Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914

Gawo 4: 1940-1943 Chisauko cha Mitundu, Chosonkhezeredwa ndi Mantha

MAWU ake anali okwanira kuyambitsa mantha mwa munthu wolimba kwenikweni. “Ndiribe chirichonse chopatsa koma mwazi, kusauka, misozi ndi thukuta,” nduna yaikulu ya boma yosankhidwa chatsopano Winston Churchill anauza ziwalo za British House of Commons. Akumagogomezera kufunika kwa mkhalidwewo, iye analengeza kuti: “Chipambano pamatsirizidwe aliwonse, chipambano mosasamala kanthu za mavuto onse, chipambano mosasamala kanthu ndi kuutali wotani ndi kutopetsa kotani kumene msewu ungakhale nako; popeza kuti popanda chipambano palibe chipulumutso.”

Inde, pa tsiku limenelo, May 13, 1940, anthu a ku Britain anali ndi chifukwa chirichonse chokhalira ndi mantha. Mkati mwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi yotsatira, Luftwaffe ya chiGerman, m’kukonzekera kumenya nkhondo, inakakhoza kutumiza mazana a ndege zake kukaponya matani ochulukira a mabomba ponse paŵiri pa chandamali cha magulu ankhondo ndi osakhala a magulu ankhondo. Ichi pambuyo pake chinadzadziŵika kukhala Nkhondo ya Britain, ndipo inalinganizidwa kugwetsa mphamvu za mlengalenga za Britain ndi kuwononga makhalidwe abwino a anthu ake. Koma kwa Luftwaffe nkhondo inapita moipa. Hitler anasinkhasinkha, ndipo mu October—chifupifupi kwakanthaŵi—makonzedwe okamenya nkhondo analetsedwa.

Ufulu Kuchokera ku Mantha?

Mu United States, kumvera chisoni kaamba ka anthu a ku Britain kunapitirizabe kukula, ndi kulanda lamulo la boma la America la uchete. Mwakupanga zolinga zake kukhala zowonekera, Prezidenti Roosevelt ananena mu 1940 kuti: “Tapatsa anthu a ku Britain kuchirikiza kwa zinthu zakuthupi kwakukulu ndipo tidzampatsa zochulukira kutsogolo.”

Pa January 6, 1941, iye anapitiriza ndi kayendedwe kena. Mu nkhani yake ku Bungwe (Congress) iye analankhula pa chimene anachitcha Maufulu Anayi. Kuthandiza kufikiritsa umodzi wa iwo—ufulu kuchokera ku mantha—iye anafunsira kaamba ka “kuchepetsa kwa zida za nkhondo kwa dziko lonse kufika kumlingo ndipo mu mkhalidwe watsatanetsatane wotero kotero kuti panalibe mtundu umene ukakhala m’malo akuchita m’chitidwe wa nkhalwe ya kuthupi molimbana ndi mnansi aliyense—kulikonse mu dziko.” Ichi, m’chenicheni, chinali kulengeza kosakhala kwachindunji kwa nkhondo pa malamulo ndi zonulirapo za mphamvu Zazikulu Zogwirizana.

Miyezi iŵiri pambuyo pake Bungwe (Congress) la U.S. linalamulira programu lodziŵika ndi dzina lakuti kubwereka zida. Ichi chinalola prezidenti kupereka ziwiya za nkhondo, zonga ngati akasinja ndi ndege zamlengalenga, kuphatikizaponso ndi zakudya ndi ntchito, ku mtundu uliwonse umene iye anadzimva kukhala wofunika kuchinjiriza zikondwerero za U.S.a Mosasamala kanthu ndi kusinkhasinkha kwa kutsutsa kwa kumaloko, chinali chachidziŵikire kuti United States anali kulowereramo mokulira mu nkhondo ya ku Europe.

