖefunamewo si me. Eyata enye sisi le anyinɔnɔ si nye ŋutilã me tɔ nu, menye ŋutilã la ƒe sisi le enu o ke boŋ “luʋɔ” la ƒe sisi le enu. Numeɖela aɖe gblɔ be: “Esi wònye moksha, alo ɖeɖe kpɔkpɔ tso gbugbɔgadzɔ atraɖii mee nye Hindutɔ ɖesiaɖe ƒe taɖodzinu ta la, nudzɔdzɔ vevitɔ le eƒe agbe mee nye eƒe ku nyateƒe.” Woate ŋu akpɔ moksha ne wowɔ nu ɖe marga, alo mɔ, vovovoawo nu. (Kpɔ aɖaka si le axa 110.) Mawusubɔsubɔ nufiafia sia nɔ te ɖe blema Babilontɔwo ƒe luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia dzi loo!

25. Aleke Hindutɔwo ƒe susu ku ɖe agbe ŋu to vovo na Biblia ƒe nukpɔsusui?

²⁵ Gake Biblia ɖee fia be fu léle ŋutilãmegbenɔnɔ kple gbɔ ɖiɖii nye nusi tututu tsi tre ɖe Yehowa Mawu ƒe tameɖoɖo gbãtɔ ɖe ameƒomea ŋu la ŋuti. Esime wòwɔ atsu kple asi gbãtɔ la, ena anyigbadzigbenɔnɔ si me dzidzɔ le la wo. Biblia ƒe nuŋlɔɖia gblɔ na mí be:

“Eye Mawu wɔ ame ɖe ye ŋutɔ ƒe nɔnɔme, Mawu ƒe nɔnɔme nue wòwɔe ɖo; ŋutsu kple nyɔnu wòwɔ. Eye Mawu yra wo, eye Mawu gblɔ na wo bena: Midzi, ne miasɔ gbɔ, eye miayɔ anyigba la dzi, eye mianye agbo ɖe edzi, miaɖu ƒumelãwo kple dziƒoxe dzodzoewo kple lã siwo katã zɔna le anyigba dzi la dzi! . . . Eye Mawu kpɔ nusiwo katã wòwɔ la, eye kpɔ ɖa, wonyo ŋutɔ.” (Mose I, 1:27-31)

Biblia gblɔe ɖi be ŋutifafa kple dzɔdzɔenyenye ƒe ɣeyiɣi aɖe si me nɔƒe nyui anɔ anyi na ƒome ɖesiaɖe esi anye woawo ŋutɔwo tɔ, eye lãmesẽ kple agbenɔnɔ deblibo anye ameƒomea katã ƒe gome mavɔ la le ŋgɔgbe gbɔna na anyigba la kpuie.—Yesaya 65:17-25; Petro II, 3:13; Nyaɖeɖefia 21:1-4.

26. Nyabiabia ka ŋue wòle be woaɖo azɔ?

²⁶ Nyabiabia si gakplɔe ɖoe nye, Mawu kawo ŋue wòle be Hindutɔ nadze bene wòakpɔ Karma nyuitɔ?

Hindutɔwo ƒe Mawu Gbogboawo

27, 28. (a) Mawu kawo ƒe ƒuƒoƒoe nye Hindutɔwo ƒe Trimurti la? (b) Amekawoe nye wo srɔ̃wo? (d) Yɔ Hindu-mawu kple mawunɔ aɖewo ŋkɔ.

²⁷ Togbɔ be Hindu-subɔsubɔ la atɔ asi akɔ be mawu miliɔn geɖee le ye si hã la, le nuwɔna ŋutɔŋutɔ me la, mawu tɔxɛ aɖewo li siwo koŋ dzi Hindutɔwo ƒe kɔmamã vovovoawo ƒe ŋku nɔna vevie. Mawu siwo ɖe dzesi wu dometɔ etɔ̃e nye nusi Hindutɔwo yɔna be Trimurti, si nye mawuɖekaetɔ̃, alo mawuetɔ̃ƒokpli.—Kpɔ Hindutɔwo ƒe mawu bubuawo le aɖaka si le axa 116-17 la me.

²⁸ Mawuetɔ̃ƒokplia ye nye Brahma Wɔla la, Vishnu Ametakpɔla la, kple Siva Ametsrɔ̃la la, eye ne mede ɖeke o la, srɔ̃ ɖeka teti le wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe si. Brahma ɖe Saraswati, sidzedze ƒe mawunɔ la. Vishnu srɔ̃e nye Lakshmi, eye Siva srɔ̃ gbãtɔe nye Sati si wu eɖokui. Eyae nye nyɔnu gbãtɔ si wode vɔsadzo me, eyata ezu Hindu-nyɔnu gbãtɔ si wotɔ dzoe ɖe srɔ̃a ƒe nake dzi tsɔ ɖo kpe alesi wòlɔ̃e la dzi. Le gli me kpɔɖeŋu sia sɔsrɔ̃ me la, Hindutɔ ahosi akpe geɖe tsɔ wo ɖokui sa vɔe le ƒe alafa geɖe me le nake si dzi wotɔ dzo wo srɔ̃ siwo ku le la dzi, gake wode se ɖe nuwɔna sia nu fifia. Siva gaɖe srɔ̃ bubu si wotsɔ ŋkɔ kple dzesideŋkɔ geɖe na. Ne edze akɔ anyi la, woyɔnɛ be Parvati kple Uma, kpakple Gauri, Sikame la. Woyɔnɛ be Durga alo Kali ne ezu mawunɔ si ŋu ŋɔdzi le.

29. Aleke Hindutɔwo bua Brahmae? (Tsɔe sɔ kple Dɔwɔwɔwo 17:22-31.)

²⁹ Togbɔ be Brahma dze zi geɖe le Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo me hã la, mexɔ nɔƒe vevi aɖeke le Hindutɔ akpa gãtɔ ƒe subɔsubɔ me o. Le nyateƒe me la, gbedoxɔ ʋee aɖewo koe nye etɔ, togbɔ be eyae woyɔna be Brahma Wɔla la gake. Gake Hindutɔwo gblɔna le woƒe gliwo me be ŋusẽ, dzɔtsoƒe, alo ame si wɔ xexeame ŋutɔŋutɔ si wokpɔnae nye Brahman, alo Brahm, eye wotsɔa nyayɔyɔ kɔkɔe OM alo AUM dea dzesii. Wobu mawuɖekaetɔ̃ la me tɔwo katã be wonye “Ame” ma ƒe akpa aɖe, eye wobua mawu bubuwo katã be wonye eƒe nɔnɔme vovovowo ɖeɖefia. Eyata mawu ɖesiaɖe si wodea ta agu na abe amesi nye mawu gãtɔ ene la, wobua mawu ma be eyae ƒo nusianu ta. Eyata togbɔ be Hindutɔwo dea ta agu na mawu miliɔn geɖe gaglã hã la, wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ ʋua eme be Mawu vavãtɔ ɖeka koe li, eye nɔnɔme vovovo ate ŋu anɔ esi: ate ŋu anye ŋutsu, nyɔnu, alo lã kura gɔ̃ hã. Eyata Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽnyalawo lɔ̃a gbɔgblɔ enumake be Hindu-subɔsubɔ nye mawuɖekasubɔsubɔ, menye mawugeɖesubɔsubɔe o. Gake emegbe la, Veda la ƒe nugɔmesese na woɖe asi le nufiafia si nye be mawu aɖe li si ƒo ɖesiaɖe ta la ŋu eye wotsɔ nufiafia si nye be mawumegɔmeɖose alo mawumenyateƒe aɖe si menye ame o li la ɖɔ lii.

