Mtsogolo mwa Chipembedzo M’chiyang’aniro cha Nthaŵi Yake ya Kumbuyo

Gawo 16:Zana la 9-16 C.E.—Chipembedzo Chofunikiradi Kukonzanso

“Kulakwira kulikonse kufunikira kukonzedwanso.”—Voltaire, wolemba nkhani ndi katswiri wa mbiri yakale Wachifalansa wa m’zana la 18

AKRISTU oyambirira sanaphunzitse konse purigatoriyo, sanalambire konse mafano, sanalemekeze konse “oyera,” ndipo sanapatulikitse konse zinthu zakale. Iwo sanadziloŵetse m’ndale zadziko ndipo sanatembenukire ku nkhondo yakupha. Koma pofika m’zana la 15, zonsezi sizinalinso zowona kwa ambiri amene anadzinenera kukhala atsanziri awo.

“Okana Chikhulupiriro” Afuna Kukonzanso

“Chiyambi chenicheni cha kukana chikhulupiriro [motsutsana ndi Chiroma Katolika] chinawoneka mu Falansa ndi kumpoto kwa Italy chifupifupi chaka cha 1000,” ikunena tero The Collins Atlas of World History. Ena a otchedwa okana chikhulupiriro a nthaŵi zakale anali okana chikhulupiriro kokha pamaso pa tchalitchicho. Chiri chovuta lerolino kugamulapo molongosoka kuti ndi ku ukulu wotani kumene awo okana chikhulupiriro aliyense payekha anamamatira ku Chikristu choyambirira. Mosasamala kanthu za zimenezo, chiri chachidziŵikire kuti chifupifupi ena a iwo anali kuyesera kuchita tero.

Kuchiyambi kwa zana lachisanu ndi chinayi, Arkibishopu Agobard wa ku Lyons anatsutsa kulambira mafano ndi kupembedza kwa “oyera.”* Dikoni wamkulu wa zana la 11, Berengar wa ku Tours, anachotsedwa chifukwa chokaikira kusandulika, kudzinenera kwakuti mkate ndi vinyo zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa Misa Yachikatolika zimasinthidwa kukhala thupi lenileni ndi mwazi wa Kristu.* Zana limodzi pambuyo pake Peter de Bruys ndi Henry wa ku Lausanne anakana ubatizo wa makanda ndi kulambira mtanda.* Chifukwa chochita tero, Henry anataya ufulu wake; Peter anataya moyo wake.

“Pofika pakati pa zana la khumi ndi ziŵiri matauni a Kumadzulo kwa Yuropu anadzazidwa ndi mipatuko ya okana chikhulupiriro,” akusimba tero katswiri wa mbiri yakale Will Durant. Mbali yodziŵika koposa ya magulu amenewa inali Awaldense. Iwo anatchuka kumapeto kwa zana la 12 pansi pa wamalonda Wachifrench Pierre Valdès (Peter Waldo). Pakati pa zinthu zina, iwo sanamvane ndi tchalitchi pa kulambira Mariya, kuwulula machimo ku ansembe, Misa ya anthu akufa, kukhululukira machimo kwa papa, umbeta wa ansembe, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zida zakupha.* Gululo mwamsanga linafalikira mu Falansa monse ndi kumpoto kwa Italy, limodzinso ndi mu Flanders, Jeremani, Austria, ndi Bohemia (Czechoslovakia).

Panthaŵiyo, mu Ingalande, katswiri wa ku Oxford John Wycliffe, pambuyo pake wodziŵika monga “nyenyezi ya m’mawa ya Kukonzanso Kwachingelezi,” anali kutsutsa ‘ulamuliro wosiirana wotenga mphamvu’ wa m’zana la 14. Mwa kutembenuzira Baibulo lonse m’Chingelezi, iye ndi mabwenzi ake analipanga ilo kukhala lopezeka mwachisawawa kwa nzika wamba kwa nthaŵi yoyamba. Atsatiri a Wycliffe anatchedwa Alollard. Alollard analalikira mwapoyera, kugaŵira matrakiti ndi mbali za Baibulo. Mkhalidwe “wokana chikhulupiriro” woterowo sunayanjidwe ndi tchalitchi.

