Mɛni Ji Talmud Lɛ?

“Talmud lɛ ji woji ni sa kadimɔ waa ni áfee yɛ be ni eho lɛ mli lɛ ateŋ ekome.” —The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia.

“[Talmud lɛ ji] nitsumɔi wuji ni adesai etsu lɛ ateŋ ekome, eji wolo ko ni biɔ niiahesusumɔ waa, ni shishinumɔ diɛŋtsɛ yɔɔ mli, ni eshishinumɔ wa waa aahu akɛ, ekɛ nɔ ni fe afii akpe kɛ fã ehe nilelɔi ajwɛŋmɔ.”—Jacob Neusner, ni ji Yudafonyo woloŋlelɔ kɛ niŋmalɔ.

“Talmud lɛ ji [Yuda jamɔ] akulashiŋ ni fiɔ Yudafoi lɛ amumɔŋ shihilɛ kɛ nilee fɛɛ ni atswa ama shi lɛ sɛɛ lɛ shikwɛɛhe.”—Adin Steinsaltz, Talmud nilelɔ kɛ rabi.

ŊWANEJEE ko bɛ he akɛ Talmud lɛ kɛ afii ohai abɔ ená Yudafoi lɛ anɔ hewalɛ waa diɛŋtsɛ. Shi kɛlɛ, nɔ ni tamɔɔɔ yijiemɔ wiemɔi ni atsĩ tã yɛ yiteŋgbɛ lɛ, aba Talmud lɛ shi ni atsɛ lɛ akɛ “ŋshɔ ni anaaa emli nii kɛ emli ŋmɔtɔ.” Agbe he guɔ akɛ eji Abonsam musubɔɔ nitsumɔ ko. Paapai lɛ wo akpɔ ni akane mli shii abɔ koni agbe emli nibii ni ejaaa lɛ, ni atsĩtsĩi naa, ni ashã babaoo po yɛ Europa maji lɛ amli.

Mɛni diɛŋtsɛ ji nitsumɔ ni étee naataamɔ babaoo shi nɛkɛ nɛɛ lɛ? Mɛni haa Talmud lɛ bafeɔ nɔ ni esoro lɛ kwraa yɛ Yudafoi lɛ awoji ahe? Mɛni hewɔ aŋma? Ebaná hewalɛ ni tamɔ nakai yɛ Yuda jamɔ nɔ yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ? Ani eyɛ shishinumɔ kɛha gbɔmɛi ni jeee Yudafoi?

Yɛ afii 150 ni nyiɛ Yerusalem sɔlemɔwe lɛ hiɛkpatamɔ yɛ 70 Ŋ.B. lɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli lɛ, rabifoi nilelɔi askul sɔrɔtoi ni yɔɔ Israel fɛɛ lɛ kɛ he hiamɔ tao gbɛ̀i heei ni amɛaatsɔ nɔ amɛha Yudafoi anifeemɔi aya nɔ ahi shi. Amɛtaa saji anaa, kɛkɛ ni amɛto kusumii sɔrɔtoi ni yɔɔ mla ni akɛ naabu jajeɔ lɛ mli lɛ amɛma shi. Amɛdamɔ nɛkɛ shishitoo nɛɛ nɔ, ni amɛje Yuda jamɔ husui kɛ taomɔ nii heei ní kɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔ kɛha daa gbi krɔŋkrɔŋfeemɔ shihilɛ haa lɛ shishi, yɛ be mli ni amɛbɛ sɔlemɔwe. Beni afii oha ni ji etɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ jeɔ shishi lɛ, no mli lɛ Judah ha-Nasi ebua nɛkɛ mumɔŋ gbɛjianɔtoo hee nɛɛ naa, ni eŋmala ewo Mishnah lɛ mli.a

Mishnah lɛ hiɛ ehe, adamɔɔɔ Biblia lɛ nɔ akɛtaooo ejalɛ. Bɔ ni esusuɔ nii ahe ehaa, kɛ bɔ ni aŋmala e-Hebri lɛ aha po yɛ sɔrɔto, eyɛ sɔrɔto kwraa yɛ ŋmalɛ ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ he. Susumɔi ni rabifoi hiɛ ni atsɛ yisɛɛ yɛ Mishnah lɛ mli lɛ baasa Yudafoi lɛ ashihilɛi ahe daa gbi yɛ he fɛɛ he. Jacob Neusner kɛɛ akɛ: “Mishnah lɛ kɛ Israel mla gbɛjianɔtoo lɛ ha. . . . Ebiɔ koni akpɛlɛ emlai lɛ anɔ, ni akɛkpã gbee.”