30. Vishnu ƒe avatarwo dometɔ aɖewo ɖe?

³⁰ Vishnu, si nye ɣe kple xexeame katã ƒe mawue nye mawu vevitɔ si Vaishnav-tadeagulawo subɔna. Edzɔ le avatar, alo gbugbɔgadzɔ ewo me, eye eƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ aɖewoe nye Rama, Krishna, kple Buddha la.c Eƒe avatar bubue nye Vishnu Narayana, si “wowɔ eƒe nɔnɔmetata wònye amegbetɔ ƒe nɔnɔme eye wòdɔ alɔ̃ ɖe da si ŋkɔe nye Shesha alo Ananta dzi, eye wo kple srɔ̃a Lakshmi wobɔbɔ nɔ xexeame katã ƒe tsi dzi, nyɔnua bɔbɔ nɔ eƒe afɔ nu eye mawu si nye Brahma dze tso ati aɖe (lotus) si mie tso eƒe ƒoƒoli nu la me.”—The Encyclopedia of World Faiths.

31. Mawu ka ƒomevie Siva nye?

³¹ Siva si ame geɖe yɔna be Mahesha (Aƒetɔ Gãtɔ) kple Mahadeva (Mawu Gã) lae nye Hindutɔwo ƒe mawu gãtɔ evelia eye woyɔa tadedeagu si wotsɔna nɛ la be Saivi-subɔsubɔ. Wogblɔ be enye “nuteameɖokuila gãtɔ, yogawɔla gã la si nɔa ŋugble dede dzi le Himalayas-to la ƒe abunu esi si dzowɔ ɖe ŋuti eye eƒe taɖa to ʋuyaa.” Wonya eƒe “ahiãwɔwɔ, be eyae na wodzina fũ eye wònye Mahadeva, nuwɔwɔ ƒe aƒetɔ gãtɔ.” (The Encyclopedia of World Faiths) Wodea ta agu na Siva to lingam, alo ŋutsu ƒe vidzinu ƒe nɔnɔmetata dzi.—Kpɔ eƒe fotowo le axa 99.

32. (a) Nɔnɔme kawoe le mawunɔ Kali si? (b) Aleke wɔ Eŋlisigbe me nya aɖe dzɔ tso eƒe tadedeagu me?

³² Abe xexemesubɔsubɔha bubuwo ene la, mawunɔ si ƒo bubuawo katã ta le Hindutɔwo si eye ate ŋu adze tugbe alo wòaɖo vɔvɔ̃. Le eƒe nɔnɔme nyuitɔwo me la, woyɔnɛ be Parvati kple Uma. Eɖea eƒe nɔnɔme dziŋɔwo fiana ne enye Durga alo Kali si nye mawunɔ ʋukɔɖila si ʋuvɔsawo dzɔa dzi na. Abe Mawu Vinɔ Kali Ma (Anyigba Yibɔ Dada) ene la, eyae nye mawu si koŋ Shakti kɔmamã me tɔwo dea ta agu na. Wowɔa eƒe nɔnɔmetata wònɔa amama vaseɖe ali gbɔ eye ame kukuwo, dawo kple ametakoliwoe wotsɔna ɖoa atsyɔ̃e nɛ. Tsã la, xɔsetɔ siwo woyɔna be thugi, si me woɖe Eŋlisigbe me nya “thug” si gɔmee nye kɔtroleamenula alo amewula tsoe la tsɔa amegbetɔ siwo nu wotro kɔ le saa vɔe nɛ.

Hindu-subɔsubɔha Kple Ganges-tɔsisi La

33. Nukatae Ganges nye nu kɔkɔe na Hindutɔwo?

³³ Míate ŋu aƒo nu tso Hindu-subɔsubɔ ƒe mawu gbogboawo ŋu—Ganges—woƒe tɔsisi kɔkɔe la mayɔmayɔe o. Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo dometɔ geɖe ku ɖe Ganges alo Ganga Ma (Dada Ganga) si nye alesi Hindutɔwo yɔnɛ ene la ŋu tẽ. (Kpɔ anyigbatata si le axa 123.) Wogblɔa gbedodoɖa si me tɔsisia ƒe ŋkɔ vovovo 108 le. Nukatae Hindutɔwo doa vevie Ganges subɔsubɔ alea gbegbe ɖo? Elabena edo ƒome kplikplikpli kple woƒe agbe nɔnɔ gbesiagbe kpakple woƒe blemagliwo. Enye woƒe dzixɔse be enɔ dziƒo tsã eye eyae nye masa alo ƒemɔ. Ke aleke wòwɔ va zu tɔsisi?

34. Abe alesi wogblɔe le Hindutɔwo ƒe gliwo me ene la, alesi Ganges-tɔsisia wɔ va dzɔ ŋuti numeɖeɖewo dometɔ ɖeka ɖe?

³⁴ Hindutɔwo ƒe akpa gãtɔ ɖea eme ale, negbe vovototo vivivi aɖewo koe nɔa eme: Vi 60,000 nɔ Maharajah Sagara si tsã eye Kapila si nye Vishnu ƒe ɖeɖefia aɖe ƒe dzo va wu wo. Wobu fɔ woƒe luʋɔwo be woayi hell negbe mawunɔ Ganga ɖe wòaɖi tso dziƒo ava kɔ wo ŋu aɖe wo tso fiƒodea me hafi. Bhagīratha, si nye Sagara tɔgbuitɔgbuiyɔvi ɖe kuku na Brahma ɖe Ganga kɔkɔe la ta be wòana wòaɖi va anyigba dzi. Nyatoto aɖe yi edzi be: “Ganga ɖo eŋu be: ‘Tɔ sesẽ ŋutɔ aɖee menye be maʋuʋu anyigba ƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo.’ Eyata esi [Bhagīratha] fia fu eɖokui ƒe akpe ɖeka be woatsɔ yeƒe nuvɔ̃wo ake ye vɔ la, eyi mawu Shiva si nye nuteameɖokuilawo katã ƒe gãtɔ gbɔ eye wòɖe kuku nɛ ʋuu be wòatsi tre ɖe anyigba la tame le Himalayas-to la ƒe agakpewo kple tsikpewo titina. Shiva ƒe ta to ʋuyɔɔ eye wòɖe mɔ Ganga ge tso yame va dze eƒe taɖa dzi tim eye ɖa la mi eƒe zinyenye gã si agblẽ nu le anyigba ŋu la vivivi. Emegbe Ganga dza ɖe anyi blewu eye wòsi to towo kple baliwo me hetsɔa tsi si nye agbe vɛ na anyigba si ƒu kplakplakpla la.”—From the Ocean to the Sky, si Aƒetɔ Edmund Hillary ŋlɔ.

35. Aleke Vishnu subɔlawo ɖea tɔ la ƒe dzɔdzɔ mee?

³⁵ Alesi Vishnu subɔlawo gblɔ be Ganges la wɔ va dzɔ la to vovo vie. Blemagbalẽ si nye Vishnu Purana gblɔ be woawo gblɔ ale:

“Nuto sia [Vishnu ƒe nɔƒe kɔkɔe la] mee Ganges-tɔsisi si ɖea nuvɔ̃wo katã ɖa la dzɔ tso . . . Edzɔ tso Vishnu ƒe miafɔ ƒe deglefetsu ƒe fetsu me.”

