Gothic Biblia Lɛ—Mɔdɛŋbɔɔ ni Yɔɔ Sɔrɔto
GOTH bii lɛ ji German akutsei ni efee ekome, ni ekolɛ amɛsɛɛ jɛ Scandinavia. Wɔ Ŋmɛnɛŋmɛnɛ Beaŋ klɛŋklɛŋ afii ohai lɛ amli ni amɛfa amɛshi amɛmaji lɛ amli kɛba wuoyigbɛ kɛba Black Sea lɛ kɛ Danube faa lɛ he, kɛbashɛ Roma Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ husui anaa diɛŋtsɛ.
Klɛŋklɛŋ wolo ni afee yɛ German wiemɔ mli ji Gothic Biblia lɛ. Ŋmɛnɛ, shishitsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ baafai ni esuu pɛ yɔɔ. Fɛɛ sɛɛ lɛ, eji Ŋmalɛ Krɔŋkrɔŋ lɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ ni yɔɔ sɔrɔto ni abuɔ waa. Mɛni hewɔ?
Ulfilas—Maŋsɛɛ Sanekpakpa Shiɛlɔ kɛ Biblia Shishitsɔɔlɔ
Biblia nɛɛ shishitsɔɔlɔ ji Ulfilas, ní akɛ e-Gothic gbɛi le lɛ akɛ Wulfila lɛ. Taakɛ yinɔsane-ŋmalɔ, Philostorgius tsɔɔ lɛ, Ulfilas ji nomii ni aŋɔ kɛjɛ Goth bii atawuu ni kɛ amɛ bote Cappadocia, ni amrɔ nɛɛ eji Turkey bokagbɛ shikpɔji lɛ fa lɛ seshinyo. Afɔ lɛ aaafee afi 311 Ŋ.B., Eusebius ni jɛ Nicomedia lɛ wo lɛ osɔfo afii 30 sɛɛ, ni yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ atsɔse lɛ ni etsu nii akɛ maŋsɛɛ sanekpakpa shiɛlɔ yɛ Goth bii ateŋ.
“Bɔni afee ni etsɔɔ mɛi ni etsake amɛ lɛ nii ni amɛyi afa lɛ,” yinɔsane-ŋmalɔ Will Durant kɛɛ, “ekɛ tsuishitoo tsɔɔ Biblia lɛ fɛɛ shishi kɛjɛ Hela wiemɔ mli kɛtee Goth wiemɔ mli, ja Maŋtsɛmɛi Awoji lɛ pɛ.” (The Age of Faith) Ŋmɛnɛ, yɛ Nehemia wolo lɛ baafa ko ni esuu lɛ sɛɛ lɛ, Gothic Biblia ni akɛ niji ŋmala ni afiteee lɛ loo elaajeee ni yɔɔ lɛ ji Kristofoi a-Hela Ŋmalɛi lɛ fai komɛi.
Gothic jeee wiemɔ ni aŋma afɔ shi. No hewɔ lɛ Ulfilas kɛ shishitsɔɔmɔ he kaa ni biɔ ŋaalee kɛ hesaa diɛŋtsɛ kpe. Blema osɔfoi ayinɔsane-ŋmalɔi kɛ yijiemɔ haa lɛ akɛ mɔ ni kɛ Gothic alfabɛta loo niŋmaa okadii 27, ni damɔ Hela kɛ Latin alfabɛta loo niŋmaa okadii anɔ lɛ ba. Agbɛnɛ hu, The New Encyclopædia Britannica kɛɔ akɛ “lɛ ekɛ German Kristofoi awiemɔi, ni akɛ ekomɛi miitsu nii lolo lɛ ba.”