Malingaliro a Wycliffe anafalikira kutali. Mu Bohemia iwo anadzutsa chidwi cha Jan Hus (John Huss), mtsogoleri wa tchalitchi pa Yunivesiti ya Prague. Hus anakaikira kuyenerera kwa upapa ndi kukana kuti tchalitchi chinakhazikitsidwa pa Petro.a Pambuyo pa mkangano wa kugulitsa zikhululukiro za machimo, Hus anaimbidwa mlandu wa kukana chikhulupiriro ndipo anatenthedwa pa mtengo mu 1415. Mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso Chachikatolika, kukhululukira machimo kuli makonzedwe pamene chilango kaamba ka chimo chingachotsedweko pang’ono kapena kotheratu, mwakutero kuchepetseko kapena kuchotseratu nyengo ya nthaŵi mkati mwa imene munthu amavutika ndi chilango cha pakanthaŵi ndi kuyeretsedwa m’purigatoriyo asanaloŵe kumwamba.

Ziitano za kukonzanso zinapitirizabe. Girolamo Savonarola, mlaliki wa Dominican wa ku Italy wa m’zana la 15, anasonyeza kuipidwa akumanena kuti: ‘Apapa ndi atsogoleri ena a chipembedzo amalankhula motsutsana ndi kunyada ndi kudzikuza, ndipo iwo adziloŵetsa iwo eni m’zinthu zimenezo. Iwo amalalikira chiyero namasunga zitsamwali. Iwo amalingalira kokha za dziko ndi zinthu zakudziko; samasamala konse ponena za miyoyo.’ Ngakhale makadinala Achikatolika anazindikira vutolo. Mu 1538, m’kalata yokumbutsa yolembedwera kwa Papa Paul III, iwo anaitanira chisamaliro chake ku kulakwira kwa malo a anthu a chipembedzo, zachuma, chiweruzo, ndi makhalidwe. Koma upapa unalephera kupanga makonzedwe ofunikira odziŵikiratu, ndipo ichi chinayambitsa Kukonzanso Kwachiprotesitanti. Atsogoleri oyambirira anaphatikizapo Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli, ndi John Calvin.

Luther ndi ‘Kutchova Njuga kwa Zana la 16’

Pa October 31, 1517, Luther anadzidzimutsa dziko la chipembedzo pamene anawukira kugulitsa kwa kumwerekera mwa kukhomera ndandanda ya nsonga 95 za chitsutso pa chitseko cha tchalitchi mu Wittenberg.

Kugulitsidwa kwa kukhululukira machimoko kunayambika mkati mwa Nkhondo Zamitanda, pamene iko kunapatsidwa kwa akhulupiriri ofuna kuika miyoyo yawo pachiswe mu nkhondo “yoyera.” Pambuyo pake iko kunafutukulidwira kwa anthu opereka chirikizo la zachuma ku tchalitchi. Mofulumira, kukhululukira machimo kunakhala njira yokhutiritsa yopezera ndalama zomangira matchalitchi, malo a anthu achipembedzo, kapena zipatala. “Malo achikumbukiro abwino koposa a Nyengo Zapakati analipiriridwa mwa njira imeneyi,” akutero profesa wa mbiri ya chipembedzo Roland Bainton, kuzindikiritsa kukhululukira machimoko kukhala “kutchova njuga kwa zana lakhumi mphambu zisanu ndi limodzi.”