Alo abe alesi Vishnu subɔlawo gblɔe le Sanskritgbe mee ene la: “Visnu-padabja-sambhuta,” si gɔmee nye “Edzɔ tso Vishnu ƒe afɔ si le abe “lotus” [ati aɖe] ene la me.”

36. Nukae nye Hindutɔwo ƒe dzixɔse ku ɖe Ganges me tsia ƒe ŋusẽ ŋu?

³⁶ Hindutɔwo xɔ se be ŋusẽ le Ganges si be wòana ablɔɖe ame, wòana ame ŋu nadza, akɔ ame ŋu, eye wòada gbe le dɔnɔwo ŋu. Vishnu Purana la gblɔ be:

“Ame kɔkɔe, siwo ŋu wokɔ esi wole tsi le tɔ sia me eye wotsɔ woƒe susuwo katã na Kesava [Vishnu] la, kpɔa ablɔɖe mlɔetɔa. Ne wose tɔ kɔkɔe la ŋkɔ, ne eƒe nu dzro ame, ne wokpɔe, ne woka asi eŋu, ne wole tsi le eme, alo ne wodzi ha kafui la, ekɔa amewo katã ŋu ŋkeke sia ŋkeke. Eye amesiwo le didiƒe kura gɔ̃ hã . . . doa ɣli be ‘Ganga kple Ganga’ eye wotsɔa nuvɔ̃ siwo wowɔ le anyinɔnɔ etɔ̃ siwo va yi me la kea wo.”

The Brahmandapurana la gblɔ be:

“Amesiwo lea tsi le mawuvɔvɔ̃mɔ nu le Ganga ƒe tsi kɔkɔe la me la, Ekpɔa woƒe ƒomewo ta tso afɔku akpe alafa geɖewo me. Eɖea dzɔgbevɔ̃e siwo li kɔ ɖi le dzidzime geɖewo me la ɖa. Ne wonya le tsi le Ganga me ko la, ame ŋu kɔna zi ɖeka.”

37, 38. Nukatae Hindutɔ miliɔn geɖe ƒoa zi yia Ganges-tɔa gbɔ?

³⁷ Indiatɔwo ƒoa zi yia tɔa to be yewoawɔ puja, alo tadedeagu, to seƒoƒowo tsɔtsɔ na, kple gbedodoɖawo gbugbɔgagblɔ zi geɖe me, kple be nunɔlawo nana tilak si nye tsu dzẽ alo aŋutiɖiɖi si wosina ɖe ŋgonu la yewo. Emegbe wogena ɖe tsia me helenɛ. Ame aɖewo noa tsia kura gɔ̃ hã togbɔ be tsi gbegblẽwo, aɖitikewo, kple nu kukuwo sɔŋ yɔnɛ taŋ gake. Ke hã la, gbɔgbɔ me ƒe amehenu si Ganges la nye la nu sẽ ale gbegbe be enye Indiatɔ miliɔn geɖewo ƒe didi vevie be yewoale tsi le yewoƒe ‘tɔ kɔkɔe’ la me zi ɖeka teti, tsia ɖaƒo ɖi alo eme kɔ o.

³⁸ Ame bubuwo tsɔa woƒe lɔlɔ̃tɔ siwo ku vɛ be woatɔ dzo wo le nake si dzi wotɔa dzo ame kukuwo ɖo la dzi le tɔa to, eye emegbe woaʋuʋu woƒe dzofi ɖe tɔa dzi. Woxɔ se be esia naa kakaɖedzi be luʋɔ si do le ame me la ayi dzidzɔ mavɔ me godoo. Amesiwo da ahe akpa be amemènakea manya ƒle na wo o la tutua ame kukua si ŋu woxatsa avɔ ɖo la dea tɔa me eye xevi siwo ɖua nu kuku va dzea wo dzi alo wòvona ɖe tsia me. Esia na míabia be, Hekpe ɖe nusiwo me míedzro va yi ŋu la, nukae nye Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia le agbe kple ku ŋu?

Hindutɔwo Kple Luʋɔ La

39, 40. Nukae Hindutɔwo ƒe numeɖela aɖe gblɔ tso luʋɔ ŋu?

³⁹ Bhagavad Gita la gblɔ ŋuɖoɖoawo dometɔ ɖeka esi wògblɔ be:

“Abe alesi luʋɔ si gagbugbɔ dzɔna nɔa ŋutilã sia me yim ɖaa, tso ɖevime vaseɖe ɖekakpuime, eye emegbe wòva ɖoa amegãkukume ene la, nenema ke luʋɔ la hã doa go yia ŋutilã bubu mee le ku me.”—Ta 2, kpukpui 13.

⁴⁰ Hindutɔwo ƒe numeɖegbalẽ aɖe gblɔ le kpukpui sia ŋu be: “Esi nugbagbe ɖesiaɖe nye luʋɔ ta la, wo dometɔ ɖesiaɖe le eƒe ŋutilã trɔm ɣesiaɣi eye ɣeaɖewoɣi eɖea eɖokui fiana abe ɖevi ene, ɣeaɖewoɣi abe ɖekakpui ene, eye ɣeaɖewoɣi hã abe ame tsitsi ene—togbɔ be gbɔgbɔluʋɔ ma kee eye eya metrɔna o hã. Luʋɔ sia trɔa ŋutilã la ŋutɔ mlɔeba ne edo go le ŋutilã aɖe me yi ɖe bubu me, eye esi wòka ɖe edzi be yeakpɔ ŋutilã bubu le dzidzi bubu me—eɖanye ŋutilã ŋutɔŋutɔ alo gbɔgbɔŋutilã o—ta la, Arjuna mexaa nu be yeku o.”

41. Abe alesi Biblia fiae ene la, nuka mee wòle be woade vovototoe ku ɖe luʋɔ la ŋu?

⁴¹ De dzesii be numeɖegbalẽa gblɔ be “nugbagbe ɖesiaɖe nye luʋɔ.” Nya ma wɔ ɖeka kple nusi Biblia gblɔ le Mose I, 2:7 me be:

“Azɔ Yehowa Mawu tsɔ anyi mè ame, eye wògbɔ agbegbɔgbɔ ɖe eƒe ŋɔti me; ale ame la zu luʋɔ gbagbe.”

Gake ele be míase nya vevi aɖe me: Amegbetɔ kple eƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔwo katã kpakple eƒe tamesusu ƒe ŋutetewoe nye luʋɔ gbagbe la loo, alo ɖe luʋɔ aɖe le esi si to vovo na eƒe ŋutilã ƒe dɔwɔwɔwoa? Amegbetɔe nye luʋɔ loo, alo luʋɔ ɖe wòle esia? Nya si wogblɔ si gbɔna la ɖe alesi Hindutɔwo bunɛ me.

42. Vovototo kawoe le nusi Hindu-subɔsubɔ fia be eyae luʋɔ nye kple Biblia tɔ dome?

⁴² Bhagavad Gita la ƒe ta 2, kpukpui 17 gblɔ be:

“Nusi xɔ ŋutilã la katã me nye nu matsrɔ̃matsrɔ̃. Ame aɖeke mete ŋu tsrɔ̃a luʋɔ magblẽmagblẽ la o.”

Woɖe kpukpui sia gɔme be:

“Luʋɔ le amesiame me, eye nusi ɖea eƒe luʋɔ la ƒe anyinɔnɔ fianae nye amea ƒe ŋudzɔ nɔnɔ ɖe eɖokui alo nu ŋu.”

Eyata esime Biblia le gbɔgblɔm be amegbetɔ nye luʋɔ la, Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia ya le gbɔgblɔm be luʋɔ le esi. Eye vovototo gã aɖe ŋutɔ le eme si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nufiafiawo dzi le nukpɔsusu siawo ta.—Mose III, 24:17, 18.