Ni kɛ mɛi komɛi bi sane akɛ wolo mli ni ajɛ atsɛ nileei lɛ ayisɛɛ yɛ Mishnah lɛ mli lɛ ákɛ ani etamɔ Ŋmalɛ ni ajie lɛ kpo atsɔɔ yɛ faŋŋ lɛ hu? Ebaabi koni rabifoi lɛ atsɔɔ akɛ Tannaim tsɔɔmɔi (mla ni akɛ naabu jajeɔ lɛ tsɔɔlɔi) ni anaa yɛ Mishnah lɛ mli lɛ kɛ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ fɛɛ kpãa gbee. Ehe bahia koni atsɔɔ saji amli lolo. Amɛnu he akɛ ehe miihia koni amɛtsɔɔ Mishnah lɛ shishi ni amɛtsɔɔ akɛ eja, ni amɛkɛ odaseyeli atsɔɔ akɛ aná kɛjɛ Mla ni akɛha Mose yɛ Sinai lɛ mli. Rabifoi lɛ nu he akɛ nɔnyɛɛ kã amɛnɔ koni amɛtsɔɔ akɛ, mla ni akɛ naabu jaje kɛ nɔ ni aŋmala lɛ hiɛ shishinumɔ kɛ yiŋtoo kome. Yɛ nɔ najiaŋ ni Mishnah lɛ aaafee nɔ ni muɔ saji ashishitsɔɔmɔi fɛɛ ni kɔɔ Yuda jamɔ naa moŋ lɛ, ebafee shishitoo nɔ̃ hee kɛha jamɔ mli saji ahe naataamɔi.

Talmud lɛ Feemɔ

Atsɛɔ rabifoi ni je nɛkɛ nitsumɔ nɛɛ shishi lɛ akɛ Amoraim—Mishnah lɛ mli “wiemɔi ashishitsɔɔlɔi,” aloo “saji amli tsɔɔlɔi.” Rabi ko ni ale lɛ waa ji mɔ ni kudɔɔ skul lɛ eko fɛɛ eko. Nilelɔi akuu fioo ko kɛ nikaselɔi kpeɔ kɛ susuɔ saji ahe shii abɔ yɛ afi muu lɛ mli. Shi afeɔ efãi ni he hiaa lɛ shii enyɔ yɛ afi mli, yɛ Adar kɛ Elul nyɔji lɛ amli, be mli ni okwaayeli nitsumɔ lɛ eba shi ni gbɔmɛi aaashɛ ohai abɔ loo akpei abɔ po baanyɛ aya.

Adin Steinsaltz tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Skul lɛ nɔkwɛlɔ ni kwɛɔ kpee lɛ nɔ lɛ taa sɛi loo saa krɛdɛɛ ko nɔ. Nilelɔi kpanakui lɛ taa hiɛgbɛ yɛ ehiɛ, ni mɛi ni fata he ji enanemɛi kɛ nikaselɔi ni le nii waa, kɛkɛ lɛ amɛsɛɛgbɛ lɛ, nilelɔi krokomɛi fɛɛ. . . . Bɔ ni atoɔ shitaramɔ lɛ naa ahaa lɛ damɔ kuu mlitsɔɔmɔ jogbaŋŋ ko nɔ [ni damɔ amɛnɔkwɔlɔmɔ nɔ].” Abaakane Mishnah lɛ fã ko. Kɛkɛ lɛ akɛ enɛ eto saji ni tamɔ no loo nɔ ni fata he ni Tannaim lɛ ebua naa shi ebɛ Mishnah lɛ mli lɛ ahe. Kɛkɛ lɛ aje amɛmlitaomɔ nifeemɔ lɛ shishi. Abiɔ saji, ni ataoɔ saji ni teɔ shi woɔ amɛhe lɛ amli koni ana mligbɛ gbeekpamɔ yɛ tsɔɔmɔi lɛ ateŋ. Ataoɔ ŋmalɛi ni yɔɔ Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ amli ni fiɔ rabi tsɔɔmɔi lɛ asɛɛ.

