Wolo Ni “Wieɔ” Wiemɔi Ni Awieɔ Lolo

Kɛji akɛ awieee wiemɔ ni aŋma wolo ko yɛ mli lɛ kwraa dɔŋŋ lɛ, wolo lɛ hu gbóɔ. Gbɔmɛi fioo ko pɛ nyɛɔ amɛkaneɔ blema wiemɔi ni aŋmala Biblia lɛ yɛ mli lɛ ŋmɛnɛ. Ni kɛlɛ eyɛ wala mli lolo. Eyi ena wala, ejaakɛ “ékase bɔ ni awieɔ” adesai awiemɔi ni awieɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ wiemɔ. Shishitsɔɔlɔi ni “tsɔɔ” lɛ bɔ ni awieɔ wiemɔi krokomɛi lɛ kɛ gbɛtsiinii ni tamɔ nɔ ni anyɛŋ nɔ kunim aye kpe yɛ bei komɛi amli.

BIBLIA lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ—kɛ emli yitsei fe 1,100 kɛ kukuji 31,000 lɛ—ji nitsumɔ ni da waa. Shi kɛlɛ, yɛ afii ohai abɔ ni eho lɛ amli lɛ, shishitsɔɔlɔi ni amɛtu amɛhe amɛha lɛ kɛ miishɛɛ je nitsumɔ ni kaa mɔ nɛɛ shishi. Amɛteŋ mɛi pii yasumɔ akɛ amɛaapiŋ kɛ tɔlɛ koni amɛgboi po kɛha amɛ nitsumɔ lɛ. Yinɔsane ni kɔɔ bɔ ni fee ni atsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi kɛtee adesai awiemɔi amli lɛ he lɛ ji tsuishiŋmɛɛ kɛ ŋaalee he sane ni sa kadimɔ. Susumɔ anɔkwasaji ni nyɛɔ mɔ nɔ, ni aŋmala ashwie shi lɛ fã fioo ko he okwɛ.

Kaai ni Shishitsɔɔlɔi Kɛkpeɔ

Te ofeɔ tɛŋŋ otsɔɔ wolo ko shishi kɛyaa wiemɔ ni aŋmako mli lɛ? Biblia shishitsɔɔlɔi babaoo kɛ kaa ni tamɔ nɛkɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ kpe. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, Ulfilas, ni hi shi yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ je shishi akɛ eetsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi kɛmiiya nɔ ni no mli lɛ eji ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ wiemɔ shi ejeee nɔ ni aŋma pɛŋ, ni ji—Gothic mli. Ulfilas ye kaa lɛ nɔ kunim kɛtsɔ Gothic alfabɛta ni hiɛ niŋmaa okadii 27, ni klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ ekɛdamɔ Hela kɛ Latin alfabɛtai anɔ lɛ ni ekɛba lɛ nɔ. Agbe Biblia muu lɛ fɛɛ ni shwɛ fioo kulɛ etsɔɔ fɛɛ shishi kɛtee Gothic mli lɛ naa dani afi 381 Ŋ.B. shɛ.

Yɛ afii ohai nɛɛhu lɛ mli lɛ, nyɛmimɛi hii enyɔ ni wieɔ Hela wiemɔ, Cyril (ni klɛŋklɛŋ lɛ atsɛɔ lɛ Constantine) kɛ Methodius, ni amɛ fɛɛ lɛ amɛji woloŋlelɔi kɛ wiemɔi ahe nilelɔi ni ehe gbɛi lɛ miisumɔ ni amɛtsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi amɛha gbɔmɛi ni wieɔ Slavic wiemɔ lɛ. Shi Slavonic—ni tsɔ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ Slavic wiemɔi lɛ ahiɛ lɛ—bɛ nɔ ni áŋma afɔ̃ shi. No hewɔ lɛ, nyɛmimɛi enyɔ lɛ kɛ alfabɛta hee ba bɔni afee ni amɛná Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔ. No hewɔ lɛ, Biblia lɛ baanyɛ “awie” atsɔɔ gbɔmɛi babaoo lolo bianɛ, mɛi ni yɔɔ Slavbii aje lɛ mli lɛ.