43. (a) Afikae luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzɔ tso? (b) Nukawoe nye emetsonuwo?

⁴³ Luʋɔ makumaku ƒe dzɔtsoƒe koŋ ye nye blema Babilon, afisi le abe tsidzɔƒe si subɔsubɔha ƒe nufiafiawo dzɔ tso ene. Nusi me esia kplɔa ame yinɛ koe nye ‘agbe nɔnɔ le ku megbe’ ƒe nufiafia siwo wofiana le subɔsubɔha geɖewo me, esiwo nye gbugbɔgadzɔ, dziƒo, hell, ŋutiklɔdzo, Limbo kple esiawo tɔgbe. Le Hindutɔwo gome la, dziƒo kple hell wonye titinateƒe aɖe si wotɔna ɖo lalana hafi luʋɔ la gagbugbɔdzɔna. Hell le vevie etɔxɛɛ na Hindutɔwo.

Nusi Hindutɔwo Fia be Hell Nye

44. Aleke míewɔ nya be Hindu-subɔsubɔ fia nu be hell si me wowɔa funyafunya ame agbagbee le la li?

⁴⁴ Bhagavad Gita ƒe kpukpui aɖe gblɔ be:

“Ne wogblẽ ƒomesewo me la, Janārdana, ke amewo ƒe hell nɔnɔ kplɔnɛ ɖo godoo.”—I, 44, Harvard Oriental Series, Babla 38, 1952.

Numeɖegbalẽ aɖe gblɔ be: “Amesiwo wɔ nuvɔ̃ ŋutɔ le woƒe anyigbadzigbenɔnɔ me la kpea fu le tohehe ƒomevi vovovo me le hell-nyigbawo dzi.” Gake nane le eme si to vovo vie tso Kristodukɔa ƒe dzomavɔ nufiafia la gbɔ: “Tohehe sia . . . menɔa anyi tegbee o.” Ke nuka tututue nye Hindutɔwo ƒe hell la?

45. Aleke woƒo nu tso Hindutɔwo ƒe hell me funyafunyawɔwɔ ŋui?

⁴⁵ Nya siwo gbɔna siwo woyɔ tso Markandeya Purana me la gblɔ nusi dzɔna ɖe nuvɔ̃wɔla dzi:

“Emegbe Yama [ame kukuwo ƒe mawu] ƒe dɔlawo ɖea abla tsɔa ka siwo ŋu vɔvɔ̃ le blanɛ eye wohenɛ yia dziehe eye ati si wotsɔ le eƒomee na wònɔa ƒoƒom tititi. Emegbe Yama ƒe dɔlawo henɛ eye wodoa dzɔgbevɔ̃eɣli tsodzikaƒonamewo ɖe eta le anyigba siwo dzi [ati si nye] Kusa, ŋuwo, babakɔwo, abuiwo kple kpewo le klitsaa eye dzo bina vlavlavla le eƒe afi aɖewo la dzi, afisiwo do bɔ ɖo, ŋdɔkutsu ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nana wòklẽna ŋee eye ɣe ƒe keklẽ nana wòléa dzo. Yama ƒe dɔla dziŋɔawo hea nuvɔ̃me la eye amegãxi alafa geɖewo ɖunɛ eye wokplɔnɛ toa mɔ si dzi vɔvɔ̃ le yia Yama ƒemee. . . .

“Ne wotɔ dzo eƒe ŋutilã la, esea dzo ƒe ame meme ƒe veve gã aɖe le fiafiã la me; eye ne wole eƒe ŋutilã ƒom alo le elãm la, esea veve gã aɖe.

“Ne wole eƒe ŋutilã tsrɔ̃m alea la, togbɔ be nuwɔwɔ la le azɔli dzi yina ɖe ŋutilã bubu me hã la, ekpea fu mavɔ ɖe eya ŋutɔ ƒe nugbegblẽwɔwɔwo ta. . . .

“Emegbe woɖonɛ ɖe hell ma tɔgbe bubu me be woaklɔ eƒe nuvɔ̃wo ɖa le eŋu. Ne nuvɔ̃me la to hellwo katã me vɔ la, eva nɔa agbe abe lã ene. Ke ne enɔ agbe abe vɔkluiwo, kple nudzodzoewo, tagbatsuwo, lã lénuwo, togbatowo, atiglinyiwo, atiwo, sɔwo, nyiwo ene, eye wòto nuvɔ̃gbenɔnɔ wɔnublanui vovovo bubuwo me vɔ la, ne egbɔna amegbetɔ zu ge la, wodzinɛ wòɖoa kpo, medzea ɖeka o, alo enyea azizã alo Chandala Pukkasa.”

⁴⁶ Tsɔ ema sɔ kple nusi Biblia gblɔ tso ame kukuwo ŋu kpɔ:

46, 47. Nukae Biblia gblɔ tso nɔnɔme si me ame kukuwo le ŋu, eye aleke míate ŋu aƒo nya tae?

“Elabena agbagbeawo nyae be, yewogbɔna kuku ge, ke kukuawo menya naneke o, fetu aɖeke megali na wo o, eye woŋlɔ woƒe ŋkɔ be. Woƒe amelɔlɔ̃ kple fuléle kpakple ŋuʋaʋã nu yi gbaɖegbe ke, eye womagakpɔ gome le nusiwo katã dzɔna le ɣea te la me akpɔ o. Nusianu, si wò asi ate ŋu awɔ la, wɔe kple wò ŋusẽ; elabena nuwɔwɔ alo tamebubu, sidzedze alo nunya mele tsieƒe, afisi yi ge nala o.”—Nyagblɔla 9:5, 6, 10.

⁴⁷ Nyateƒee, ne luʋɔ mele amegbetɔ si o abe alesi Biblia gblɔe ene la, ke anyinɔnɔ si me woate ŋu anya nu le le ku megbe aɖeke meli o. Dzidzɔkpɔkpɔ aɖeke meli o, eye fukpekpe aɖeke hã meli o. “Tsiẽƒe” ŋuti nya siwo ŋu gɔmesese mele o si hea kuxiwo vɛ la tɔ ɖe afima.d

Subɔsubɔha si Ʋli Ho Kple Hindu-ha

48, 49. (a) Le numetoto me la, Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafiawo dometɔ aɖewo ɖe? (b) Nukatae ame aɖewo ke ɖi le Hindu-subɔsubɔ ƒe nyonyo ŋu? (d) Amekae va do si ke ɖi Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia?

⁴⁸ Hindu-subɔsubɔ ŋuti numedzodzro kpui sia si me wòhiã be míadzro la ɖee fia be enye mawugeɖesubɔsubɔha si wotu ɖe mawuɖekasubɔsubɔ dzi—eyae nye Brahman, Tatɔ la, nuwodzɔtsoƒe, alo nu vevitɔ, si woŋlɔa nyayɔyɔ ɖeka si nye OM alo AUM wònyea eƒe dzesi, kpakple nɔnɔme vovovo siwo me wòɖea eɖokui fiana le la ƒe subɔsubɔ. Enye subɔsubɔha aɖe si fiaa nublanuikpɔkpɔ eye wòdea dzi ƒo be woanyo dɔme na lãwo.