Gothic Biblia lɛ Mra Be Mli Yinɔsane
Ulfilas gbe eshishitsɔɔmɔ lɛ naa dani afi 381 Ŋ.B. lɛ shɛ, ni egbo yɛ no sɛɛ afii enyɔ loo etɛ. The Encyclopedia Americana, ni kɛɔ akɛ “Goth bii ni fã kɛbahi Spania kɛ Italia lɛ kɛtsu nii” lɛ yeɔ bɔ ni eshishitsɔɔmɔ nɛɛ ehe gbɛi waa lɛ he odase. Yɛ anɔkwale mli lɛ, kɛ asusu ebaafai ni esuu ni yɔɔ lolo lɛ ahe lɛ, etamɔ nɔ ni afee Gothic Bibliai nɛɛ babaoo. Eeenyɛ efee akɛ akɛ niji ŋmala babaoo yɛ scriptoria tsũi ni yɔɔ Ravenna kɛ Verona maji lɛ amli lɛ amli, he ni Goth bii lɛ to amɛmaŋtsɛyeli yɛ lɛ. Scriptoria lɛ ji tsũi ni yɔɔ osɔfoi ashihilɛ hei ni akɛ niji ŋmalaa ekomɛi ni akwɛɔ nɔ aŋmalaa ekrokomɛi yɛ mli lɛ.
Goth bii lɛ ba amɛ naagbee akɛ maŋ aaafee afi 555 Ŋ.B., beni Byzantine maŋtsɛ Justinian I eku sɛɛ ebaye Italia nɔ kunim ekoŋŋ lɛ sɛɛ. Tönnes Kleberg kɛɛ akɛ, beni amɛlaaje sɛɛ lɛ, “Gothic wiemɔ lɛ kɛ Gothic kusumii kɛ blema saji laaje yɛ Italia, ni ashiii ehe nɔ ko bibioo po. Anaaa Gothic niŋmaai ni akɛ niji fee lɛ ahe miishɛɛ dɔŋŋ. . . . Ajie titri ashwie shi ni atsumɔ amɛnɔ wiemɔi lɛ. Kɛkɛ ni akɛ kooloi ahewolɔ ni jara wa waa lɛ tsu nii ekoŋŋ ni aŋmala nibii heei awo nɔ.”
Nɔ ni akɛ Niji Ŋmala ni Yɔɔ Lolo
Atsumɔɔɔ nɔ ni akɛ niji eŋmala yɛ kooloi ahewoji anɔ lɛ ekomɛi jogbaŋŋ kɛyiii shi, ni ehaa anaa shishijee niŋmaai lɛ hɛlɛbii lolo. Ana blema woji ni atsumɔɔɔ tsutsu niŋmaai ni yɔɔ nɔ, loo palimpsets, taakɛ atsɛɔ amɛ lɛ babaoo ni anyɛ akane. Nɔ ni yɔɔ naakpɛɛ waa lɛ, abaa Codex Argenteus ni ehe gbɛi ni Sanekpakpai ejwɛ lɛ yɔɔ mli ni ato naa kɛjɛ Mateo, Yohane, Luka kɛ Marko lɛ yi ni nɔ ko nɔ ko fiteee lɛ kwraa.
Asusuɔ akɛ nɛkɛ wolokpo ni nɔ bɛ nɛɛ jɛ Ravenna woji aŋmalamɔ tsũi lɛ amli yɛ Ŋ.B. afii ohai ekpaa lɛ shishijee mli. Atsɛɔ lɛ Codes Argenteus, ni eshishinumɔ ji “Jwiɛtɛi Wolo,” ejaakɛ akɛ blɛgi ni hiɛ kpɛlɛɔ tamɔ jwiɛtɛi ŋmala. Akɛ afaseo su ediki kooloi awolo ni feɔ ebaafai lɛ, ni tsɔɔ akɛ ekolɛ atsu he nii aha odehe ko. Akɛ niŋmaai ni jeɔ kpo yɛ wuɔfɔ su mli ewula Sanekpakpa lɛ eko fɛɛ eko klɛŋklɛŋ liamɔi etɛ lɛ fɛfɛo kɛ agbɛnɛ emlijaai sɔrɔtoi lɛ ashishijee. Sanekpakpa lɛ ŋmalalɔi lɛ agbɛi hu jeɔ kpo yɛ wuɔfɔ su mli yɛ ‘liamɔ kɔntɔŋi’ ejwɛ ni je amɛhe ni akɛfɔ̃ niŋmaai amlijaa lɛ eko fɛɛ eko shishi lɛ yiteŋ. Enɛɛmɛi gbalaa jwɛŋmɔ kɛyaa kukuji krokomɛi ni tamɔ nakai ni yɔɔ Sanekpakpai lɛ amli lɛ nɔ.
