Madzi a Kukonzanso Aphulika

“MWADZIDZIDZI ndinamva liwu lina, longa ngati la mphezi, likuthamangira kulinga kwa ife. Banja lathu . . . linayamba kuthamangira monjenjemera ku phiri lapafupipo. Madzi opanga thovuwo anatipitirira. Tinasambira monga mmene sitinachitirepo ndi kalelonse. Ngakhale kuti tinali kumwa unyinji wa madzi a m’nyanja . . . . , tinafika.”

Mmenemo ndi mmene m’Filipino mmodzi analongosolera chokumana nacho chochititsa mantha chimene chinasintha dziko lake. Inu mwinamwake simunayambukiridwepo ndi tsoka la chilengedwe​—la madzi kapena mtundu wina uliwonse. Koma kuyang’ana pa mbiri yakale kumavumbulutsa kuti mamiliyoni a miyoyo asinthidwa ndi matsoka a mtundu umodzi kapena wina.

Chipembedzo chachitiranso umboni masinthidwe ochuluka osiyanasiyana, kutembenuzira mutu pansi mavuto a tsiku ndi tsiku a anthu ambiri osaŵerengeka. Awa aphatikizapo a Hindu, a Buddha, a Silamu, Ayuda, ndi Akristu. Kodi moyo wanu wakhudzidwa ndi phokoso loterolo? Chifupifupi motsimikizirika iwo watero, kulikonse kumene mungakhale. Tiyeni tichitire chitsanzo mwa kubwerera m’mbuyo zaka zina 400 m’nthaŵi ku zana la 16. Choyamba tikulunjikitsa chidwi chathu pa Europe yonse, amene panthaŵiyo anali kupita pansi pa kusagwirizana kwa chipembedzo, monga madzi ozungulira omwe amapanga kabowo pakati akutenga mphamvu.

Chotupa Chomakulakula

Kwa zaka mazana, kutsogolera ku chimene timachitcha Kukonzanso, tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika ndi mafumu a ku Europe anakagana wina ndi mnzake, aliyense akumadzinenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro pa wina ndi pa anthu onse. Gulu la anthu pa dzikolo linakweza mawu awo m’kutsutsa ku zimene anawona monga kugwiritsira ntchito kolakwika kwa tchalitchi.

Kodi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kolakwika kwa mtundu wanji kumene iwo anawona? Dyera, mkhalidwe woipa wa chisembwere wofala, ndi kulowerera m’ndale zadziko. Anthu wamba anakwiya ndi amuna ndi akazi amene kumbali imodzi anadzinenera mwaŵi wapadera mwa chifukwa cha zilumbiro zawo zaumphaŵi ndi kudzisungira koma panthaŵi imodzimodziyo anaphwanya lamulolo mwakukhala oipitsidwa mwapoyera ndi a mkhalidwe woipa wa chisembwere. Amuna apamwamba a mu England anakwiyitsidwa pa mkhalidwe wachilendo wa kupereka chopereka kwa papa amene panthaŵiyo anali kukhala ndi kugwirizana ndi France, mdani wa England pankhondo.

Kudyerana masuku pamutu mkati mwa Tchalitchi cha Katolika, kunafalikira pansi kuchokera pamwamba. Wodziŵa za mbiri yakale Barbara W. Tuchman analemba m’bukhu lake The March of Folly kuti apapa asanu ndi mmodzi omwe anali mu ofesi kuyambira mu 1471 kupita mtsogolo anatenga “kupitiriza muyezo kwa dyera la ndalama, kusoweka kwa makhalidwe abwino, dyera, ndi mphamvu zowunikira zopatsa ngozi za ndale zadziko.” Barbara Tuchman mowonjezera akulongosola mmene Papa Sixtus IV, ndi cholinga chofuna kupititsa patsogolo ndi kulemeretsa banja lake losauka, anaika amphwake asanu ndi mwana wa mphwake mmodzi monga macardinal, mwana wina wa mphwake monga bishopu, ndipo anakwatitsa asanu ndi mmodzi a abale ake ku mabanja olamulira. Alexander VI, pamene anakhala papa, anadziŵika kukhala ali ndi akazi ochulukirapo ndi ana asanu ndi aŵiri. Ndi chikhumbo chake chofuna kusankhidwa mu ofesi, iye anapatsa ziphuphu opikisana naye ake enieni aŵiri, mmodzi wa amene analandira “abulu anayi odzaza ndi mitolo ya golidi,” akulemba tero Barbara Tuchman. Iye kenaka anayang’anira pa phwando lalikulu la Vatican lomwe linakhala “lotchuka m’mbiri ya zithunzithunzi za anthu amaliseke.” Ntchito imodzimodziyo kenaka ikundandalitsa mmene katswiri wa luso lolemba wotchuka Michelangelo anatumizidwa ndi Papa Julius II kukakonza chithunzi chake. Pamene anafunsidwa ndi munthu walusoyo kuti kaya chithunzicho chikamuwonetse iye akunyamula bukhu, papa wa nkhondoyo anayankha: “Ika lupanga pamenepo. Sindidziŵa chirichonse ponena za makalata.”