Eyɛ mli akɛ atoɔ he gbɛjianɔ jogbaŋŋ moŋ, shi saji ahe susumɔi nɛɛ mli yawaa waa ni bei komɛi lɛ etsɔɔ béi. Nilelɔ kome ko ni atsɛ ewiemɔ yisɛɛ yɛ Talmud lɛ mli lɛ wie “la kpɛlɛmɔ bibii” ni miiba kɛmiijɛ rabifoi lɛ anaa yɛ be mli ni naataamɔ lɛ yaa nɔ lɛ. (Hullin 137b, Babilonbii a-Talmud) Steinsaltz wie nɛkɛ kɛkɔ bɔ ni nifeemɔ lɛ yaa nɔ ehaa lɛ he akɛ: “Skul nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ, aloo nilelɔ ni haa wiemɔ lɛ kɛ bɔ ni enuɔ naagbai lɛ ashishi haa. Bei pii lɛ, nilelɔi ni yɔɔ toibolɔi lɛ ateŋ lɛ damɔɔ saji krokomɛi anɔ amɛbibiɔ lɛ saji babaoo, bɔ ni saji ashishitsɔɔlɔi krokomɛi susuɔ he amɛhaa, aloo sane naamuamɔ ni amɛ diɛŋtsɛ amɛjɛɔ amɛnilee mli amɛkɛhaa lɛ nɔ. Bei komɛi amli lɛ, naataamɔ lɛ feɔ kuku waa, ni akɛ naagbee hetoo ni yɔɔ faŋŋ kɛha sanebimɔ krɛdɛɛ ko muɔ naa kuku. Yɛ bei krokomɛi amli lɛ, nilelɔi krokomɛi kɛ sane naa tsabaa krokomɛi haa, ni ekɛ naataamɔ babaoo baa.” Aŋmɛɔ gbɛ ni mɛi fɛɛ ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ kɛ amɛhe woɔ mli. Akɛ saji ni aha efee faŋŋ lɛ yahaa skul krokomɛi koni nilelɔi krokomɛi akwɛ mli.

Kɛlɛ, nɛkɛ nifeemɔi nɛɛ jeee naataamɔi ni yɔɔ mla naa ni bɛ naagbee kɛkɛ. Atsɛɔ mlai ni kudɔɔ Yudafoi lɛ ajamɔ mli nifeemɔ he mlai kɛ gbɛtsɔɔmɔi ahe lɛ akɛ Halakah. Aná wiemɔ nɛɛ kɛjɛ Hebri wiemɔ shishifã ni ji “yaa” lɛ mli, ni etsɔɔ ‘shihilɛ gbɛ ni esa akɛ mɔ ko akɔ.’ Shi atsɛɔ saji krokomɛi fɛɛ—adesãi ni kɔɔ rabifoi kɛ Biblia mli gbɔmɛi ahe, nilee wiemɔi, jwɛŋmɔ ni ayɔɔ yɛ hemɔkɛyeli he, kɛ jeŋ nilee—akɛ Haggadah, ni ejɛ Hebri wiemɔ ni ji “kɛɛmɔ” lɛ shishifã mli. Akɛ Halakah kɛ Haggadah fɛɛ tsuɔ nɔ̃ kome he nii yɛ rabifoi asaji anaataamɔ mli.

Morris Adler wie yɛ ewolo ni ji The World of the Talmud lɛ mli akɛ: “Tsɔɔlɔ ni le nii lɛ baatsake mla saji anaataamɔ kakadaŋŋ ni shishinumɔ wa lɛ kɛya nɔ ni waaa tsɔ, ni woɔ mɔ hewalɛ babaoo nɔ. . . . Enɛ hewɔ lɛ wɔnaa ni akɛ blema sane kɛ yinɔsane, jeŋ nilee he nikasemɔi ni ba yɛ be kome mli kɛ adesãi, Biblia mli saji ashishitsɔɔmɔi kɛ shihilɛ mli saji, maŋshiɛmɔ kɛ Nyɔŋmɔ jamɔ he nilee ni akɛfutu kɛwo mɛni mli, kɛwo mɔ ko ni leee skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ anifeemɔi, ni ebaafee tamɔ nɔ ni atoko he gbɛjianɔ ni akɛfutu.” Kɛha nilelɔi ni yɔɔ skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ amli lɛ, tsakemɔi fɛɛ ni tamɔ nakai yɛ kɛha yiŋtoo ko hewɔ, ni ekɔɔ sane oti ni asusuɔ he lɛ he. Halakah kɛ Haggadah ji gbɛjianɔtoo hee ko ni ato ama shi yɛ rabifoi lɛ askul sɔrɔtoi lɛ amli.