Ndi kulankhula kwachindunji komwe anafikira kudziŵika nako, Luther anafunsa kuti: “Ngati papa ali ndi mphamvu ya kumasula aliyense kuchokera ku purigatoriyo [pa maziko a kukhululukira machimo], kodi nchifukwa ninji m’dzina lachikondi iye sathetsa purigatoriyo mwa kulola aliyense kutulukamo?” Pamene anapemphedwa kusonkha ndalama ku ntchito yomanga Yachiroma, Luther anayankha mwaukali kuti papa “angachite bwino kugulitsa St. Peter’s ndi kupatsa ndalamazo kwa anthu osauka omwe akudyereredwa ndi ogulitsa kukhululukira machimo.”

Luther anawukiranso kukana chiyuda Kwachikatolika, akumalangiza kuti: “Tiyenera kugwiritsira ntchito kulinga kwa Ayuda osati lamulo la papa koma lamulo ka Kristu la chikondi.” Ndipo ponena za kulambira zinthu zakale, iye anaseka kuti: “Wina amadzinenera kukhala ndi nthenga yochokera ku phiko la mngelo Gabrieli, ndipo Bishopu wa ku Mainz ali ndi laŵi la moto lochokera ku chitsamba choyaka moto cha Mose. Ndipo kodi chimachitika motani kuti atumwi khumi mphambu asanu ndi atatu anaikidwa mu Jeremani pamene Kristu anali nawo kokha khumi ndi aŵiri?”

Tchalitchi chinavomereza ku kuwukira kwa Luther mwa kumchotsa. Wolamulira Wachiroma Woyera Charles V, akumagonjera ku chididikizo cha papa, anaika chiletso pa Luther. Ichi chinadzutsa mkangano waukulu kotero kuti mu 1530 Diet of Augsburg unaitanidwa kukambitsirana nkhaniyo. Zoyesayesa za kumvana zinalephera, chotero ndemanga yaikulu ya chikhulupiriro cha chiphunzitso cha Lutheran inaperekedwa. Icho chinatchedwa Augsburg Confession, chinafikira ku kubadwa kwa chilengezo cha tchalitchi choyamba Chachiprotesitanti.b

Zwingli ndi Luther Alephera Kumvana

Zwingli anagogomenera Baibulo kukhala bukhu lenileni lotheratu la tchalitchi. Ngakhale kuti analimbikitsidwa ndi chitsanzo cha Luther, iye anatsutsa kutchedwa Lutheran, akumanena kuti iye anaphunzira chiphunzitso cha Kristu kuchokera ku Mawu a Mulungu, osati kwa Luther. M’chenicheni, iye sanamvane ndi Luther pa mbali zina za Mgonero wa Ambuye limodzinso ndi pa maunansi oyenerera a Mkristu ndi olamulira a boma.

Okonzanso aŵiriwo anakumana kamodzi kokha, mu 1529, pa chimene bukhu lakuti The Reformation Crisis limatcha “mtundu wa msonkhano wachipembedzo.” Bukhulo likunena kuti: “Amuna aŵiriwo sanalekane monga mabwenzi, koma . . . chidziŵitso choperekedwa pamapeto pa msonkhanowo, chosainidwa ndi otengamo mbali onse, mwaluso chinaphimba ukulu wa mkanganowo.”

Zwingli analinso ndi mavuto ndi atsatiri ake. Mu 1525 gulu lina linapatuka, silinamvane ndi iye pa nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Boma pa Tchalitchi, umene iye anatsimikizira ndipo umene iwo anakana. Otchedwa Anabaptists (“obatizanso”), iwo anawona ubatizo wa makanda kukhala mwambo wopanda pake, akumanena kuti ubatizo unali kokha wa okhulupirira achikulire. Iwo anatsutsanso kugwiritsira ntchito kwa zida zakupha, ngakhale mu nkhondo zotchedwa zachilungamo. Zikwi za iwo anaphedwa chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro zawo.