⁴⁹ Gake Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia aɖewo, abe Karma kple amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi la ƒe madzɔmadzɔnyenyewo, hekpe ɖe trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ŋu, na tamebula aɖewo kea ɖi le xɔse ma ƒe nyonyo ŋu. Ðikela mawo dometɔ ɖeka nɔ India ƒe anyieheɣedzeƒe. Wodzii le ƒe 560 D.M.Ŋ. me lɔƒo. Eŋkɔe nye Siddhārtha Gautama. Eɖo xɔse bubu anyi si mete ŋu li ke ɖe India o gake ekeke ta le teƒe bubuwo abe alesi ta si gbɔna aɖe emee ene. Xɔse yeye mae nye Buddha-subɔsubɔha.

[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 100, 101]

Sikh-subɔsubɔ—Subɔsubɔha si Wogbugbɔ Ðɔ Ðo

Sikh-subɔsubɔha, si ƒe dzesie nye yi etɔ̃ kple fli tegblẽ ɖeka la nye ha si me amesiwo wu miliɔn 17 le. Woƒe akpa gãtɔ le Punjab. Sikhtɔwo ƒe Sikagbedoxɔ, si le tsita si amegbetɔ ŋutɔ ɖe titina la le Amritsar, Sikhtɔwo ƒe du kɔkɔe la me. Tablanu ɣi, blɔtɔ, alo yibɔtɔ si Sikh-ŋutsuwo tsɔ blaa tae na wo kpɔkpɔ dze sii le bɔbɔe; wo tsɔtsɔ bla tae nye woƒe subɔsubɔgbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa vevi aɖe, eye nenema ke nye alesi wonaa woƒe ɖa tona legbee hã.

Sanskritgbe me nya sikh gɔmee nye “nusrɔ̃la.” Sikhtɔwo nye woƒe haɖola Guru Nānak, ƒe nusrɔ̃lawo, eye wonye guru ewoa (Nānak kple ame asieke siwo va xɔ ɖe eteƒe), amesiwo ƒe nuŋɔŋlɔwo le Sikhtɔwo ƒe agbalẽ kɔkɔe Guru Granth Sahib me la yomedzelawo hã. Subɔsubɔha la dze egɔme le ƒe alafa 16 lia ƒe gɔmedzedze me lɔƒo esime Guru Nānak di be yeatsɔ Hindu-ha kple Islām ƒe akpa siwo nye nyuitɔwo kekeake la aɖo subɔsubɔha ɖekae.

Woate ŋu agblɔ dɔ si Nānak wɔ la ɖe nyagbe ɖeka me be: “Esi wònye Mawu ɖeka koe li ta la, Eyae nye mía Fofo, eyata ele be mí katã míanye nɔviwo.” Abe Moslemtɔwo ene la, Sikhtɔwo xɔ Mawu ɖeka dzi se eye wotsi tre ɖe trɔ̃subɔsubɔ ŋu. (Psalmo 115:4-9; Mateo 23:8, 9) Abe Hindutɔwo ene la, woawo hã xɔ luʋɔ makumaku, gbugbɔgadzɔ, kple Karma dzi se. Sikhtɔwo ƒe tadeaguƒe ŋkɔe nye gurdwara.—Tsɔe sɔ kple Psalmo 103:12, 13; Dɔwɔwɔwo 24:15.

Guru Nānak ƒe sedede gãtɔwo ɖekae nye: “Ðo ŋku Mawu dzi ɣesiaɣi, yɔ eŋkɔ zi geɖe.” Wogblɔ tso Mawu ŋu be eyae nye “Nyateƒetɔ” la, gake womeyɔ ŋkɔ aɖeke nɛ o. (Psalmo 83:17-19) Se bubue nye “Na nusi nèkpɔ la hiãtɔwo.” Le ɖekawɔwɔ me kple esia la, langar, alo dzodoƒe afisi ŋu woɖe mɔ ɖo faa, le Sikhtɔwo ƒe gbedoxɔ ɖesiaɖe me, afisi ameƒomevi ɖesiaɖe ate ŋu aɖu nu le faa. Xɔ siwo me mɔzɔlawo atsi adɔ femaxee kura gɔ̃ hã li.—Yakobo 2:14-17.

Guru mamletɔ si ŋkɔe nye Gobind Singh (ƒe 1666-1708), ɖo Sikhtɔwo ƒe nɔviwɔwɔhabɔbɔ aɖe anyi si woyɔ be Khalsa, eye wowɔna ɖe nusi woyɔna be K atɔ̃awo dzi; woawoe nye kesh, ɖa makomako si nye gbɔgbɔmemenyenye ƒe dzesi; kangha, yiɖa dede ɖa me si nye nu wɔwɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu kple mamlã ƒe dzesi; kirpan, yi aɖe si nye kpɔɖeŋu na bubu, dzideƒo, kple ɖokuitsɔtsɔsavɔ; kara, alɔnugɛ si nye ɖeka wɔwɔ kple Mawu ƒe dzesi; kachh, atakpui si wodona wònyea awutewui si fia ɖokuibɔbɔ eye wodonɛ be wòanye ɖokuidziɖuɖu ƒe dzesi.—Kpɔ The Encyclopedia of World Faiths, axa 269.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 100]

Sikhtɔwo ƒe Sika Gbedoxɔ, Amritsar, Punjab, India

[Nɔnɔmetata siwo le axa 101]

Tablanu blɔtɔ la tsi tre ɖi na susu si mebua nazã o si ƒe nunya de didiƒe abe alesi yame kekee ene

Tablanu ɣi la fia ame kɔkɔe si nye kpɔɖeŋu nyui ɖola

Tablanu yibɔ la nye Britaniatɔwo ƒe Sikhtɔwo yome titi le ƒe 1919 me ƒe ŋkuɖodzinu

Amadede bubuawo nye nusi nyo ame ŋutɔ ŋu tiatia

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 101]

Le kɔnuwɔɣiwo la, Sikh-nunɔlawo gblɔa aʋawɔnu kɔkɔewo ƒe ŋutinya

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 104]

Jain-subɔsubɔ—Ðokuigbegbe Kple Ʋunyaʋunyamawɔmawɔ

India-megã kesinɔtɔ Nataputta Vardhamāna, si wonya Vardhamana Mahāvīra (bubuŋkɔ si gɔmee nye “Amegã” alo “Ame Ŋkuta”) na nyuie wu ye ɖo subɔsubɔha sia si ƒe dzesie nye blema Indiatɔwo ƒe atitsoga gɔdɔ̃ la anyi le ƒe alafa adelia D.M.Ŋ. me. Eva nɔ ɖokuigbegbe kple nuteteameɖokui ƒe agbe. Edze mɔ amamae yi “Titina India ƒe kɔƒeduwo kple baliwo me eye wònɔ alesi woawɔ avo tso dzidzi, ku, kple gbugbɔgadzɔ si me” ƒe sidzedze dim. (Man’s Religions, si John B. Noss ŋlɔ) Eƒe dzixɔsee nye be ɖokuigbegbe, ɖokuimamlã kple ahimsa, alo nuvevi mawɔmawɔ nuwɔwɔwo katã ƒe nuwɔna siwo gbɔ eme dzi koe woate ŋu ato be luʋɔ la nakpɔ ɖeɖe. Ewɔ ahimsa la wògbɔ eme esi wòtsɔa xa si ƒe nu bɔbɔ ɖe asi be yeatsɔ akplɔ nudzodzoe siwo anɔ yeƒe mɔ me la ɖa blewu. Nusita hãe wòdea bubu agbe ŋue nye be yeakpɔ ye ŋutɔ yeƒe agbe ƒe dzadzɛnyenye kple blibonyenye ta.