Talmud Enyɔ Feemɔ

Yɛ naagbee lɛ ajie rabifoi lɛ akpeehe wulu ni yɔɔ Palestina lɛ kɛtee Tiberias. Ni ama skul krokomɛi ni he hiaa yɛ Sepphoris, Caesarea, kɛ Lydda. Shi shika helɛtemɔ mli shihilɛ ni fiteɔ, maŋkramɔŋ shihilɛ ni bɛ shiŋŋ, kɛ naagbee lɛ nɔnyɛɛ kɛ yiwaa ni Kristojamɔ mli hemɔkɛyeli kwalɔi kɛbaa lɛ ha gbɔmɛi babaoo diɛŋtsɛ fã kɛtee hei ni Yudafoi fa yɛ lɛ, yɛ Babilon—Bokagbɛ.

Nikaselɔi kɛ afii ohai abɔ eke yuu kɛjɛ Babilon kɛtee Palestina koni rabifoi kpanakui atsɔɔ amɛ nii yɛ skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ amli. Nakai nikaselɔi lɛ ateŋ mɔ kome ji Abba ben Ibo, mɔ ni atsɛɔ lɛ hu akɛ Abba Arika lɛ—Abba kakadaŋŋ lɛ—shi yɛ sɛɛ mli lɛ abale lɛ yɛ kukufoo mli akɛ Rab. Esɛɛkuu kɛmiiya Babilon yɛ aaafee afi 219 Ŋ.B. yɛ be mli ni eyakase nii yɛ Judah ha-Nasi sɛɛ lɛ baafee tsakemɔ be kɛha Yudafoi akutso ni yɔɔ Babilon lɛ amumɔŋ hiamɔ nii. Rab to skul ko shishi yɛ Sura, ni ji he ko ni Yudafoi fa yɛ shi nilelɔi fioo ko pɛ yɔɔ jɛmɛ lɛ. Bulɛ ni eyɔɔ lɛ gbala nikaselɔi 1,200 ni baa eskul lɛ daa kɛba eŋɔɔ, ni akpei abɔ baa yɛ Yudafoi anyɔŋ ni ji Adar kɛ Elul lɛ nɔ. Samuel ni ji Rab yinɔnyo ni ale lɛ waa lɛ to skul ko shishi yɛ Nehardea. Ato skul krokomɛi ni he hiaa lɛ shishi yɛ Pumbeditha kɛ Mehoza.

No hewɔ lɛ, agbɛnɛ ehe ehiaaa koni afã gbɛ kɛya Palestina, ejaakɛ nilelɔi kpanakui ni yɔɔ Babilon lɛ baanyɛ atsɔɔ amɛ nii. Mishnah lɛ ni afee akɛ niŋmaa ni esoro lɛ lɛ gbele gbɛ kɛha Babilonbii askul sɔrɔtoi lɛ koni amɛye amɛhe kwraa kɛmɔ shi. Eyɛ mli akɛ akɛ nikasemɔ gbɛ̀i kɛ ehe gbɛjianɔtoi sɔrɔtoi je shishi agbɛnɛ yɛ Palestina kɛ Babilon moŋ, shi saji ni tsɔɔlɔi lɛ kɛ amɛhe fɔɔ gbaa, kɛ amɛ ni afɔɔ tsakemɔ lɛ kɛ ekomefeemɔ ba skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ ateŋ.

Kɛmiiya afii ohai ejwɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ naagbee gbɛ, kɛ ohai enumɔ lɛ shishijee mli lɛ, shihilɛ lɛ mli bawa waa kɛha Yudafoi ni yɔɔ Palestina lɛ. Yɛ aaafee afii 425 Ŋ.B. lɛ naatsii ni naa wa ni akɛba kɛ yiwaa ni Kristendom hemɔkɛyeli kwamɔ hewalɛ ni je shishi lɛ kɛ Sanhedrin lɛ kɛ hegbɛ ni Nasi (blematsɛ) lɛ yɔɔ lɛ ba naagbee kwraa. No hewɔ lɛ, Palestinanyo ni ji Amoraim lɛ je shishi ebua bɔ ni amu naataamɔ lɛ naa yɛ skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ amli lɛ naa, ni ekɛtsara, bɔni afee ni akɛto. Abale nitsumɔ ni abua naa oyayaayai yɛ afii ohai ejwɛ Ŋ.B. lɛ naagbee gbɛ lɛ akɛ Palestinian Talmud lɛ.b