Gothic Biblia Niŋmaai lɛ Saamɔ Ekoŋŋ
Beni Gothic maŋ lɛ jwa lɛ, Codex Argenteus ni jara wa waa lɛ laaje. Anaaa dɔŋŋ aahu kɛbashi be mli ni gbɔmɛi na amɛle yɛ afii ohai 16 lɛ teŋgbɛ, yɛ Werden osɔfoi ashihilɛ he ni bɛŋkɛ Cologne, yɛ Germany lɛ.
Yɛ afi 1569 lɛ, akala Nuŋtsɔ lɛ Sɔlemɔ lɛ yɛ Gothic shishitsɔɔmɔ mli, ni egbala jwɛŋmɔ kɛtee Biblia ni ajie kɛjɛ mli lɛ nɔ. Gbɛi Codex Argenteus lɛ pue yɛ niŋmaa ni akala mli klɛŋklɛŋ kwraa yɛ 1597. Ajɛ Werden akɛ niŋmaa ni akɛ niji fee nɛɛ bafata maŋtsɛ lɛ ŋaa-nitsumɔi loo nitɛŋmɔi ni abua naa lɛ ahe yɛ Prague. Shi yɛ Afii Nyɔŋmai Etɛ jamɔ mli Tawuu lɛ naagbee yɛ 1648 lɛ, Swedes bii ni ye kunim lɛ tere Codex Argenteus lɛ kɛ jwetrii krokomɛi kɛtee. Kɛjɛ 1669 kɛbaa nɛɛ, nɛkɛ wolokpo nɛɛ ena he ko ni ehiɔ daa yɛ Uppsala University Library, ni yɔɔ Sweden lɛ.
Kɛjɛ shishijee lɛ Codex Argenteus lɛ feɔ baafai 336, ni 187 yɛ Uppsala. Ana baafa kroko kome—Marko Sanekpakpa lɛ naagbee nɔ lɛ—yɛ 1970 yɛ Speyer, yɛ Germany.
Beni codex loo wolokpo lɛ pue ekoŋŋ pɛ kɛkɛ ni woloŋlelɔi je shishi akɛ amɛaakase emli niŋmaai lɛ koni amɛnu Gothic wiemɔ ni egbo lɛ shishi. German woloŋlelɔ Wilhelm Streitberg, ni bɔɔ mɔdɛŋ koni anyɛ akane blema niŋmaa nɛɛ kɛ niŋmaai ni yɔɔ fɛɛ ni eeenyɛ ebua naa kɛ tsutsu mɔdɛŋ ni abɔ koni anyɛ akane lɛ tsu nii, ni ebua fɛɛ naa ni yɛ afi 1908 mli lɛ, eŋma “Die gotische Bibel” (The Gothic Bible), loo Gothic Biblia lɛ, ni Hela kɛ Gothic ŋmalɛi lɛ pue yɛ baafai sɔrɔtoi enyɔ lɛ.
Ŋmɛnɛ, woloŋlelɔi titri nyaa nɛkɛ Gothic Biblia nɛɛ he. Shi yɛ anɔkwale ni eji akɛ ebafee Biblia ni afee ni asumɔɔ waa yɛ Biblia shishitsɔɔmɔ shishijee gbii lɛ amli lɛ yeɔ Ulfila suɔmɔ kɛ efaishitswaa akɛ eeeha atsɔɔ Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ lɛ shishi kɛya nɔ ni no mli lɛ eji no beaŋ wiemɔ mli lɛ he odase. Eyoo yɛ gbɛ ni ja nɔ akɛ, nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ pɛ aaatsɔ ni aha Gothic bii lɛ anu Kristofoi anɔkwale lɛ shishi.
[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 9 lɛ Jɛ]
Courtesy of the Uppsala University Library, Sweden