Josephus Yinɔsane Woji ni Yɔɔ Naakpɛɛ Lɛ

YINƆSANE he nikaselɔi ejɛ jeeŋmɔ beebe amɛjwɛŋ Josephus woji ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ lɛ anɔ. Akɛ mɔ ni afɔ lɛ yɛ Kristo gbele sɛɛ afii ejwɛ pɛ lɛ, eji mɔ ni kɛ ehiŋmɛi na Yesu gbalɛ mlibaa ni haa mɔ he kpokpoɔ ni kɔɔ klɛŋklɛŋ afii oha lɛ mli Yudafoi amaŋ lɛ he. No mli lɛ Josephus ji asraafonyo nukpa, mɔ ni tsuɔ maŋ saji ahe nii, Farisifonyo, kɛ woloŋlelɔ.

Josephus woji ni eŋmala lɛ mli eyi obɔ kɛ saji ni atsɔɔ mli fitsofitso ni kanyaa mɔ. Enɛɛmɛi haa bɔ ni Biblia lɛ ja ha lɛ feɔ faŋŋ yɛ be mli ni ekɛ nibii ni eŋmala ni gbálaa Palestina shikpɔŋ lɛ he mfoniri kɛ eshikamɔ mli etsɔɔ lɛ haa lɛ. Ebɛ naakpɛɛ akɛ mɛi babaoo buɔ ewoji nɛɛ akɛ nibii ni jara wa waa ni amɛkɛfataa woji ni yɔɔ amɛwoji atoohei lɛ ahe!

Emra Be Mli Shihilɛ

Afɔ Joseph ben Matthias, loo Josephus, yɛ afi 37 Ŋ.B., ni ji klɛŋklɛŋ afi yɛ Roma amralo Caligula nɔyeli be lɛ mli. Josephus tsɛ jɛ osɔfoi aweku mli. Nɔ ni etsɔɔ ji akɛ, enyɛ jɛ Hasmonbii asɔfonukpa Jonathan seshi mli.

Beni eye kɛjɛ afii nyɔŋma-kɛ-etɛ kɛyaa lɛ, no mli lɛ Josephus ji mɔ ni kɛ hiɛdɔɔ kaseɔ Mose Mla lɛ waa. Etao Yudafoi ajamɔ kui sɔrɔtoi etɛ lɛ amli jogbaŋŋ—Farisifoi lɛ, Sadukifoi lɛ, kɛ Esenebii lɛ. Akɛni eyɛ Esenebii ahe miishɛɛ hewɔ lɛ, eto eyiŋ akɛ ekɛ mɔ ko ni eyatee ehe yɛ ŋa nɔ yɛ jamɔ hewɔ ni atsɛɔ lɛ Banus, ni ekolɛ Esenenyo ni lɛ baahi shi afii etɛ. Yɛ be mli ni ekpoo enɛ be ni eye afii 19 lɛ, Josephus ku esɛɛ kɛtee Yerusalem ni eyafata Farisifoi lɛ ahe.

Etee Roma ni Eku Esɛɛ Kɛba

Josephus fa gbɛ kɛtee Roma yɛ afi 64 Ŋ.B. koni eyadamɔ Yuda osɔfoi ni Yuda amralo lɛ nitsulɔ Felix kɛ amɛ etee Amralo Nero ŋɔɔ koni ayaye amɛsane lɛ anajiaŋ ekpa fai. Beni ekɛ lɛlɛ yasha shi yɛ gbɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ, shwɛ fioo ni Josephus gbo. Lɛlɛ lɛ mli gbɛfalɔi 600 lɛ ateŋ mɛi 80 pɛ je mli.

Beni Josephus fa gbɛ kɛtee Roma lɛ, Yudanyo hiɛtserɛjielɔ ko kɛ lɛ tsɔɔ Nero ŋa, ni ji amralo yoo ni atsɛɔ lɛ Poppaea lɛ. Yoo lɛ ji mɔ ni na gbɛfaŋnɔ titri ko yɛ enitsumɔ ni ye omanye lɛ mli. Bɔ ni maŋtiase lɛ yɔɔ fɛo sɔŋŋ ha lɛ ha enɛ hi Josephus jwɛŋmɔ mli be saŋŋ.