William Tyndale je shishi yɛ afii ohai 16 lɛ mli akɛ eeetsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi kɛjɛ eshishijee wiemɔi lɛ amli kɛya Ŋleshi wiemɔ mli, shi ekɛ shitee-kɛ-woo ni mli wa waa ni jɛ Sɔlemɔ lɛ kɛ Nɔyeli lɛ fɛɛ dɛŋ kpe. Tyndale ni kase wolo yɛ Oxford lɛ miisumɔ ni efee shishitsɔɔmɔ ko ni “gbekɛ nuu ni kɛ tsinakɔi hũɔ” lɛ po baanyɛ anu shishi.¹ Shi bɔni afee ni enyɛ efee enɛ lɛ, ehe bahia ni ejo foi kɛya Germany, he ni akala e-Ŋleshi wiemɔ mli “Kpaŋmɔ Hee” lɛ yɛ, yɛ afi 1526. Beni aju shi akɛ ekomɛi tee England lɛ, nɔyeli lɛ mli onukpai lɛ amli wo la aahu akɛ amɛje shishi amɛbɔi enɛɛmɛi shãa yɛ blohuiaŋ. Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ atsɔɔ Tyndale sɛɛ gbɛ. Shi beni abaamia esɛ ni agbe lɛ ni ashã egbɔmɔtso lɛ, ekɛ gbee ni wa wie wiemɔi nɛɛ: “Nuntsɔ, gbelemɔ Ŋleshi Ablotsiri Maŋtsɛ lɛ hiŋmɛii!”²

Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔ tee nɔ; anyɛɛɛ ahã shishitsɔɔlɔi lɛ akpa. Beni shɛɔ afi 1800 mli lɛ, no mli lɛ, kɛ hoo lɛ, Biblia lɛ fãi komɛi “ekase bɔ ni awieɔ” wiemɔi 68. Kɛkɛ ni beni ato Biblia Asafoi ashishi—titri lɛ Ŋleshi Maŋsɛɛ Biblia Asafo lɛ ni ato shishi yɛ afi 1804 lɛ—Biblia lɛ kɛ oyaiyeli “kase” wiemɔi heei babaoo po. Obalahii ohai abɔ jɛ amɛsuɔmɔ mli akɛ amɛbaaya maŋsɛɛ shikpɔji anɔ akɛ maŋsɛɛ sanekpakpa shiɛlɔi, ni yiŋtoo titri ni mɛi pii hiɛ ji ni amɛyatsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi.

Afrika Wiemɔi lɛ Kasemɔ

Yɛ afi 1800 mli lɛ, Afrika wiemɔi ni aŋmala lɛ aaafee nyɔŋma kɛ enyɔ ko pɛ yɔɔ. Ehe bahia ni wiemɔi krokomɛi ohai abɔ ni awieɔ lɛ ámɛ kɛyashi be mli ni mɔ ko kɛ niŋmaa he gbɛjianɔtoo hee ko aaaba. Maŋsɛɛ sanekpakpa shiɛlɔi ba, ni amɛbakase wiemɔi lɛ, ni shishijee woji kɛ wiemɔi ashishitsɔɔmɔ woji ni aaaye abua amɛ bɛ. Kɛkɛ ni amɛkɛ deŋmegbomɔ to niŋmaa he gbɛjianɔtoo ko shishi, ni yɛ no sɛɛ lɛ amɛtsɔɔ gbɔmɛi lɛ bɔ ni akaneɔ nɔ ni aŋma lɛ ahaa. Amɛfee enɛ, koni gbi ko lɛ, gbɔmɛi lɛ anyɛ akane Biblia lɛ yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛwiemɔ mli.³

