Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914

Gawo 3: 1935-1940 Chigwirizano cha Mitundu Chidzandira ku Imfa Yake

CHIGWIRIZANO cha Mitundu chinali mwana wodwalirira pa kubadwa kwake kwenikweniko. Wodziŵa za mbiri yakale H. Gatzke ananena kuti msonkhano wake woyamba mu 1920 unali “kochepera pa mitundu yothandiza ya dziko kusiyana ndi mmene unaliri msonkhano wamphamvu zazikulu za ku Europe kutsatira zikondwerero za utundu, ofunitsitsa kupanga chigwirizano kutumikira zifuno za iwo eni.” Kufikira pamene malingaliro a utundu akachotsedwa, moyo wa mwanayo ukanakhalabe mu ngozi yosasintha.

Mkati mwa kumayambiriro kwa ma-1930, ziwalo zambiri za Chigwirizano mwapoyera zinali zosakhutiritsidwa. Italy, mwachitsanzo, anadzimva kuti sanali kutenga gawo lake lolungama la chuma cha dziko ndi kuti anakanizidwa chilolezo ku misika ya dziko lonse ndi kuthekera kwakuika chuma. Chotero mu 1935, m’kutsatira kwa zikondwerero za utundu, anakalowerera Ethiopia. Japan, ndi mavuto amodzimodziwo anakalowa mu China mu 1937. Mu milandu yonse iŵiri Chigwirizano chinalibe mphamvu yoletsera.

Mwachiwonekere, Chigwirizano, chisanafike nkomwe zaka 20 za kubadwa, sichinali mnyamata wolimba, waumoyo monga mmene achirikizi ake anafunira icho kukhala. Kudwala kwake kotsirizira kunapangitsa kudera nkhaŵa mofulumira ndithu mu 1936 pamene, kulingana ndi wodziŵa za mbiri yakale Hermann Graml, “malo ozungulira (pa malikulu a Chigwirizano) mu Geneva anali monga aja a pa maliro.” Nchosadabwitsa, kuyang’anizana monga mmene Chigwirizano chinachitira ndi mkhalidwe wa chipongwe wa Italy ndi Japan, osatchula uja wa mwamuna wotchedwa Adolf.

“Nkhani ya Pamtima ya Hitler”

Inde, Germany, nayenso, anali wosakhutiritsidwa. Anali kumenyera zolimba kuti apeze malo autsogoleri wa ku Europe. Nduna yaikulu Hans von Seeckt, mkulu wa magulu ankhondo a Chigermany mu ma-1920, ‘anakhulupirira kuti kukwera kwa Germany kunali kosalingalirika popanda nkhondo yatsopano,’ latero bukhu la Chigermany; ndipo Hitler sanalamulire nkomwe kuthekera kofunika kwachangu cha nkhondo. Ndicho chifukwa chake, kulingana ndi gulu lofufuza za mbiri yakale ya nkhondo ya Chigerman, “njira zofunika za kulamulira [pakati pa 1933 ndi 1939] zinatumikira, mwinamwake mwachindunji kapena mosakhala mwachindunji, zifuno za kukonzekeranso zida zankhondo.”

Monga mmene Hitler anachiwonera, “‘magulu’ a Chigerman anali opangidwa ndi anthu mamiliyoni 85 kupanga ‘fuko lapakati’ logwirizana. Kuyandikira kwa Udarwin konyenga kwa Hitler kunafuna kuti ‘fuko lapakatili’ ligonjetse ‘gawo’ lake.” Chotero monga mmene Gerhard Schulz, profesala wa mbiri yatsopano pa Yuniversite ya ku Tübingen, akulongosolera: “Kugonjetsa kwa chiwawa kwagawo latsopano kunali chinthu chapamtima cha Hitler.”

M’chenicheni Chigwirizano cha Mitundu chinathandiza Hitler kusankhapo kumene akayambira. Pamapeto a Nkhondo ya Dziko I, Saarland, dera la pakati pa France ndi Germany, linalimbikira uku ndi uko pakati pawo kwa zaka mazana angapo, ndipo linaikidwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Chigwirizano cha Mitundu. Koma mphatso zinapangidwa ku zimene nzika za mu Saar zikasankhapo pambuyo pake mwa kuvota kwakuti kaya akhale pansi pa kulamuliridwa ndi Chigwirizano kapena kuti akhale kaya mbali ya France kapena Germany. Masankho anandandalitsidwa kaamba ka 1935.