Panthaŵiyo, mwakusonkhezeredwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwa othandizira ake a ku Europe, Japan anadzimva kuti akakhoza tsopano kusendera chakum’mwera kwa kum’mawa kwa Asia popanda ndi mantha aliwonse a kulowerera kwa British kapena Dutch. Pamene analowerera Indochina mu September 1940, Washington inatsutsa mwamphamvu. Ndipo pamene Japan inasenderera kumbali ya kum’mwera kwa dzikolo, ntchito inatsatira. Chuma cha Japan chomwe chinali pansi pa kulamuliridwa ndi United States chinalandidwa, ndipo kuletsa kwa lamulo kunaikidwa pa katundu wa mafuta opita ku Japan. Mwakukhala ndi zikondwerero zawo zofunikira kwambiri zitawopsyedwa, anthu a ku Japan tsopano anadzimva kukhala okakamizidwa kuchotsapo kuwopsya kwa kulowerera kwina kulikonse kwa United States.

Atsogoleri a magulu ankhondo anakangana kuti mphamvu za U.S. za kubwerera zikachepetsedwa ku mlingo mwakupeza chipambano pa mphamvu za sitima za pamadzi zankhondo za U.S., zomwe zinapambana zija za mu Japan mu mphamvu ndi maperesenti 30. Ndiyeno mwakutenga zigawo za America, Britishi, Dutch, Japan akakhala ndi malo a pambali oikako magulu ankhondo ku amene akakhoza kudzichinjiriza iyemwini ngati pambuyo pake pangakhale kuputidwa. Chiyambi chake, chinalingaliridwa kuti, chikafunikira kupangidwa pa Wai Momi.

Ichi chitanthauza “madzi a miyala ya mtengo wapatali (pearl waters),” ndipo ichi ndi chimene anthu a ku Hawaii panthaŵi imodzi anachitcha mbali ya Mtsinje wa Miyala ya Mtengo Wapatali (Pearl River) chifukwa cha miyala ya mtengo wapatali ya oysters imene panthaŵi imodzi inakhalako. Iyo iri pa mamailosi ochepa chakumadzulo kwa mzinda wa kunsi kwa Honolulu. Koma pa Sande m’mawa, December 7, 1941, madzi a Wai Momi sanali odzala ndi miyala ya mtengo wapatali koma ndi ziwiya zomizidwa za masitima a m’madzi osakazidwa ndi mitembo yovulazidwa ya anthu okweramo. Ndege za nkhondo za ku Japan zomwe zinkamenya nkhondo pa malo akulu a masitima ankhondo a m’madzi a Pacific U.S. omwe anali kumeneko zinakumana ndi kusakaza kokulira.

Kulowereredwa kwa (Pearl Harbor) mwachiwonekere kunaziziritsa mphamvu za masitima a pamadzi a ku America mu Pacific, kusiyapo kokha aja otenga ndege zamlengalenga. Mu maora oŵerengeka, magwero ena otsikirako ndenge za nkhondo a U.S. anaphulitsidwa, ndipo ichi chinasiya zoposa 50 peresenti za ndege za Nkhondo za ku Far East U.S. ziri zosakazidwa. Masiku atatu pambuyo pake, Japan anakalowerera Philippines, ndi kulanda Manila mwezi umodzi usanathe pambuyo pake, ndipo anatenga ulamuliro pa Zisumbu zonse za pa Philippine podzafika pakati pa May. Mwamsanga, imodzi pambuyo pa inzake, Hong Kong, Burma, Java, Singapore, Thailand, Indochina, British Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, mbali za New Guinea, Netherlands East Indies, kuphatikizaponso ndi unyinji wa zisumbu za pa Pacific, zinagonja m’manja mwa anthu a ku Japan. Blitzkrieg ya ku Asia siinali kachidutswa kamodzi kumbuyo kwa mnzake wa ku Europe.

Pamene 1942 inkafika kumapeto ake, ufulu kuchokera ku mantha unali kutalitali ndi kulongosola mkhalidwe wa dziko. Olongosoka kwenikweni anali mawu a ulosi wa Yesu: “Pa dziko lapansi chisauko cha mitundu ya anthu, . . . anthu akukomoka ndi mantha, ndi kuyembekezera zinthu zirinkudza ku dziko lapansi.”—Luka 21:25, 26.