Le agbagbadzedze be woana woƒe Karma nanyo ta la, eyomedzelawo nɔa ɖokuigbegbe kple bubu dede nuwɔwɔ bubu ɖesiaɖe ƒe agbe ŋuti la ƒe agbe nenema ke egbea. Míegakpɔ ŋusẽ triakɔ si luʋɔ makumaku ƒe nufiafia la dzixɔse kpɔ ɖe amewo ƒe agbe dzi ake le afisia.

Egbea, xɔse sia me tɔwo mede miliɔn ene o, eye wo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ le Bombay kple Gujarat nutowo me le India.

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 104]

Jaintɔ aɖe le ta dem agu le Gomateswara kɔkɔe si kɔkɔ meta 27 la ƒe afɔ nu le Karnataka, India

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 106, 107]

Nya Siwo Hindutɔwo Zãna Gɔmeɖeɖe Kpuiwo

ahimsa (Sanskritgbe, ahinsa)—ŋutamasẽmasẽ; womawɔ nuvevi alo awu naneke o. Eya dzie wotu Hindutɔwo ƒe lãmaɖumaɖu kple bubu dede lãwo ŋu ɖo

ashram—mawuxɔ alo teƒe si guru (gbɔgbɔmemɔfiala) fiaa nu le

ātman—gbɔgbɔ; esi wozãna na nu makumakuwo. Zi geɖe woɖea egɔme vodadatɔe be luʋɔ. Kpɔ jīva

avatar—Hindutɔwo ƒe mawu aɖe ƒe eɖokui ɖeɖefia alo eƒe dzɔdzɔ ɖe ŋutilã me

bhakti—ɖokuitsɔtsɔna mawu aɖe ƒe subɔsubɔ si kplɔa ame yia ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ mee

bindi—tsu dzẽ aɖe si nyɔnu srɔ̃tɔwo dona ɖe ŋgonu

Brahman—nunɔlawo kple amesiwo de ŋgɔ wu le mamãɖoɖoa me ƒe hatsotso; wozãnɛ na Amesi Ƒo Nusianu Ta hã (Kpɔ axa 116)

dharma—se si kpɔ ŋusẽ ɖe nusianu dzi; nusi fiaa nuwɔnawo ƒe nyonyo alo woƒe gbegblẽ

ghat—atrakpui si woɖo ɖe tɔsisi ŋu alo gbadzaƒe si wowɔ ɖe tɔa to

guru—nufiala alo gbɔgbɔmemɔfiala

Harijan—memamã si nye Amesiwo Ŋu Womekaa Asii O la me tɔ; egɔmee nye “Mawu ƒe amewo,” Mahatma Gandhi tsɔ ŋkɔ sia na wo le nublanui kpɔkpɔ na wo ta

japa—ta dede agu na Mawu to eƒe ŋkɔwo dometɔ ɖeka yɔyɔ zi geɖe dzi; wozãa mala, alo rosario si ŋu dzonu 180 le tsɔ xlẽa gbedodoɖa lae

jīva (alo prān, prāni)—luʋɔ la alo nugbagbe la ŋutɔŋutɔ

Karma—gɔmeɖose si nye be nuwɔna ɖesiaɖe metsonu nyui alo vɔ̃a li na luʋɔ si ge ɖe ŋutilã bubu me le agbe si wòagava nɔ la me

Kshatriya—dɔwɔla bibiwo, fiawo, kple aʋawɔlawo ƒe hatsotso; woawoe xɔ nɔƒe evelia le amemetsyatsyaɖoɖoa me

mahant—ame kɔkɔe alo nufiala

mahatma—Hindutɔwo ƒe ame kɔkɔe, woɖee tso maha, nusi kɔkɔ alo lolo, kple ātman, gbɔgbɔ me

mantra—nyagbɔgblɔ kɔkɔe aɖe si wosusu be gbesaŋusẽ le eme, wozãnɛ le ame yeyewo xɔxɔ de kɔmamã me me eye wogblɔnɛ gagbugbɔ gblɔnɛ zi geɖe le gbedodoɖa kple gbedodoɖahawo me

maya—alesi woabu xexeame abe nusi meli ŋutɔŋutɔ o ene

moksha, alo mukti—ablɔɖe kpɔkpɔ tso gbugbɔgadzi atraɖii me le luʋɔ la ƒe mɔzɔzɔ ƒe nuwuwu. Woyɔnɛ hã be Nirvana, ame la ƒe ɖeka wɔwɔ kple Brahman, Nuwokatãtaƒola

OM, AUM—dzesinya aɖe si tsi tre ɖi na Brahman si wozãna le ŋugbledede me; wobunɛ be eyae naa gbeɖiɖi ɣaɣla ɖina; wozãnɛ abe mantra kɔkɔe ene

paramatman—Gbɔgbɔ si ɖu Xexeame dzi, xexeame katã ƒe ātman, alo Brahman

puja—tadedeagu

sadhu—ame kɔkɔe; nuteameɖokuila alo yogawɔla

samsara—luʋɔ mavɔ si mekuna o ƒe gege ɖe ŋutilã me

Shakti—mawu srɔ̃ ƒe nyɔnuŋusẽ, vevietɔ Siva srɔ̃ tɔ

sraddha—kɔnu vevi siwo wowɔna tsɔ dea bubu tɔgbui kukuwo ŋui eye be woatsɔ akpe ɖe luʋɔ siwo do go dzo la ŋu bene woaɖo moksha

Sudra—dɔ tsɛ wɔla, ame tsɛwo kekeake le amemetsyatsyaɖoɖo enea me

swami—nufiala alo gbɔgbɔmemɔfiala deŋgɔ

tilak—ŋgonudzesi aɖe (tsu) si fia be woɖoa ŋku Aƒetɔ la dzi le eƒe dɔwɔwɔwo katã me

Trimurti—Hindutɔwo ƒe mawuɖekaetɔ̃ si me Brahma, Vishnu, kple Siva le

Upanishadwo—Hindutɔwo ƒe agbalẽ kɔkɔe gbãtɔ siwo wotsɔ hakpanya ƒe atsyã ŋlɔe. Woyɔnɛ hã be Vedanta, si gɔmee nye Vedawo ƒe nuwuwu

Vaisya—asitsalawo kple agbledelawo ƒe hatsotso; hatsotso etɔ̃lia le amemetsyatsyaɖoɖoa me

Vedawo—Hindutɔwo ƒe hakpanyanuŋɔŋlɔ kɔkɔe gbãtɔwo

Yoga—woɖee tso nya ƒe ke si nye yuj, si gɔmee nye woatsɔ nane akpe ɖe nɔvia ŋu alo woabla nu me; elɔ amea ƒe ɖeka wɔwɔ kple mawu si ɖu xexeame katã dzi la ɖe eme. Ame geɖe yɔnɛ be enye ŋugbledede ƒe ɖokuimamlã, si me wokpɔa ŋusẽ ɖe alesi wonɔa tsitrenui kple alesi wogbɔnae dzi. Ne mede ɖeke o hã la, Hindutɔwo lɔ̃ ɖe Yoga, alo mɔ, vevi ene ya teti dzi. Kpɔ axa 110

[Nɔnɔmetatawo]

Tso miakpa dzi, Hindutɔwo ƒe mahant; sadhu, tsi tre le ŋugble dem; guru si tso Nepal

[Aɖaka si le axa 110]

Mɔ Ene Siwo Dzi Woato Aɖo Moksha

Hindutɔwo ƒe xɔse gblɔ mɔ ene ya teti siwo dzi woato ame ƒe asi nasu moksha, alo luʋɔ la ƒe ɖeɖekpɔkpɔ dzi. Woyɔ esiawo be yogawo alo margawo, siwo nye mɔ siwo kplɔa ame yia moksha mee.