Panthaŵi imeneyo Hitler anali wodziŵika kwambiri. Ophunzira achichepere nthaŵi zina ankapatsidwa kulemba kokopa, kuuzidwa chomwe ankafunikira kulemba, mwachitsanzo: “Monga mmene Yesu anapulumutsira mtundu wa anthu kuchokera ku uchimo ndi imfa, choteronso Hitler anatumikira mtundu wa Chigerman kuchokera ku kuwonongedwa. Yesu ndi Hitler anazunzidwa, koma pamene kuli kwakuti Yesu anaphedwa pa mtengo, Hitler anakwezedwa ku ulamuliro. . . . Yesu anamanga kaamba ka miyamba, Hitler kaamba ka dziko lapansi la German.”

Kutalitali ndi kusonyeza uchete wa Chikristu, atsogoleri a zipembedzo anadzilowetsamo mokangalika mu masankho a ndale zadziko. Anthu, okhala mu Saar, mokulira Akatolika anasunga ku mtima chimene abishopo awo anawauza iwo: “Monga Akatolika a Chigerman, tiri ofulumizidwa kuchirikiza ukulu, kulemera, ndi mtendere wa dziko la makolo athu.” Ndipo magulu a zamalonda a Chikatolika anachenjeza kuti: “Uyo amene ali wosakhulupirika ku dziko la makolo ake sadzakhalanso wokhulupirika kwa Mulungu wake.”

Ndi zowona kuti, sialiyense amene anavomereza. Wolemba nkhani wodziŵika panthaŵiyo, Heinrich Mann, anachenjeza kuti: “Ngati mwasankha Hitler, inu mudzatalikitsa moyo wake ndipo mudzagawana thayo la kulakwa kwake . . . , ngakhale kaamba ka nkhondo imene iye amaipanga kukhalako.” Koma mawu ochenjeza oterowo anali ochepa. Ichi chinatsogolera wolemba Kurt Tucholsky kulemba kuti Saar “wathawidwa ndi England, France, Chigwirizano cha Mitundu, magulu a ogwira ntchito adziko lonse, ndi papa.”

Atapatsidwa mikhalidwe yotereyi, kupambana kwa Hitler pa masankho kunali kutangotsirizidwiratu. Kugonjetsa kwa maperesenti 90.8 kunasankha kukhala mbali ya Wolamulira wa Germany watsopano.

Pambuyo pa lamulo latsopano lalikulu la kupambana limeneli, Hitler analimbikitsidwa kupitirizabe. Chigwirizano cha Mitundu, chokhala kale pakama lake lofera, chinali cholefuka kwenikweni kulowereramo pamene, panali kuphwanya malamulo a Kusaina kwa Kumvana, kumene Hitler anapanganso gulu lankhondo mu Rhineland mu 1936. Mu 1938 palibe aliyense amene anamuletsa iye kutenga Austria kapena pambuyo pake chaka chimenecho kukulitsa Sudetenland mbali ya Czechoslovakia yokhala kale ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu a Chigermany, monga chiyambi cha kulalira dziko lonselo mu 1939. Panali kutsutsa kwakukulu, kwakufuna kukhala wotsimikiza, koma panalibe china chirichonse chowonjezereka.

Kukonzekera Kuvala—Kaamba ka Chiyani?

Kudzafika panthaŵiyo, nkhondo ya Hitler ya nkhalwe inapitirizabe popanda kukhetsa mwazi. Sikunali tero kumenyana kotchulidwa pamwambapo mu kumene Italy ndi Japan anaphatikizidwamo. “Kumenya nkhondo pa Ethiopia kochitidwa ndi Italy wokhala ndi ulamuliro wokweza ufuko,” yatero ntchito ya kulozera ya Chitalian L’uomo e il tempo, “kunakonzekeretsedwa kufika ku tsatanetsatane wochepetsetsa ndipo kunaperekedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu kokulira ndipo ndi kuchirikiza kwa ziwiya za manenanena okulira.” Nkhondo imeneyo inayamba mu 1935, ndipo kulandidwa kwa Ethiopia kunatsirizidwa mu 1936. Dziko linadabwitsidwa kumva ponena za kuphulitsa mabomba ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwa utsi waululu.

Mu Asia, magulu ankhondo a Chijapan anadzakhala amphamvu chakuti pamene China anali ndi ulamuliro wa kufuna kuyesa kuphulitsa bomba pa sitima ya Panjanji ya South Manchuria mu 1931, Japan anali wokhoza kutenga pa chimenechi monga chodzikhululukira kusinthira magulu ankhondo ku Manchuria. Mu 1937 iwo anapitirizabe kulowa mu China yeniyeni, akumatenga mbali zazikulu za dzikolo, kuphatikizapo mizinda ya Shanghai, Peking, Nanking, Hankow, ndi Canton.