Beni Josephus ku sɛɛ kɛtee Yudea lɛ, no mli lɛ atua ni aaatse ashi Roma lɛ yɛ Yudafoi lɛ ajwɛŋmɔ mli waa diɛŋtsɛ. Ebɔ mɔdɛŋ akɛ ekɛ sɛɛnamɔ ni bɛ ta ni aaawuu ashi Roma lɛ he lɛ awo emaŋbii lɛ ajwɛŋmɔ mli. Akɛni enyɛɛɛ etsi amɛnaa ni ekolɛ eeshe gbeyei akɛ aaabu lɛ sɛɛgbɛtsɔɔlɔ hewɔ lɛ, ekpɛlɛ nitsumɔ ni akɛha lɛ lɛ nɔ akɛ Yuda asraafoi ni yɔɔ Galilea lɛ anɔ onukpa. Josephus bua ehii lɛ anaa ni etsɔse amɛ ni enine shɛ nibii kɛ niyenii ni he baahia lɛ nɔ bɔni afee ni akɛsaa he ni akɛwuu ashi Roma asraafoi lɛ—shi fɛɛ fee efolo. Vespasian asraafoi akuu lɛ ye Galilea nɔ. Beni akɛ gbii 47 ewo Josephus mɔɔ ni yɔɔ Jotapata lɛ he ka sɛɛ lɛ, aye nɔ kunim.

Beni Josephus tuu ehe ewo amɛdɛŋ lɛ, etsɔ ŋaa gbɛ nɔ egba efɔ shi akɛ etsɛŋ ni Vespasian baatsɔ amralo. Be mli ni awo lɛ tsuŋ ni agbalaaa etoi yɛ nɔ ni etsɔ hiɛ egba nɛɛ hewɔ sɛɛ lɛ, aŋmɛɛ Josephus he beni enɛ ba mli anɔkwale lɛ. Enɛ kɛ tsakemɔ kpele ko ba eshihilɛ mli. Yɛ tawuu be ni shwɛ lɛ mli lɛ, esɔmɔ Romabii lɛ akɛ wiemɔ shishitsɔɔlɔ kɛ teŋdamɔlɔ. Beni Josephus tsɔɔ hegbɛ ni Vespasian kɛ ebihii Titus kɛ Domitian yɔɔ akɛ amɛaahe mɛi kɛaaba nɔyeli lɛ nitsumɔ mli lɛ, ekɛ weku gbɛi “Flavius” fata enɔ lɛ he.

Woji ni Flavius Josephus Ŋmala

Woji ni Josephus ŋmala lɛ mli nɔ ni etsɛ fe fɛɛ lɛ gbɛi ji The Jewish War. Aheɔ ayeɔ akɛ eŋmala wolokpoi kpawo nɛɛ koni ekɛfee Roma hewalɛ ni nɔ kwɔ lɛ he mfoniri etsɔɔ Yudafoi lɛ, ni ekɛtsi tutuamɔi ni baaba wɔsɛɛ ko lɛ naa. Nɛkɛ woji nɛɛ pɛiɔ Yudafoi ayinɔsane mli fitsofitso kɛjɛ beni Antiochus Epiphanes ye Yerusalem nɔ kunim (yɛ afii ohai enyɔ D.Ŋ.B.) lɛ aahu kɛyashi be ni ta ba yɛ afi 67 Ŋ.B. lɛ. Josephus gba ta ni ba naagbee kwraa yɛ afi 73 Ŋ.B lɛ he sane akɛ mɔ ni kɛ ehiŋmɛi na.

Woji ni Josephus ŋmala lɛ ekroko hu ji The Jewish Antiquities, ni ji Yudafoi ayinɔsane wolokpoi 20 lɛ. Ekɛ 1 Mose wolo lɛ kɛ nibɔɔ jeɔ shishi, ni etsaa nɔ aahu kɛyashiɔ beni afa ta ashi Roma lɛ. Josephus nyiɛ bɔ ni ato Biblia mli saji anaa lɛ sɛɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ, ni ekɛ blema saji ashishitsɔɔmɔi kɛ nibii ni ena yɛ hei krokomɛi lɛ fata he.

Josephus ŋma wolo ko ni kɔɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ ehe ni gbɛi ni ekɛ wo no kɛkɛ ji Life. Etsɔɔ eshidaamɔ yɛ ta lɛ mli ni ebɔ mɔdɛŋ akɛ eeeba naafolɔmɔi ni Justus ni jɛ Tiberias kɛba enɔ lɛ shi yɛ mli. Wolo ni ji ejwɛ ni eŋma—wolokpoi enyɔ ni ekɛfa hemɔkɛyeli he, ni ewo lɛ Against Apion—lɛ faa Yudafoi lɛ ahe eshiɔ naafolɔmɔi ni akɛba amɛ nɔ lɛ.

Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ Mlibotemɔ

Ŋwanejee ko bɛ he akɛ Josephus yinɔsane ni eŋma lɛ babaoo ja. Yɛ ewolo, Against Apion lɛ mli lɛ, etsɔɔ akɛ Yudafoi lɛ kɛ Apokrifa woji lɛ fataaa Ŋmalɛi ni jɛ mumɔŋ lɛ ahe. Ekɛ odaseyeli haa ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni niŋmaai krɔŋkrɔŋi lɛ ja ha kɛ bɔ ni emli saji fɛɛ kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee hu. Josephus kɛɛ akɛ: “Wɔbɛ woji babaoo ni aleee yibɔ yɛ wɔteŋ, ni kɛ amɛhe kpaaa gbee ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe, . . . shi moŋ woji nyɔŋmai-enyɔ-kɛ-enyɔ pɛ, [nɔ ni tamɔ wɔ ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ beaŋ Ŋmalɛi lɛ ni ajara mli afee lɛ woji 39 lɛ,] ní be ni eho lɛ he saji fɛɛ ni aŋmala lɛ yɔɔ mli; ni aheɔ ayeɔ yɛ anɔkwayeli mli akɛ eyɔɔ krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ.”

Josephus kɛ sane mlitsɔɔmɔ fitsofitso fata Biblia mli saji lɛ ahe yɛ Antiquities of the Jews wolo lɛ mli. Ekɛɛ akɛ “Isak eye afii nyɔŋmai-enyɔ-kɛ-enumɔ” beni Abraham fimɔ eniji kɛ enaji fɛɛ ni ekɛ lɛ asha afɔle lɛ. Taakɛ Josephus tsɔɔ lɛ, beni eye ebua ni ama afɔleshaa latɛ lɛ agbe naa lɛ, Isak kɛɛ akɛ “ ‘klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa lɛ, kɛ ekpoo nɔ ni Nyɔŋmɔ kɛ etsɛ ekpɛ yiŋ yɛ he lɛ, ejeee mɔ ni sa akɛ afɔɔ lɛ po,’ . . . No hewɔ lɛ etee afɔleshaa latɛ lɛ nɔ amrɔ nɔŋŋ koni akɛ lɛ asha afɔle.”

Josephus kɛ saji ni atsɔɔ mli fitsofitso nɛɛ fata Ŋmalɛ mli sane ni tsɔɔ bɔ ni Israel shi blema Mizraim lɛ he akɛ: “Yibɔ ni tiu amɛ lɛ falɛ ji ta shwiilii ohai ekpaa, kɛ okpɔŋɔ nɔtaralɔi akpei nyɔŋmai-enumɔ, kɛ gbɔmɛi akpei ohai enyɔ ni nyiɛ amɛnaji anɔ, ni amɛ fɛɛ amɛhiɛ tawuu nii.” Josephus kɛɛ hu akɛ “beni Samuel eye afii nyɔŋma-kɛ-enyɔ lɛ ebɔi gbaa: ni be ko beni eka shi ewɔ lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ tsɛ lɛ kɛ egbɛi.”—Okɛto 1 Samuel 3:2-21 he.

Woji krokomɛi ni Josephus ŋmala lɛ kɛ mɔ boteɔ too ni awoɔ, mlai, kɛ saji ni babai lɛ amli. Etsɛ yoo ni jo yɛ Herode okpɔlɔŋmɛɛ lɛ shishi, ní ebi ni aha lɛ Yohane Baptisilɔ lɛ yitso lɛ akɛ Salome. (Marko 6:17-26) Josephus ji mɔ ni ŋmala nibii ni wɔle yɛ Herodei sɔrɔtoi lɛ ahe lɛ ateŋ babaoo. Ekɛɛ po akɛ “[Herode] diki eyitsɔi lɛ efee lɛ ediŋ koni mɛi akale akɛ eda waa yɛ afii amli.”