1. Karma Yoga—“Nuwɔwɔmɔ, alo karma yoga, nuwɔwɔ ƒe hehe. Nusi koŋ karma marga fiae nye ame ƒe dharma wɔwɔ ɖe ɖoƒe si amea le le agbe me la nu. Dɔdasi aɖewo li siwo wobia tso amesiame si, abe aha sesẽ manomano kple lã maɖumaɖu ene, gake dharma si koŋ wòle be amea nawɔ la nɔ te ɖe hatsotso si me tɔ amea nye kple eƒe nɔƒe le agbe me dzi.”—Great Asian Religions.

Wowɔa Karma sia ɖe afisi hatsotso si me tɔ wonye la ɖe mɔ se ɖo la nu tututu. Wokpɔa hatsotsoa ƒe dzadzɛnyenye ta to srɔ̃ maɖemaɖe kple nu maɖumaɖu le ame ƒe hatsotso godo dzi; ame ƒe Karma le anyinɔnɔ si va yi me tsoa nya me le hatsotso sia ŋu. Eyata womebua hatsotso si me wole la abe madzɔmadzɔnyenyenu ene o, ke boŋ abe nusi ƒe dome wonyi le dzɔdzɔ si do ŋgɔ me ene. Le Hindutɔwo ƒe nufiafia me la menye ŋutsuwo kple nyɔnuwo katãe sɔ o. Hatsotso si me tɔ wonye kple woƒe nyɔnu alo ŋutsu nyenye kpakple le nyateƒe me la, woƒe ŋutigbalẽ ƒe amadede mãa wo me. Zi geɖe la, alesi ame ƒe agbalẽ me klẽe la, nenemae eƒe hatsotso kɔkɔnae wu.

2. Jnana Yoga—“Sidzedzemɔ, alo jnana yoga, sidzedze ƒe hehexɔxɔ. Enye nusi to vovo na karma marga si nye nuwɔwɔmɔ kple eƒe agbanɔamedzi siwo woŋlɔ ɖi na agbemenuwɔna ɖesiaɖe, jnana marga kpena ɖe ame ŋu be woanya nu tso ame ɖokui ŋu to xexemenunya zazã kple susuŋudɔwɔwɔ me. Amesi wonye ye nye nu vevi si dzi woato ame ƒe asi nasu jnana marga dzi, ke menye to nane wɔwɔ dzie o. [Míawoe te gbe ɖe edzi.] Esi le vevie wu la, mɔ sia nana be amesiwo wɔnɛ la nate ŋu akpɔ moksha le agbe sia me.” (Great Asian Religions) Elɔ ɖokuimeyiyi ƒe yogawɔwɔ kple ame ɖokui ɖeɖe ɖa tso xexeame kpakple nuteteameɖokui ɖe eme. Enye ɖokuidziɖuɖu kple ɖokuigbegbe ɖeɖefia.

3. Bhakti Yoga—“Hindutɔwo ƒe kɔnyinyi si bɔ wu ɖesiaɖe egbea. Bhakti marga siae nye mawusubɔsubɔmɔ. Enye nusi to vovo na karma marga . . . , mɔ sia bɔbɔ wu, enya wɔna na ame le eɖokui si wu, eye hatsotso ɖesiaɖe me tɔ, nyɔnu alo ŋutsu siwo xɔ ƒe ɖesiaɖe ate ŋu awɔe. . . . Eɖea mɔ woɖea ame ƒe seselelãmewo kple nudzodzrowo fiana faa le esi woatsɔ yogawɔwɔ ƒe nuteteameɖokui aɖu wo dzii teƒe . . . Ame ɖokui tsɔtsɔ na mawuwo keŋkeŋ koŋ ye wònye.” Eye wogblɔ be mawu miliɔn 330 sɔŋ ye li woade ta agu na. Le kɔnyinyi sia nu la, wogblɔna be si dzedze nanee nye nu ma lɔlɔ̃. Le nyateƒe me la, bhakti gɔmee nye “ame ƒe seselelãme ƒe kuku ɖe mawu si wòtia la ŋu.”—Great Asian Religions.

4. Raja Yoga—“Alesi woatsi tree, mɔ siwo nu woagbɔ ɖo, kple nyagbɔgblɔ aɖewo siwo ɖe susu aɖewo fia la gbugbɔgagblɔ ɖe ɖoɖo nu pɛpɛpɛ abe alesi wodzia ha ɖe ga dzii ene.” (Man’s Religions) Ðoƒe enyie le eme.

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 113]

Mahatma Gandhi Kple Amemetsyatsyanuɖoanyi La

“Ŋutamasẽmasẽe nye nye xɔse ƒe se gbãtɔ. Eyae nye nye dzixɔse ƒe se mamletɔ hã.”—Mahatma Gandhi, March 23, 1922.

Mahatma Gandhi, si wonya nyuie le alesi wòxɔ ŋgɔ ʋunyaʋunyamawɔmawɔe le India ƒe ɖokuisinɔnɔ tso Britania si me (woxɔe le ƒe 1947 me) la, dze agbagba hã be yeana ye havi Hindutɔ miliɔn geɖe ƒe agbenɔnɔ naka ɖe eme. Abe alesi Indiatɔ Nufialagã M. P. Rege ɖe eme ene la: “Eɖe gbeƒã ahimsa (ŋutamasẽmasẽ), si gɔme wòɖe be enye ɖe tsɔtsɔ le bubu si dze na amesiame kple woƒe nyonyo me la be eyae nye agbenyuinɔnɔ ƒe gɔmeɖose vevitɔ. Egbea Hindu-ŋɔŋlɔwo ƒe nya ne woƒe nufiafia tsi tre ɖe ahimsa ŋu, eʋli kalẽtɔe be woaɖe asimakamaka ame ŋu kple amemetsyatsyaɖoɖo ƒe hatsotsowo ɖa, eye wòdo nyɔnuwo ƒe sɔsɔ kple ŋutsuwo ɖe ŋgɔ le agbenɔnɔ ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe me.”

Nukae nye Ghandi ƒe susu le amesiwo ŋu womekaa asii o la ƒe gome ŋu? Eŋlɔ ɖe lɛta aɖe si wòɖo ɖe Jawaharlal Nehru, le May 2, 1933 la me be: “Harijan hatsotso la lolo akpa be woatsɔ susu ɖeɖeko akpɔe. Nu bubu aɖeke megagblẽ alea gbegbe de enu le xexeame o. Ke hã la, nyemate ŋu agblẽ mawusubɔsubɔ ɖi o eyata nyemate ŋu agblẽ Hindu-ha ɖi o. Nye agbe azu agba nam ne Hidu-ha la mete ŋu kpe ɖe ŋunye o. Melɔ̃a Kristo-ha, Islam kple xɔse bubuwo to Hindu-ha dzi. . . . Gake nyemate ŋu aɖe mɔ ɖe asimakamaka ame ŋu ŋuti o.”—The Essential Gandhi.