Panthaŵiyo, mu Europe nkhondo ya anthu wamba ya Chispanish inali inabuka mu 1936. Hitler ndi Mussolini anawona mu ichi mwaŵi wa kuyesera zida zawo zankhondo zatsopano kwenikweni ndi njira zankhondo. Monga mmene zinaliri nkhondo mu Manchuria, China, ndi Ethiopia, izo zinatumikira monga kukonzekera kuvala kaamba ka chinthu china chake chimene chinali kutsogolo. Kulingana ndi ulamuliro umodzi, anthu oposa theka la miliyoni imodzi anaphedwa mu kulimbana kwa chiSpanish. Nchosadabwitsa kuti ichi chinaitanira kaamba ka chisamaliro cha dziko lonse. Ndipo ngati kukonzekera kuvala kunayambukira mitu yankhani, bwanji ponena za zochitika zazikulu zomwe zinali nkudza?

Ching’aning’ani Chikantha mu Europe

Mademokrase, powona kukula kokhalapo pa dziko, anakhala odera nkhaŵa. Great Britain inayambitsa kulembetsa kwa za nkhondo. Ndiyeno mu August 1939 Germany ndi Soviet Union anadzadabwitsa dziko mwa kusaina pangano lopanda chiwawa. M’chenicheni kunali kumvana kwa chinsinsi kwa kugawana Poland pakati pawo. Kugawana kumene kachiŵirinso mademokratiki a kumadzulo sanalowereremo, Hitler analowetsa magulu ake ankhondo mu Poland pa 4:45 a.m. pa September 1, 1939.

Koma panthaŵiyi iye analakwa. Great Britain ndi France analengeza nkhondo pa Germany masiku aŵiri pambuyo pake. Pa September 17, magulu ankhondo a Soviet analowerera Poland kuchokera chakum’mawa, ndipo podzafika kumapeto kwa mweziwo, kaamba ka zifuno zogwira ntchito zonse, kukaikira kwa Polish kunathetsedwa. Nkhondo ya Dziko II inali itayamba, yodzetsedwa ndi ndawala ya magulu ankhondo ofulumira olimba ndi kulongosola kwa Chigerman kwakuti Blitzkrieg, kutanthauza “nkhondo ya ching’aning’ani.” Mu mdima wa kugonjetsa, Hitler anadzipereka kupanga mtendere ndi maiko a Kumadzulo. “Kaya iye anali wotsimikiza ponena za ichi,” walemba tero wodziŵa za mbiri yakale wa Chigerman Walther Hofer, “liri funso limene silingayankhidwe ndi kutsimikiza konse.”

Zaka za nkhondo zoŵerengeka zoyambirira zinadziŵikitsidwa ndi kumenya nkhondo kodabwitsa, zinanyamula ching’aning’ani mwamsanga ndi zotulukapo zowononga. Soviet mwamsanga inakakamiza Estonia, Latvia, ndi Lithuania kuti alole magulu ankhondo a Soviet kukhala mu dziko lawo. Finland, pamene anafunsidwa kuchita chofananacho, anakana ndipo analowereredwa ndi Soviet pa November 30, 1939. Finland anafunsira kaamba ka mtendere pansi pa malamulo a Soviet mwezi wa March wotsatira.

Panthaŵiyo, ngakhale ziri tero, Britain ndi France anali atangoyang’anira kumapita kupyolera mu Norway wachete kukathandiza Finland. Koma pamene Finland anafunsira za mtendere, Othandirizawo, popanda kukhala ndi chiyembekezo cha kuchita tero, analeka makonzedwewo. Mwamsanga kufikira kwachiŵiri kusanachitike, iwo anayamba kutulutsa madzi a ku Norway mwa kukumba m’godi pa April 8, 1940. Tsiku lotsatira, pamene anthu a ku Norway anali otanganitsidwa ndi kutsutsa kugwira ntchito koika m’godiko, a German mosayembekezereka anaika magulu awo ankhondo ponse paŵiri mu Norway ndi mu Denmark. Mlungu umodzi usanathe pambuyo pake, magulu ankhondo a ku Britain anadzafika mu Norway, koma pambuyo pa kupambana kosiyanasiyana, iwo anakakamizidwa kuchoka chifukwa cha maripoti osakhazikika ochokera kum’mwera.

Kwa miyezi ingapo funso kumeneko linali lakuti: Ndi liti ndipo ndi kuti kumene Germany adzalowerera motsutsana ndi France? Nthaŵi inapitapo yokhala ndi changu cha magulu ankhondo ambiri olekezera ku kumenya nkhondo kwa masitima a pamadzi. Pa mtunda chirichonse chinali chabata. Amtola nkhani ena ana-yamba kulankhula za “nkhondo yosadziwika,” sinalinso blitzkrieg, koma m’malo mwake sitzkrieg, kutanthauza m’chenicheni “nkhondo yokhalitsa pansi.”