Maŋsɛɛ sanekpakpa shiɛlɔi nɛɛ ateŋ mɔ ko ji Scotlandnyo ni atsɛɔ lɛ Robert Moffat lɛ. Yɛ afi 1821, beni Moffat eye afii 25 lɛ, eto sɔɔmɔ nitsumɔ ko he gbɛjianɔ yɛ gbɔmɛi ni wieɔ Tswana wiemɔ yɛ Afrika wuoyigbɛ lɛ ateŋ. Bɔni afee ni ekase amɛ wiemɔ ni aŋmako lɛ, ekɛ ehe bɔ gbɔmɛi lɛ ahe, yɛ bei komɛi amli lɛ efãa gbɛ kɛyaa amɛ akrowaiaŋ koni eyahi amɛteŋ. Eŋma yɛ sɛɛ mli akɛ: “Gbɔmɛi lɛ amli hi, ni tɔmɔi ni mifee yɛ wiemɔ lɛ mli lɛ hãa amɛshwieɔ shi kɛ ŋmɔlɔ. Be ko baaa ni mɔ ko aaajaje wiemɔ kome loo wiemɔ muu ko, ja ekase bɔ ni shishijee nɔ̃ lɛ gbɛɛ ha lɛ jogbaŋŋ dã, koni akɛwo mɛi krokomɛi lɛ anaa ŋmɔlɔ babaoo.”⁴ Moffat ŋmɛ etsui shi, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ ebale wiemɔ lɛ jogbaŋŋ, ni eto eŋmaa he gbɛjianɔ.

Yɛ afi 1829, beni etsu nii yɛ Tswanabii ateŋ afii kpaanyɔ lɛ, Moffat gbe Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ naa. Bɔni afee ni eha akala lɛ, efã gbɛ aaafee kilomitai 960 yɛ shwiili nɔ kɛtee ŋshɔnaa, kɛkɛ ni eyata meele mli kɛtee Cape Town. Jɛmɛ ni amralo lɛ ha lɛ hegbɛ koni ekɛ nɔyeli lɛ woji akalamɔ tsɔne atsu nii, shi ehe bahia ni Moffat ato dadei ni akɛkalaa lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ koni lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ekala, ni yɛ naagbee lɛ, ekala Sanekpakpa lɛ eha yɛ afi 1830 mli. Enɛ ji klɛŋklɛŋ be mli ni Tswanabii baanyɛ akane Biblia lɛ fã ko yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛmaŋ wiemɔ mli. Moffat gbe Biblia muu lɛ fɛɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ naa yɛ Tswana wiemɔ mli yɛ afi 1857 mli.

Yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ, Moffat tsɔɔ Tswanabii lɛ anifeemɔ yɛ be mli ni akɛ Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ ha amɛ klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa lɛ mli. Ekɛɛ akɛ: “Mile aŋkroaŋkroi ni ba kɛjɛ shitoi ohai abɔ koni amɛbahe Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ ekomɛi. . . . Mina bɔ ni amɛnine shɛ Luka Sanekpakpa lɛ fãi komɛi anɔ, ni amɛfó yɛ enɛ hewɔ, ni amɛmɔ enɛ mli kpɛŋŋ kɛkpɛtɛ amɛtsitsi, ni amɛfó shidaa yaafonui, kɛyashi be mli ni miwie babaoo akɛ, ‘Nyɛkɛ nyɛ yaafonui lɛ baafite nyɛ woji lɛ.’”⁵

No hewɔ lɛ, shishitsɔɔlɔi ni amɛtu amɛhe amɛha ni tamɔ Moffat—kɛ klɛŋklɛŋ hegbɛ ni akɛaatsɔ niŋmaa nɔ aye sharamɔ—ha Afrikabii babaoo, ni amɛteŋ mɛi komɛi enaaa sɛɛnamɔ ni yɔɔ wiemɔ ni aŋma he lɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, shishitsɔɔlɔi lɛ he ye akɛ amɛkɛ nɔ ko ni jara wa kwraa fe nakai miiha Afrikabii lɛ—Biblia lɛ yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛwiemɔ mli. Ŋmɛnɛ, Biblia muu lɛ fɛɛ loo efai komɛi “wieɔ” yɛ Afrikabii awiemɔi fe 600 mli.