Yɛ be mli ni Palestina skul sɔrɔtoi lɛ fiteɔ lɛ, belɛ Babilon Amoraim lɛ miiya hiɛ yɛ amɛnyɛmɔi anaa. Abaye kɛ Raba je naataamɔ ni shishinumɔ wa ni yɔɔ nigii ni sɛɛ mli lɛ ebaafee gbɛ ni akɛtaoɔ Talmud lɛ mli lɛ shishi. No sɛɛ lɛ, Ashi, ni ji skul ni yɔɔ Sura lɛ nɔkwɛlɔ lɛ (371-427 Ŋ.B.) je shishi ebua naataamɔi lɛ anaa ni eŋmala eshwie shi. Taakɛ Steinsaltz tsɔɔ lɛ, efee nakai ejaakɛ “eeshe gbeyei akɛ yɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ni bɛ he lɛ hewɔ lɛ saji ni akɛ naabu wie lɛ fɛɛ yɛ oshara ni ji hiɛ ni aaakpa nɔ lɛ mli.”

Saji lɛ fa tsɔ fe bɔ ni gbɔmɔ kome loo yinɔ kome po baanyɛ ato he gbɛjianɔ. Amoraim bei lɛ ba naagbee yɛ Babilon yɛ afii ohai enumɔ Ŋ.B., shi kuu ko ni atsɛɔ amɛ Saboraim ni ji Aramaik gbɛi, ni eshishi ji “saneshishitsɔɔlɔi lɛ” loo “mɛi ni hiɛ nii ahe jwɛŋmɔ” tsa Babilonian Talmud lɛ naagbee ŋmalamɔ lɛ nɔ yɛ afii ohai ekpaa Ŋ.B. Nɛkɛ naagbee niŋmalɔi nɛɛ fee saji aaafee akpe ni rabifoi lɛ taa naa yɛ afii ohai lɛ mli ni agbee naa lɛ ekome, ni amɛkɛ nifeemɔ gbɛ kɛ gbɛjianɔtoo ko wo Babilonian Talmud lɛ mli, ni eha esoro lɛ yɛ woji ni Yudafoi lɛ eŋmala tsutsu lɛ ahe.

Mɛni Talmud lɛ Nyɛ Etsu?

Rabifoi ni ŋmala Talmud lɛ to gbɛjianɔ koni amɛkɛ odaseyeli atsɔɔ akɛ Mishnah lɛ jɛ he ni Hebri Ŋmalɛi lɛ jɛ lɛ nɔŋŋ. Shi mɛni hewɔ amɛtaoɔ amɛfee nakai? Jacob Neusner wie akɛ: “Sane ni awie lɛ kɔɔ gbɛhe ni Mishnah lɛ damɔ lɛ he. Shi sane lɛ titri kɔɔ hegbɛ ni nilelɔ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ yɔɔ lɛ he.” Bɔni afee ni ama hewalɛ ni nɛkɛ hegbɛ nɛɛ yɔɔ lɛ nɔ mi lɛ, ataoɔ Mishnah lɛ mli wiemɔi lɛ eko fɛɛ eko mli akwɛɔ, be komɛi lɛ wiemɔi komekomei lɛ po, ni atswaa he mpoa, atsɔɔ shishi ni ahaa ekɛ nifeemɔ gbɛ ko kpãa gbee. Neusner tsɔɔ akɛ, yɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ nɔ lɛ rabifoi lɛ “tsake gbɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ akɛ Mishnah lɛ tsuɔ nii lɛ kɛjɛ gbɛ kome nɔ kɛtee gbɛ kroko nɔ.” Eyɛ mli akɛ afee Mishnah lɛ akɛ nɔ ko ni agbe naa moŋ, shi bianɛ lɛ ebafee nɔ ni ajara mli awo fãi sɔrɔtoi amli. Yɛ nɛkɛ nifeemɔ nɛɛ mli lɛ, asaa afee ekoŋŋ, ni ato he gbɛjianɔ ekoŋŋ.