[Nɔnɔmetata]

Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948), Hindutɔ kplɔla kpakple ahimsa-fiala si ŋu wodea bubui

[Aɖaka/Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 116, 107]

Hindu-subɔsubɔha—Mawu Kple Mawunɔ Aɖewo

Aditi—mawuwo dada; yamemawunɔ; Mavɔmavɔtɔ

Agni—dzo ƒe mawu

Brahma—Mawu si nye Wɔla, gɔmeɖose si wɔ nuwo le xexeame godoo. Trimurti (mawuetɔ̃ƒokpli) la ƒe mawuwo dometɔ ɖeka

Brahman, alo Brahm—Nusianutaƒola, nusi le nusianu me le xexeame katã, woŋlɔa OM alo AUM wònyea eƒe dzesi. (Kpɔ dzesia le etame.) Woyɔnɛ hã be Atman. Hindutɔ aɖewo bua Brahman be enye Mawu me Gɔmeɖose aɖe alo Nusi Ƒo Nusianu Ta

Buddha—Gautama, Buddha-Subɔsubɔha ɖola; Hindutɔwo bunɛ be enye Vishnu ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ (avatar)

Durga—Siva srɔ̃ alo eƒe Shakti eya kee woyɔna be Kali

Ganesa (Ganesha)—Siva viŋutsu si nye mawu si to atiglinyita, Mɔxenuwo ƒe Aƒetɔ, dzɔgbenyuimawu. Woyɔnɛ hã be Ganapati kple Gajanana

Ganga—mawunɔ, Siva srɔ̃nyɔnuwo dometɔ ɖeka kple mawu si tsɔ eɖokui wɔ Ganges-tɔsisiae

Hanuman—kesemawu kple Rama subɔla veviedonula

Himalaya—snonɔƒe, Parvati fofo

Kali—Siva srɔ̃ si nye ame yibɔ (Shakti) kple tsɔtsrɔ̃ ƒe mawunɔ si ʋukɔkɔɖi dzɔa dzi na. Zi geɖe la, wotaa eƒe aɖe gbabaa eye wòbiãna hẽ hedona blayaa

Krishna—Vishnu ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ enyilia si lɔ̃a fefe, kpakple Bhagavad Gita ƒe mawu. Eƒe ahiãviwoe nye gopiwo, alo ɖetugbivi notsidzralawo

Lakshmi—tugbedzedze kple dzɔgbenyui ƒe mawunɔ; Vishnu srɔ̃nyɔnu

Manasa—dawo ƒe mawunɔ

Manu—ameƒomea katã tɔgbui; tɔmelã gã aɖe ɖee tso tsiɖɔɖɔa ƒe tsɔtsrɔ̃ me

Mitra—kekelimawu. Romatɔwo yɔnɛ be Mithras

Nandi—nyitsu la, Siva ƒe ʋu alo mɔzɔnu

Nataraja—Siva si tsi tre abe ɣe ɖum wòle ene eye dzoƒaɖewo ƒo xlãe

Parvati alo Uma—mawunɔ si nye Siva srɔ̃. Mawunɔ Durga alo Kali ƒe nɔnɔme hã le esi

Prajapati—xexeame katã wɔla, Nuwɔwɔwo ƒe Aƒetɔ, mawuwo, gbɔgbɔ vɔ̃wo, kple nuwɔwɔ bubuwo katã fofo. Wova yɔe emegbe be Brahma

Purusha—amesi va zu xexeame katã. Amewo ƒe hatsotso vevi enea dzɔ tso eƒe ŋutilã me

Radha—Krishna srɔ̃

Rama, Ramachandra—mawu Vishnu ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ adrelia. Wogblɔ Rama kple srɔ̃a Sita ƒe ŋutinya ɖe Ramayana ƒe ŋutinya didi la me

Saraswati—sidzedzemawunɔ kple Brahma Wɔla la srɔ̃

Shashti—mawunɔ si kpɔa nyɔnuwo kple ɖeviwo ta le vidzidzi me

Siva—vidzidzi, ku, kple tsɔtsrɔ̃ ƒe mawu. Enye mawu le Trimurti la me. Wowɔa eƒe dzesi wònyea nusi dze ɖe aɖu etɔ̃ me, kpakple ŋutsu ƒe vidzinu

Soma—enye mawu kple atike siaa; enaa agbe didi ame

Vishnu—mawu agbetakpɔla; mawu etɔ̃lia le Trimurti la me

[Afi Si Míexɔ Mɔɖeɖe Tso]

(Wotui ɖe Mythology—An Illustrated Encyclopedia me ŋkɔyɔyɔwo dzi)

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 117]

Tso etame le miame yi ɖusikpa dzi, Nataraja (Siva si le ɣe ɖum), Saraswati, Krishna, Durga (Kali)

[Aɖaka si le axa 120]

Hindutɔwo ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ Ŋuti Gli

“Wotsɔ tsi vɛ na Manu [ameƒomea tɔgbui kple senala gbãtɔ] be wòale le ŋdi me . . . Esi wònɔ elem la, tɔmelã aɖe [Vishnu ƒe gbugbɔgadzɔ si woyɔna be Matsya] va ɖo eƒe asi me.

“Egblɔ nɛ be, ‘Nyim, maɖe wò!’ ‘Nuka mee naɖem tsoe?’ ‘Tsiɖɔɖɔ aɖe akplɔ nuwɔwɔ siawo katã adzoe: eya mee maɖe wò atsoe!’ ‘Aleke manyi wòe?’”

Tɔmelã la gblɔ alesi Manu anyii la nɛ. “Le ema megbe la, egblɔ be, ‘le ƒe si kple ƒe si me la tsiɖɔɖɔ ma ava. Eyata ɖo to (nye aɖaŋuɖoɖo) eye nakpa tɔdziʋu; eye ne tsia ɖɔ la, nàge ɖe tɔdziʋua me, eye maɖe wò atso eme.’”

Manu wɔ ɖe tɔmelã la ƒe aɖaŋuɖoɖoa dzi, eye esi tsia ɖɔ la, tɔmelã la he ʋua yi “anyieheto” aɖe dzi. Egblɔ azɔ be ‘Meɖe wò. Tsi ʋua ɖe ati ŋu; gake mègana tsia natso wò ka la esime nèle toa dzi o. Ne tsia le miemiem la, àte ŋu anɔ ɖiɖim va anyime vivivi!’”—Satapatha-Brahmana; tsɔe sɔ kple Mose I, 6:9–8:22.

[Map/​Pictures on page 123]

Ganges-tɔsisia si didi kilometa 2,400 tso Himalaya-toawo dzi va to Calcutta yi afisi wòde nu atsiaƒua me le le Bangladesh

Ganges-tɔsisi

[Nɔnɔmetatawo]

Ganga Ma, le Siva ƒe tame eye wòsi to eƒe ɖa me

Hindutɔwo le atrakpuiawo dzi yina tsi le ge le Ganges me le Varanasi, alo Benares

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 96]

Ganesa, Hindutɔwo ƒe dzɔgbenyuimawu si nye Siva kple Parvati viŋutsu si to atiglinyita

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 99]

Lingam (vidzinudzesi) siwo Hindutɔwo dea ta agu na. Siva (vidzidzimawu) la le lingam ɖeka me eye wòto ta ene ƒo xlã bubu

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 108]

Jaintɔ nyɔnu nunɔla saɖagatɔwo do mukha-vastrika, si nye nùtsyɔvɔ be nudzodzoe megage ɖe nume na yewo yewoawu o

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 115]

Dasubɔsubɔ si wowɔna le Bengal koŋ. Manasa ye nye dawo ƒe mawunɔ

[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 118]

Vishnu kple srɔ̃a Lakshmi wobɔbɔ nɔ da si ŋkɔe nye Ananta dzi eye Brahma si to ta ene la le atilɔ aɖe si dze tso Vishnu ƒe ƒoƒoli nu la tame