Atua Kpele ni Atse Ashi Roma

Beni Yesu kɛ egbalɛ ni kɔɔ Yerusalem kɛ esɔlemɔwe lɛ he lɛ eha sɛɛ afii 33 pɛ mli lɛ, gbalɛ lɛ bɔi mlibaa. Yudafoi akui ni yɔɔ Yerusalem ni sumɔɔ ni amɛfee tsakemɔi oyayaayai lɛ bɔi nyɔŋyeli ni Romabii kɛba amɛnɔ lɛ jiemɔ. Yɛ afi 66 Ŋ.B. lɛ, enɛ he sane ha abɔi Roma asraafoi akui ni yɔɔ Syria nɔyelɔ Cestius Gallus shishi lɛ anaabuamɔ kɛmiiya jɛmɛ. Amɛnitsumɔ ji ni amɛba atuatsemɔ lɛ shi ni amɛgbala nɔtɔlɔi lɛ atoi. Beni amɛkpata nibii ahiɛ yɛ maji bibii ni ebɔle Yerusalem he lɛ amli lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Cestius hii lɛ wo maŋtiase ni atswa gbogbo awo he lɛ he ka. Yɛ be mli ni amɛkɛ gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akɛfeɔ enɛ ni atsɛɔ lɛ testudo lɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ, Romabii lɛ kɛ omanyeyeli bua amɛtsɛ́ŋi lɛ fɛɛ anaa tamɔ akpokpolonto sɛɛ koni amɛkɛbu amɛhe kɛjɛ amɛhenyɛlɔi ahe. Yɛ be mli ni Josephus wieɔ bɔ ni gbɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ yeɔ omanye ehaa lɛ he lɛ, ekɛɛ: “Akpɔlɔi ni afɔfɔi lɛ tumɔɔ kɛtsɔɔ tsɛŋi lɛ ahiɛ kɛhoɔ ni eyeee amɛ awui ko; no hewɔ lɛ asraafoi lɛ gbu fɔlɔ amɛwo gbogbo lɛ mli ni amɛpilaaa, ni amɛnine shɛ nibii fɛɛ nɔ koni amɛkɛwo sɔlemɔ we lɛ agbó lɛ naa la.”

Josephus kɛɛ, “kɛkɛ ni eba lɛ akɛ Cestius . . . saa etsɛ esraafoi lɛ kɛjɛ jɛi . . . Eshi maŋ lɛ mli, ni etsɔɔɔ nɔ hewɔ kwraa.” Eka shi faŋŋ akɛ, Josephus ŋma nɔ tuuŋtu ni Kristofoi ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ mɛɔ lɛ efɔ shi ní jeee kɛ yiŋtoo akɛ eefee nakai kɛwo Nyɔŋmɔ bi lɛ hiɛ nyam. Eji Yesu Kristo gbalɛ lɛ mlibaa! Yɛ afii ni etsɔ hiɛ lɛ mli lɛ, Nyɔŋmɔ Bi lɛ ebɔ kɔkɔ akɛ: “Kɛ nyɛna akɛ abɔ ŋsra awo Yerusalem he lɛ, belɛ nyɛnaa nyɛlea akɛ efitemɔ lɛ eshɛ. No mli lɛ mɛi ni yɔɔ Yudea lɛ ajo foi aya gɔji lɛ anɔ, ni mɛi ni yɔɔ maŋ lɛŋ lɛ aje kpo, ni mɛi ni yɔɔ akrowai akaba maŋ. Ejaakɛ oweletɔɔ gbii lɛ nɛ, koni nibii fɛɛ ni aŋma lɛ aba mli.” (Luka 21:20-22) Taakɛ Yesu fã lɛ, enɔkwa sɛɛnyiɛlɔi lɛ kɛ oyaiyeli shi maŋtiase lɛ mli, amɛyahi he kroko, ni ahere amɛ kɛjɛ piŋmɔ ni ba maŋ lɛ nɔ yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ mli.

Beni Roma asraafoi lɛ ku amɛsɛɛ kɛba yɛ afi 70 Ŋ.B. lɛ, Josephus ŋma nɔ ni jɛ mli ba lɛ fitsofitso. Vespasian binuu, Tatsɛ Tito, bakpata Yerusalem kɛ esɔlemɔtsu fɛfɛo lɛ hiɛ. Kui bibii ni kɛ amɛhe wuɔ ta yɛ maŋ lɛ mli lɛ bɔ mɔdɛŋ akɛ amɛaaye maŋ lɛ nɔ. Amɛfee nibii fɔji kɛteke nɔ, ni amɛshwie la shi babaoo. Josephus kɛɛ amɛteŋ mɛi komɛi “bote haomɔ ni tamɔ nakai mli yɛ naagbai ni jɛ amɛteŋ ba lɛ hewɔ aahu akɛ, amɛshwe ni Romabii lɛ aba,” kɛ hiɛnɔkamɔ akɛ “no baakpɔ amɛ kɛjɛ amɛmaŋ amanehului lɛ amli.” Etsɛ atuatselɔi ni yɔɔ maŋ lɛ mli lɛ akɛ “ojotswalɔi” ni kɛ amɛhe ewo niiatsɛmɛi lɛ anibii ahiɛkpatamɔ mli ni amɛmiigbegbee mɛi wuji lɛ—ni ji mɛi ni ayoo akɛ amɛmiisumɔ ni amɛŋmɛɛ saji ahe ni amɛkɛ Romabii lɛ asaa lɛ.