Ching’aning’ani cha ku German Chilephera

Panthaŵiyo, Germany ndi Italy anali kukulitsa kulamulira kwawo pa Balkans. Hitler anatumiza magulu ankhondo ake mwakachetechete mu Yugoslavia ndi Greece pa April 6, 1941. Milungu iŵiri isanathe, Yugoslavia anagonjetsedwa, motsatiridwa pakati pa May pasanadze ndi Greece.

Kachitidwe kotsatira ka Hitler kanasonkhezeredwa ndi zifuno zosiyanasiyana. Iye mwachiwonekere anali wolakalaka kufuna kusonkhezera England kuti afunsire za mtendere. Iye anafunanso kuchotsa kudidikiza kumene kunali pa Japan, amene anali kumenyana ndi Soviet mu China, kotero kuti iwo pambuyo pake angakhoze kupangitsa anthu a ku America kudzimva osowa chochita. Chotero Hitler analunjikitsa magulu ake ankhondo kaamba ka kumenya molimbana ndi Soviet Union, maiko othandizira ake mu ndawala ya Polish.

Mwakusonkhezeredwa ndi kupambana kwa kumbuyoko, nduna za Hitler zinadzimva kuti ngati iwo akalalira mu June, Russia wa ku Europe ndi Ukraine zikakhala zawo dzinja lisanayambe. Chotero pa June 22, 1941, iwo anakamenya. Iwo anayenda pa liwiro la ching’aning’ani kuchokera pa chipambano kupita pa chipambano. Pa nthaŵi ziŵiri iwo anazungulira magulu ankhondo a akulu a Soviet ndipo analanda theka la miliyoni la andende mu nthaŵi imodzi ndi imodzi. Leningrad anawonekera kukhala wokonzekera kugwa, ndipo podzafika kumayambiriro kwa December, magulu ankhondo a German ankasendera kufupi ndi Moscow.

Nyengo ya chisanu, ngakhale kuli tero, inali pafupi, ndipo kwanthaŵi yoyamba magulu ankhondo a Hitler anali kumbuyo kwa ndandanda. Leningrad ndi Moscow anakhala olimba. Magulu ankhondo a Soviet, pokhala tsopano atachira kuchokera ku kufooka kwawo koyamba ndipo okonzekeretsedwa bwino kaamba ka kumenya nkhondo kwa mu nyengo ya chisanu kuposa ndi anzawo a ku Germany, anapangitsa kusakaza kwa German kulekeka. M’chenicheni, iwo anatha ngakhale kumukakamiza kubwerera.

Nyengo ya dzinja yotsatira German anakhalanso ndi mphamvu. Kumenya nkhondo kwawo konse pa Stalingrad (tsopano wotchedwa Volgograd), ngakhale kuli tero, kunatsogolera ku kuleka kwawo kuchita tero. Poyambirira mu 1943 anthu a ku Soviet anakhala akuzinga makumi a zikwi za magulu ankhondo olakalaka kutenga mzinda ndi kuwakakamiza iwo kugonjera. John Pimlott, mphunzitsi wamkulu pa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, anachitira ndemanga kuti: “Kunali kukantha kodabwitsa pa makhalidwe abwino a German ndipo posinthira pa zinthu mu nkhondo pa Eastern Front. Pamaso pa Stalingrad anthu a ku Russia anasangalala osati ndi chipambano chosayenera; pambuyo pake anali mu njira ya kudzavutika ndi kugonjetsa koŵerengeka.”

Podzafika kumapeto kwa 1943, chifupifupi ziŵiri mwa zitatu za gawo lalikulu lomwe linatengedwa ndi anthu a ku German mu zaka ziŵiri za kumbuyo linapezedwanso. Ching’aning’ani cha ku German chinalephera.