Mbali ya Calvin mu Kukonzanso

Ophunzira ambiri amawona Calvin kukhala mkulu wa okonzanso. Iye anawumirira kuti tchalitchi chibwerere ku maprinsipulo oyambirira a Chikristu. Komabe chimodzi cha ziphunzitso zake zazikulu, kuikidwiratu, chiri chizindikiritso cha ziphunzitso za mu Grisi yakale, kumene Astoiki ananena kuti Zeus amagamula zinthu zonse ndipo kuti anthu ayenera kudzigonjetsera iwo eni ku zinthu zosapeŵeka. Chiphunzitsocho mowonekera sichiri Chachikristu.

Mkati mwa tsiku la Calvin Aprotesitanti Achifalansa anadziŵika monga Ahuguenot, ndipo iwo anazunzidwa mowopsya. Mu Falansa, kuyambira pa August 24, 1572, mu Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, magulu ankhondo Achikatolika anakantha zikwi zikwi za iwo, choyamba mu Paris ndipo kenaka m’dziko lonse. Koma Ahuguenot anatenganso lupanga ndipo iwo anali ndi liwongo lakupha ambiri mkati mwa nkhondo zokhetsa mwazi zachipembedzo mkati mwa mbali yomalizira ya zana la 16. Iwo chotero anasankha kunyalanyaza langizo loperekedwa ndi Yesu lakuti: “Kondanani nawo adani anu, ndi kupempherera iwo akuzunza inu.”—Mateyu 5:44.

Calvin anakhazikitsa chitsanzo, mwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zopititsira patsogolo zikhutiritso zake zachipembedzo zimene malemu Harry Emerson Fosdick mtsogoleri wachipembedzo Wachiprotesitanti anazilongosola kukhala zankhalwe ndi zochititsa mantha. Pansi pa lamulo la tchalitchi limene Calvin anayambitsa mu Geneva, anthu 58 anaphedwa ndipo 76 anaikidwa pansi pa chiletso mkati mwa zaka zinayi; pofika kumapeto kwa zana la 16, chiŵerengero choyerekezera cha 150 anali atatenthedwa pa mtengo. Mmodzi wa amenewa anali Michael Servetus, sing’anga ndi katswiri wa maphunziro a zaumulungu wa Chispanya, yemwe anakana chiphunzitso cha Utatu, mwakutero akumakhala “wokana chikhulupiriro” wa Aliyense. Akuluakulu Achikatolika anamutentha iye mwapoyera; Aprotesitanti anatenga sitepi lopambanitsa mwa kumutentha iye pamtengo.

Pomalizira Pake, “Zenizeni Zochititsa Mantha”

Pamene kuli kwakuti ankavomerezana ndi Luther mwa pakamwa, ena omwe anafuna kukhala okonzanso anakaikira. Mmodzi wa iwo anali wophunzira wa Chidutch Desiderius Erasmus. Mu 1516 iye anakhala woyamba kufalitsa “Chipangano Chatsopano” m’Chigriki choyambirira. “Iye anali wokonzanso,” likunena tero bukhu lakuti Edinburgh Review, “kufikira Kukonzanso kunakhala zenizeni zochititsa mantha.”

Ngakhale kuli tero, ena anapita patsogolo ndi Kukonzanso, ndipo mu Jeremani ndi Scandinavia, Chilutheran chinafalikira mofulumira. Mu 1534 Ingalande inachoka ku ulamuliro wa papa. Scotland, pansi pa mtsogoleri wa Kukonzanso John Knox, mwamsanga inatsatira. Mu Falansa ndi Poland, Chiprotesitanti chinapeza kuzindikiridwa kwalamulo asanafike mapeto a zana la 16.

Inde, monga momwe Voltaire molondola analongosolera kuti, “Kulakwira kulikonse kuyenera kukonzedwanso.” Koma Voltaire anawonjezera mawu oyeneretsa, “Pokhapo ngati kukonzanso kuli kowopsya kuposa kulakwira kwenikweniko.” Kuti tiyamikire bwinopo kuwona kwa mawu amenewo, khalani otsimikizira kuŵerenga “Chiphunzitso Chachiprotesitanti—Kodi Chinali Kukonzanso?” m’nkhani yathu yotsatira.

[Mawu a M’munsi]