Nɛkɛ nitsumɔ hee—Talmud lɛ—tsu rabifoi lɛ ayiŋtoi ahe nii. Amɛto mlai ni akɛaatao mli lɛ ahe gbɛjianɔ, ni no hewɔ lɛ etsɔɔ gbɔmɛi koni amɛsusu nii ahe tamɔ rabifoi. Rabifoi lɛ heɔ amɛyeɔ akɛ gbɛ ni amɛtsɔɔ nɔ amɛkaseɔ nii ni amɛkɛtaoɔ saji amli lɛ jieɔ Nyɔŋmɔ jwɛŋmɔ kpo etsɔɔ. Talmud lɛ kasemɔ bafee oti, jamɔ mli nifeemɔ gbɛ ko—jwɛŋmɔ lɛ ni akɛtsuɔ nii kɛ yiŋtoo akɛ akɛmiikase Nyɔŋmɔ. Yɛ yinɔi ni baaba lɛ amli lɛ, abaatao Talmud lɛ diɛŋtsɛ mli ekoŋŋ yɛ nɛkɛ gbɛ kome too nɛɛ nɔŋŋ nɔ. Mɛni jɛ mli ba? Yinɔsaneŋmalalɔ, Cecil Roth ŋma akɛ: “Talmud lɛ . . . ha subaŋ ko ka [Yudafoi] lɛ ahe, ni eha esoro amɛ yɛ mɛi krokomɛi ahe, kɛ agbɛnɛ hu, hewalɛ kpele ni amɛyɔɔ ni amɛkɛtsake amɛhe lɛ. Bɔ ni esusuɔ nii ahe ehaa lɛ ha amɛŋaalee tee hiɛ, ni eha amɛná . . . jwɛŋmɔ ni ja. . . . Talmud lɛ ha Yudanyo ni awaa lɛ yi yɛ Teŋgbɛ Afii lɛ amli lɛ he kroko ni ebaanyɛ ejo foi kɛya . . . Ehaa lɛ tsɛmɛi ashikpɔŋ, ni ebaanyɛ ekɛya he fɛɛ he ni esumɔ kɛji akɛ lɛ diɛŋtsɛ enɔ lɛ laaje.”

Talmud lɛ tsɔ mɛi krokomɛi ni etsɔɔ amɛ rabifoi lɛ asusumɔ he nii lɛ anɔ ená hewalɛ. Shi sanebimɔ kɛha mɛi fɛɛ—Yudafoi kɛ mɛi ni jee Yudafoi—ji enɛ, Ani Talmud lɛ jie Nyɔŋmɔ jwɛŋmɔi akpo etsɔɔ lɛɛlɛŋ?—1 Korintobii 2:11-16.

[Shishigbɛ niŋmai]

[Akrabatsa ni yɔɔ baafa 31]

Talmud Enyɔ lɛ—Mɛɛ Gbɛi Anɔ Amɛje Amɛhe Yɛ?

Hebri wiemɔ “Talmud” lɛ shishi ji “kasemɔ” loo “nikasemɔ.” Amoriam ni yɔɔ Palestina kɛ Babilon lɛ eto gbɛjianɔ koni akase, loo atao Mishnah lɛ mli. Talmud enyɔ lɛ fɛɛ (Palestinian kɛ Babylonian nɔ lɛ) feɔ enɛ, shi amɛje amɛhe yɛ mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ? Jacob Neusner ŋma akɛ: “Klɛŋklɛŋ Talmud lɛ taoɔ odaseyeli mli, nɔ ni ji enyɔ lɛ taoɔ saji anaataamɔi amli; klɛŋklɛŋ nɔ lɛ wieɔ saji pɛ ni kɔɔ sane lɛ he, nɔ ni ji enyɔ lɛ tekeɔ amɛ kwraa.”

Shii abɔ ni aŋmalaa ni akwɛɔ Babylonian Talmud lɛ mli jogbaŋŋ lɛ haaa efee agbo kɛkɛ, shi moŋ ebote niiahesusumɔ kɛ saji amlitaomɔ mli hu vii diɛŋtsɛ. Bei pii lɛ, kɛ atsĩ wiemɔ “Talmud” lɛ tã lɛ, belɛ nɔ ni atsɔɔ ji Babylonian Talmud lɛ. Talmud nɛɛ ji nɔ ni akase waa, ni awie he yɛ afii ohai lɛ amli fɛɛ. Yɛ Neusner susumɔ naa lɛ, Palestinian Talmud lɛ “ji nɔ ko ni afee ni ja,” ni Babylonian Talmud lɛ “ji nɔ ko ni afee ni nɔ bɛ.”