Asia Wiemɔi lɛ Kasemɔ

Beni Afrika shishitsɔɔlɔi lɛ bɔɔ mɔdɛŋ waa ni amɛto wiemɔi ni awieɔ lɛ aŋmalamɔ he gbɛjianɔ yɛ je lɛ afã kroko lɛ, shishitsɔɔlɔi krokomɛi kɛ gbɛtsiinii ni yɔɔ sɔrɔto kwraa kpe—shishitsɔɔmɔ kɛmiiya wiemɔi ni aŋmala momo ni yɔɔ hwanyaŋŋ mli. Enɛ ji kaa ni mɛi ni tsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi kɛtee Asia wiemɔi amli lɛ kɛkpe.

Yɛ afii ohai 19 lɛ shishijee mli lɛ, William Carey kɛ Joshua Marshman tee India ni amɛyakase jɛmɛ wiemɔi ni aŋmala lɛ babaoo. Yɛ William Ward ni ji woji akalalɔ lɛ yelikɛbuamɔ naa lɛ, amɛtsɔɔ Biblia lɛ fãi komɛi ashishi kɛ hoo lɛ kɛtee nɔ ni miihe ashɛ wiemɔi 40 mli.⁶ Yɛ William Carey he lɛ, niŋmalɔ J. Herbert Kane tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Eto [Bengali wiemɔ] lɛ eko he gbɛjianɔ ni ekanemɔ ŋɔɔ ni eyaa yɔɔ hu, ni ekɛto blema woloŋlelɔi anɔ̃ lɛ najiaŋ, ni eha enɛ bafee nɔ ni jwɛŋmɔ yɔɔ mli babaoo ni ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ nikanelɔi sumɔɔ.”⁷

Adoniram Judson, ni afɔ lɛ ni atsɔse lɛ yɛ United States lɛ fã gbɛ kɛtee Burma, ni yɛ afi 1817 mli lɛ, eje Biblia lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ kɛmiiya Burma wiemɔ mli lɛ shishi. Beni etsɔɔ bɔ ni ewa akɛ aaale Bokagbɛ wiemɔ jogbaŋŋ kɛyashɛ he ni aaanyɛ atsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi lɛ he lɛ, eŋma akɛ: ‘Kɛ wɔje gbɔmɛi ni yɔɔ shikpɔŋ lɛ afagbɛ, ni amɛsusumɔi yɔɔ sɔrɔto yɛ wɔnɔ̃ he, ni amɛwiemɔ sui lɛ hu yɔɔ ehee kwraa yɛ wɔnɔ he lɛ awiemɔ kasemɔ shishi, ni amɛ niŋmaa okadii kɛ wiemɔi komekomei lɛ tamɔɔɔ wiemɔ ko ni wɔkɛkpe pɛŋ; kɛ wɔbɛ wiemɔi komekomei ashishitsɔɔmɔ wolo loo wiemɔ shishitsɔɔlɔ ko, ni esa akɛ wɔnu wiemɔ lɛ shishi fioo dani maŋbii lɛ eko ni ji tsɔɔlɔ he anyɛ aba sɛɛnamɔ aha wɔ lɛ—no tsɔɔ nitsumɔ!’⁸

Yɛ Judson sane lɛ mli lɛ, etsɔɔ tɔlɛ kɛ piŋmɔ nitsumɔ ni baahe afii 18. Akala Burma wiemɔ Biblia lɛ naagbee fã lɛ yɛ afi 1835 mli. Shi ena nɔ̃ babaoo yɛ be ni ekɛhi Burma lɛ mli. Beni ehiɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ mli lɛ, afolɔ enaa akɛ eji maŋ shikpálɔ, ni enɛ ha eyaye nɔ ni miihe ashɛ afii enyɔ yɛ tsuŋwoohe ko ni tɔŋtɔŋi eyi mli obɔ tɔ mli. Beni ajie lɛ lɛ sɛɛ etsɛɛɛ ni atiridii gbe eŋa kɛ ebiyoo.