Beni maŋ ta lɛ yaa nɔ lɛ, shihilɛi ni yɔɔ Yerusalem lɛ fite kwraa bɔ ni anyɛɛɛ asusu he, ni gbohii lɛ jwere shi ni afuuu amɛ. Maŋjwalɔi lɛ diɛŋtsɛ “kɛ amɛhe wuu, beni amɛnaanaa gbohii ni abua naa ni eko ka eko nɔ lɛ anɔ lɛ.” Amɛjujuu maŋbii anibii, ni amɛgbegbee mɛi yɛ niyenii kɛ ninamɔ hewɔ. Mɛi ni apiŋɔ amɛ lɛ abolɔmɔi lɛ tee nɔ aahu.

Tito wo Yudafoi lɛ ahewalɛ ni amɛŋmɛɛ amɛmaŋ lɛ he amɛha koni amɛkɛhere amɛyiwala. “Etsu Josephus kɛtee koni ekɛ amɛ ayawie yɛ amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛ maŋ wiemɔ mli; ejaakɛ esusu akɛ ekolɛ amɛbaaŋmɛɛ amɛhe amɛha amɛmaŋnyo lɛ yiŋkɔnemɔ lɛ.” Shi amɛbɔ Josephus ahora. No sɛɛ lɛ Tito kɛ tsei kɛ amɛnaa piɔpiɔi fo maŋ muu lɛ fɛɛ he afabaŋ. (Luka 19:43) Yɛ be mli ni ajie gbɛi sɔrɔtoi fɛɛ ni abaatsɔ nɔ ajo foi lɛ kɛjɛ jɛmɛ ni atsi foijee fɛɛ naa lɛ, “shia mli bii kɛ wekui mujii fɛɛ hiɛ kpata” kɛ hɔmɔ. Tawuu ni tee nɔ aahu lɛ ha mɛi ni gboi lɛ ayi fa babaoo. Titus kpata Yerusalem hiɛ ni eleee akɛ eeha Biblia gbalɛ miiba mli. Sɛɛ mli, beni ekwɛɔ maŋ lɛ gbogboi ni yɔɔ hewalɛ waa kɛ ehe mɔji ni awaje amɛ lɛ, ekɛɛ akɛ: “Jeee mɔ ko mɔ ko fe Nyɔŋmɔ diɛŋtsɛ jie Yudafoi lɛ kɛjɛ gbogboi ni tamɔ abobaahei nɛɛ amli.” Yudafoi fe akpeiakpe kome hiɛ kpata.—Luka 21:5, 6, 23, 24.

Tawuu lɛ Sɛɛ

Beni awuu ta lɛ agbe naa lɛ Josephus tee Roma. Yɛ be mli ni enaa Flaviabii ni ji Roma weku ni akɛ amɛgbɛi wo lɛ lɛ agbɔfeemɔ he sɛɛ lɛ, ehi shi akɛ Roma maŋ lɛ mlinyo yɛ Vespasian tsutsu shia lɛ mli ni enine shɛ nyɔmɔwoo ni da kɛ nikeenii anɔ kɛjɛ Tito ŋɔɔ. No sɛɛ lɛ Josephus bɔi woloŋmaa akɛ enitsumɔ.

Eji miishɛɛ sane akɛ aaakadi akɛ, eka shi faŋŋ akɛ Josephus ji mɔ ni kɛ wiemɔ “Teokrase” lɛ ba. Eŋma yɛ Yudafoi amaŋ lɛ he akɛ: “Abaanyɛ awie yɛ wɔ nɔyeli lɛ he . . . akɛ eji Teokrase nɔ̃, yɛ emli hegbɛ kɛ hewalɛ ni jɛ Nyɔŋmɔ ŋɔɔ lɛ hewɔ.”

Josephus ewieko pɛŋ akɛ eji Kristofonyo. Jeee Nyɔŋmɔ mumɔ mli ejɛ eŋmala ewoji lɛ. Kɛlɛ, yinɔsane ni nilee kɛ shishinumɔ yɔɔ mli ni sɛɛnamɔ yɔɔ he yɛ Josephus woji lɛ amli.

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 31]

Josephus yɛ Yerusalem gbogboi lɛ masɛi