Komabe, panalibe chirichonse chosadziŵika ponena za kumenya nkhondo kwadzidzidzi kochitidwa ndi German pa May 10, 1940. Akumapitirira Maginot Line, mzere wochinjiriza umene unasungilira France pa malire ake ndi Germany, iwo anakantha kupyola Maiko a Munsi, ndi kufulumira kupyola Belgium, ndi kufikira malire a French pa May 12. Podzafika May 14 Netherlands inali itagwa. Kenaka kukantha kupyola chakumpoto kwa France, magulu ankhondo a German anagwira zikwizikwi za asilikari a Chibritish, French, ndi Belgian okhala ndi English Channel kumbuyo kwawo. Kutalitali ndi kukhala sitzkrieg, koma uku kwakulukulu kunali blitzkrieg!

Pa May 26, pa Dunkirk, France, ntchito imodzi ya kupulumutsa kwadzawoneni mu mbiri ya nkhondo inayambika. Kwa masiku khumi ziwiya za masitima a m’madzi ndi zikwizikwi za mabwato a anthu wamba, zinanyamula magulu ankhondo 340,000 kudutsa English Channel kupita kumalo opulumukira mu Britain. Koma sionse amene anapulumuka. Mkati mwa milungu itatu anthu a ku Germany anatenga akaidi miliyoni imodzi.

Pa June 10, Italy analengeza nkhondo pa Great Britain ndi France. Kenaka masiku anayi pambuyo pake, Paris inagonjetsedwa ndi German. Mweziwo usanathe, kuthetsa kusamvana kwakanthaŵi kochepa pakati pa France ndi German kunali kunasainidwa. Tsopano Britain inaima yokha. Monga mmene Hofer akulongosolera iko: “Paliwiro la blitzkrieg limene ngakhale iye mwini sanalilingalire ilo kukhala lothekera, Hitler anadzakhala mbuye pa Western Europe yonse.”

Mosiyana ndi chimene Hitler anayembekezera, a British sanafunsire kaamba ka mtendere. Chotero pa July 16, iye analamulira makonzedwe kaamba ka “Kugonjetsa kwa M’nyanja Kowopsya,” kugonjetsa kwa British Isles. Britain anadzikonzekera yekha kaamba ka ching’aning’ani chimene chinali pafupi kukanthanso.

Ndipo Tsopano Chiyani?

Kwa zaka zingapo Mboni za Yehova zinakhala zikuneneratu poyera kulowedwa m’malo kwa Chigwirizano cha Mitundu.a Tsopano kuphulika konga ching’aning’ani kwa Nkhondo ya Dziko II kunali kutathetsa kumenyera kwake kwa mavuto kaamba ka moyo. Maliro oyembekezeredwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali akayenera kuchitidwa. Mtembo ukaikidwa ku malo opumulira m’mphompho limene Chivulumbutso 17:7-11 limanena ndipo pa maziko a malemba amene Mboni zinakhala zikuneneratu kulephera kwake.

Koma pambuyo pa imfa, tsopano chiyani? Kodi nkhondo mothekera ikatsogolera ku china chake chokulira, mwinamwake ku “nkhondo ya tsiku lalikulu la Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse” yotchedwa Amargedo? (Yerekezani ndi Chivumbulutso 6:4; 16:14, 16.) Ngakhale kuti zinali zofunitsitsa kuwona mmene nkhondo ikakulira mowonjezereka, Mboni za Yehova zinali zotsimikiza kusadzilowetsamo mwaumwini. Izo zikasungilira uchete wa Chikristu, ngakhale kuti ichi chikawaika iwo—ponse paŵiri m’maiko achitotalitariani ndi demokratiki—kuletsedwa, kuikidwa m’ndende, kachitidwe ka mabwalo a milandu, ndi kumenyedwa kwa chiwawa. Ngakhale kuti anali mu chiŵerengero chochepera pa chikwi zana limodzi mu chaka cha nkhondo chimenecho cha 1940, iwo anapitirizabe kufalitsa uthenga wa chiyembekezo chenicheni, uthenga wa Ufumu wokhazikitsidwa wa Mulungu.

Ndipo chiyembekezo chiri kwenikweni chimene “Chisauko cha Mitundu, Chosonkhezeredwa ndi Mantha,” chinafunikira. Uwu uli mutu wa nkhani yathu yotsatira—Gawo 4, m’mpambowu wa, “Dziko Lapansi Chiyambire 1914.”

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Zinthu Zina Zimene Zinapanga Mbiri

1939—Makumi a zikwi aphedwa mu chivomezi cha ku Turkey

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(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kufutukuka kwamphamvu za Malire a Europe kupitirizabe kudzafika mu 1940

Axis Nations and Conquests

Norway

Denmark

Netherlands

Belgium

Sudetenland

Luxembourg

Rhineland

France

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Austria

Hungary

Romania

Albania

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Nkhondo inatsimikizira kufa kwa Chigwirizano

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U.S. National Archives photo

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U.S. Army photo