“Monty” Apitikitsa “Nkhandwe ya M’chipululu”

Mu 1912 Cyrenaica ndi Tripolitania (tsopano mbali ya kumpoto ya dziko la mu Africa Libya) inabwezeretsedwa ku Italy. Asilikari ankhondo 300,000 a ku Italy omwe anakhala kumeneko pamapeto a 1940 anadzetsa chiwopsyezo chachikulu kukuchinjiriza kochepa kwambiri kwa magulu ankhondo a ku British mu Egypt omwe ankalonda ofuna kusendera ku magwero omenyerako nkhondo a pa Suez Canal. Kuchotsapo kuwopsya kumeneku, anthu a ku Britain analingalira kukantha choyamba. Iwo anafikiritsa imodzi ya chigamulo cha chipambano cha Mitundu Yothandizana, akumatenga makumi a zikwi za andende ndi kupangitsa anthu a ku Italy kubwerera kotheratu. Chipambano chikanakhaladi chachikulu kokha ngati Greece panthaŵi imeneyo sakanalandira kufunsira kwakuthandizidwa ndi British mu kumenyera kwake kosaphula kanthu molimbana ndi kulowerera kwa mphamvu Zazikulu Zogwirizana. Kwakanthaŵi, ndawala ya North Africa inaimitsidwa. Ichi chinalola nthaŵi ya kulinganizanso kwa mphamvu Zazikulu Zogwirizana.

Magulu ankhondo a ku German pansi pa lamulo la Erwin Rommel, amene pambuyo pake anadziŵika monga Nkhandwe ya M’chipululu, anapambana mu kutembenuza mwaŵi wa kumenyana ndi kupanga pindu lokwanira. Kupita kwake patsogolo kwakukulu kunabwera mu 1942, pamene pachiyambi cha July magulu ake ankhondo anasendera ku Alamein, mkati mwa mamailosi 60 (100 km) a Alexandria. Blitzkrieg ya ku Africa inalinganizidwa tsopano kutenga Egypt ndi kutenga ulamuliro pa Suez Canal. Koma pambuyo pakuti magulu ankhondo a chiBritish, pansi pa kulamulira kwa Nduna Bernard Law Montgomery, anatsanulira kumenya nkhondo kwa asilikali a pansi pa October 23, Rommel anakakamizidwa kubwerera pang’onopang’ono kumene mwamsanga kunatembenukira kukhala kugonjetsedwa. Ndiyeno mu November 1942 Mitundu Yothandizana inadzafikira mosavuta mu Morocco ndi Algeria. Podzafika May wotsatira, magulu ankhondo a Mphamvu Zazikulu Zogwirizana, omwe tsopano anagwidwa pakati pa magulu a akulu a adani omwe analowerera kuchokera kum’mawa ndi kumadzulo, analephera pangano lawo la kufuna kulamulira North Africa.

Kachitidwe Kolalira Modutsa South Pacific

Mu ngululu ya 1942 Japan anali wokhoza kudzitukumula ndi kukula kwa ufumu kumlingo wokulira. Koma lingaliro la Mitundu Yothandizana linali la kulandanso dera limeneli kuchoka kwa anthu a ku Japan, kupangitsa magulu ankhondo ake kuchita kachitidwe kolalira modutsa Pacific kuchokera ku chisumbu kufika ku chisumbu kufikira potsirizira pake anafikira dziko lalikulu la ku Japan. M’mpambo wautali wa kumenyana kwaukali kwa masitima a pamadzi kunatsatira. Zisumbu zodziŵika pang’ono za pa Pacific zonga Saipan, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, ndi Okinawa zinalowereredwa pa mkhalidwe wochititsa mantha kumbali zonse ziŵiri. Maloto a kuubwana a paradaiso a pachisumbu anapatsa mpata ku zenizeni zolimba ndi maloto a mitembo yosakazidwa mu ngalande za mwazi wokhawokha. Kugonjetsa kunali kowawa, koma ngakhale chipambano chinatsagana ndi mantha, mantha a chimene chinalinkudzabe.