Robert Morrison eye afii 25 beni ebashɛ China yɛ afi 1807 lɛ, ni ekɛ ehe wo nitsumɔ ni wa waa ni ji Biblia lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ kɛmiiya China wiemɔ, wiemɔi ni aŋmala ni yɔɔ hwanyaŋŋ fe fɛɛ lɛ ateŋ ekome mli lɛ mli. China wiemɔ lɛ he nilee fioo ko pɛ eyɔɔ, ni kpaako eje ekasemɔ shishi yɛ afii enyɔ pɛ ni eho lɛ mli. Ehe bahia ni Morrison kɛ Chinabii amla, ni taoɔ ni eha China ahi he ko banee lɛ hu akpe. Atsĩ Chinabii anaa ni amɛkatsɔɔ maŋsɛɛbii amɛwiemɔ lɛ, ni abaagbe mɔ ni feɔ nakai lɛ. Akɛ gbele gbalaa maŋsɛɛnyo ni aaatsɔɔ Biblia lɛ shishi kɛya China wiemɔ mli lɛ toi.

Ákɛ mɔ ni nijiaŋ ejeee wui ni kɛ hiɛtɛ̃ɛ tsu nii lɛ, Morrison tee nɔ ekase wiemɔ lɛ, ni ebale yɛ oyaiyeli mli. Ebaná nitsumɔ akɛ wiemɔ shishitsɔɔlɔ kɛha East India Company lɛ yɛ afii enyɔ pɛ mli. Etsuɔ nii ehaa nitsumɔhe lɛ yɛ jetsɛremɔ mli, shi etsuɔ Biblia lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ he nii yɛ teemɔŋ yɛ daa hegbeyeiwoo shishi akɛ abaamɔ lɛ. Egbe Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ naa kɛha ekalamɔ yɛ afi 1814 mli, beni eyashɛ China lɛ sɛɛ afii kpawo.⁹ Afii enumɔ sɛɛ lɛ, yɛ William Milne yelikɛbuamɔ naa lɛ, egbe Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ naa.

Eji nifeemɔ ni da ni nɔ bɛ—agbɛnɛ Biblia lɛ baanyɛ “awie” yɛ wiemɔ ni gbɔmɛi babaoo wieɔ fe eko fɛɛ eko ni yɔɔ je lɛ mli lɛ mli. Shidaa aha shishitsɔɔlɔi ni he esa, shishitsɔɔmɔi kɛmiiya Asia wiemɔi krokomɛi amli nyiɛ sɛɛ. Ŋmɛnɛ, ayɛ Biblia lɛ fãi komɛi yɛ Asia wiemɔi fe 500 mli.

Mɛni hewɔ gbɔmɛi tamɔ Tyndale, Moffat, Judson, kɛ Morrison kɛ afii pii gbo deŋme—ni mɛi komɛi po kɛ amɛwala wo oshara mli—koni amɛtsɔɔ wolo ko shishi amɛha gbɔmɛi ni amɛleee amɛ, ni yɛ hei komɛi po lɛ, kɛha gbɔmɛi ni bɛ wiemɔ ni aŋma po lɛ? Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ jeee kɛha anunyam taomɔ loo shika mli sɛɛnamɔ. Amɛhe amɛye akɛ Biblia lɛ ji Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ, ni ákɛ esa akɛ “ewie” etsɔɔ gbɔmɛi—gbɔmɛi fɛɛ—yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛwiemɔi amli.

Kɛji akɛ onuɔ he akɛ Biblia lɛ ji Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ loo jeee nakai onuɔ he lɛ, ekolɛ obaakpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ, he kɛ afɔleshaa mumɔ ni shishitsɔɔlɔi ni amɛtu amɛhe amɛha lɛ jie lɛ kpo lɛ efɔɔɔ kaa kwraa yɛ je lɛŋ ŋmɛnɛ. Ani esaaa akɛ apɛiɔ wolo ni kanyãa su ni pɛsɛmkunya bɛ mli nɛkɛ lɛ mli akwɛɔ?

[Akrabatsa ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

(Kɛ́ ootao ona bɔ ni saji nɛɛ ji diɛŋtsɛ lɛ, no lɛ kwɛmɔ wolo lɛ mli)

Wiemɔi ayifalɛ ni atsɔɔ Biblia lɛ fai komɛi ashishi kɛtee mli ni akala kɛjɛ afi 1800

68 107 171 269 367 522 729 971 1,199 1,762 2,123

1800 1900 1995

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 10]

Tyndale miitsɔɔ Biblia shishi

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 11]

Robert Moffat

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 12]

Adoniram Judson

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 13]

Robert Morrison