Makonzedwe Kaamba ka Mtsogolo

Ngakhale pakati pa nkhondo, makonzedwe anali kale akupangidwa kaamba ka mtendere. Podzafika pakati pa 1942, mwachitsanzo, oposa 30 a magwero a boma la U.S. ananenedwa kukhala olowerera mu makonzedwe a pambuyo pa nkhondo—osati popanda mantha kotheratu kapena kuzindikira, ngakhale kuli tero. Monga mmene Churchill analongosolera mofananamo: “Mavuto achipambano ali ovomerezeka kwenikweni kuposa aja a kugonjetsa, koma sali osavuta.”

Nchosakaikiritsa kuti imodzi yovuta kwambiri ya mavuto amenewa achipambano ikakhala kupeza kwa cholowa m’malo cha Chigwirizano cha Mitundu chomwe chinaleka kugwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti anthu ena angakhale anali okaikira, Mboni za Yehova zinali zotsimikiza kuti kulowa m’malo koteroko kukapezedwa. Mu nkhani yoperekedwa pa msonkhano wawo wa mu 1942 mu Cleveland, Ohio, mlankhuli ananena kuti: “Armagedo isanadze, Malemba amasonyeza kuti, mtendere ufunikira kudza . . . aja a malingaliro a udemokratiki amayembekezera dziko lonse kukhala United States, ‘mtundu wa banja,’ ‘kugwirizana kwa dziko’ kozikidwa pa Mitundu Yogwirizana.” Akumaloza ku ulosi wa Chivumbulutso 17:8, iye analongosola mosakaikira kuti: “Kugwirizana kwa mitundu ya dziko kudzaukanso.”

Koma kodi kudzabweretsa mtendere wosatha? “Yankho lenileni la Mulungu liri lakuti, Ayi!” anayankha motero mlankhuliyo. Ngakhale kuli tero, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wake wosakhalitsa, nyengo irinkudza ya mtendere idzalonjeredwa kwenikweni. Osakhala ndi mantha akutsogolo, Mboni za Yehova zinayamba kupanga makonzedwe akufutukula ntchito yawo ya kulalikira mwamsanga itatha nkhondo. Mu 1942 iwo anakhazikitsa sukulu ya amishonale kuphunzitsa aminisitala Achikristu kaamba ka ntchito m’maiko ena. Chaka chotsatira programu ya kuphunzitsa alankhuli a nkhani za Baibulo inayambitsidwa kupangitsa kuthekera kwa kukulitsidwa kwa ndawala ya misonkhano yapoyera.

Pamene 1943 inatha, mitundu inali m’chisaukobe, yosonkhezeredwabe ndi mantha. Koma anthu kuchokera kumbali zonse ziŵiri za kukanthana, kotopetsedwa ndi nkhondo, anayamba kuyang’ana kutsogolo ku kumasulidwa kolonjezedwa kumene dziko la pambuyo pa nkhondo linapereka. Kodi ilo likabweretsa “ufulu kuchokera ku mantha” ponena za umene Roosevelt analankhula? Mosiyanako, mantha a dziko lonse mwamsanga akatembenukira kumlingo watsopano! Ndipo chochititsa chachikulu, mophiphiritsira kwenikweni, chikakhala chiwiya chenichenicho cholandiridwa ndi ena monga chotumizidwa ndi Mulungu potsirizira pake kubweretsa kumapeto zaka zozunza za nkhondo. Ŵerengani “Nkhondo Yadziko II—Kutha Kwake Kowopsya ndi Kwamoto” m’kope lathu lotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 28]

Zinthu Zina Zimene Zinapanga Mbiri

1943—Chivomezi cha ku Turkey chikupha anthu 1,800

Oposa miliyoni imodzi akufa ndi njala mu Bengal

[Chithunzi/Mapu patsamba 27]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Mlingo wa kugonjetsa kwa Japan podzafika mu 1942

Attu

Agattu

Kiska

China

Manchuria

Korea

Japan

Burma

Thailand

French Indochina

Malaya

Sumatra

Borneo

Java

Netherlands New Guinea

North-East New Guinea

Australia

Gilbert Islands

Marshall Islands

Wake

Formosa

Philippines

Pacific Ocean

[Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Mitundu mu zowawa za nkhondo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U.S. Army photos