Mng’ankha m’Damu

Anthu wamba a ku Europe anakhumbabe chitsogozo chauzimu. Kuyang’anitsitsa pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphamvu zotsekeredwa m’dzenje la kudzilemekeza, odzichepetsa koposa onse amenewa anatembenukira ku magwero osiyana a ulamuliro, amodzi amene anawalingalira kukhala yapamwamba pa zonse​—Baibulo. Molingana ndi mkonzi Joel Hurstfield, Kukonzanso kunali “m’lingaliro lozama lenileni pachimake penipeni pa ulamuliro.” Olefulidwa ndi kuwonongeka m’tchalitchi, alaliki ndi abale mu Italy anayamba kulankhula mwapoyera pa kufunika kwa kukonzanso. Koma palibe kwina kulikonse kumene madzi akusakhutiritsidwa anali kusonkhanitsidwa mowonekera kuposa ku Germany.

M’nthaŵi zachikunja, mafuko a chiGerman anali ndi mwambo kumene ndalama zikanaperekedwa kuti zisonkhezere chimasulo kuchokera ku chilango kaamba ka maupandu. Ndi kutukuka kwa chikhulupiriro cha Chiroma, mwambowo unapeza malo mkati mwa tchalitchi m’mtundu wa kukhululukira. Ichi chinawalola ochimwa kugula kuchokera kwa papa mtengo wa chaulere cha “woyera” wakufayo ndi kugwiritsira ntchito izi motsutsana ndi chilango cha kanthaŵi kaamba ka machimo ochitidwa. Pansi pa chitsenderezo cha ndalama, chopangidwa ndi nkhondo zolimbana ndi France ndi kufutukuka kwa ntchito zomanga mu Roma, Papa Leo X anavomereza kugulitsa kwa kukhululukira, kupereka chikhululukiro chotheratu cha chilango cha pakanthaŵi cha chimo. Martin Luther wokwiyitsidwa analongosola amene tsopano ali malingaliro ake otchuka 95 pa ziphunzitso zonyenga za tchalitchi. Machitachita kulinga ku kukonzanso, omwe anayamba monga dontho kuchokera kunga’nkha mibadwo ingapo kumbuyoko, anadzakhala funde pamene anthu ochulukira anapereka chichirikizo chawo.

Mu zana la 16, anthu onga ngati Luther mu Germany, Zwingli ndi Calvin mu Switzerland, ndi Knox mu Scotland anakhala nsonga zochirikiza kwa ambiri amene anawona mwaŵi wa kuyeretsa Chikristu ndi kubwerera ku mapindu oyambirira ndi kaimidwe ka Baibulo. Mawu analembedwa mu chiGermany kulongosola awo amene anakana kuvomereza ziletso zoikidwa ndi chikhulupiriro cha akalonga a Roma Katolika, ndi awo amene analumbira chigwirizano ndi Mulungu pamwamba pa wina aliyense. Mawu amenewa kenaka anabwera kudzaphatikiza onse amene anapereka chirikizo ku machitachita a Kukonzanso. Liwulo linatchedwa “Protestanti.”

ChiProtestanti chinasesa kupyola mu Europe ndi liŵiro lokoka mtima, kukonzanso malo a panja a chipembedzo, kukonzanso malire atsopano a maphunziro achipembedzo. Germany ndi Switzerland anatsogolera njira, mwamsanga otsatiridwa ndi Scotland, Sweden, Norway, ndi Denmark. Panali machitachita akukonzanso mu Austria, Bohemia, Poland, Transylvania, Netherlands, ndi France.

Mu England kusakhutiritsidwa kunakhala kukuwonekera koposa zana limodzi, kuyambira m’masiku a John Wycliffe ndi Lollards. Koma pamene kusweka kuchoka ku Tchalitchi cha Chikatolika pomalizira kunafika, kunali mokulira chifukwa cha zifukwa za kudziko. Mfumu inagamulapo kusintha osati chipempedzo chake koma mkazi wake. Mu 1534 Henry VIII anadzilengeza iyemwini mutu wa Tchalitchi chatsopano cha England. Zolinga zake zinali zosiyana ndi zija za atsutsi a dzikolo, koma kachitidwe kake mosasamala kanthu za chimenecho kanatsegula mazenera kaamba ka madzi a kusintha kwa chipembedzo kulowa mu Britain. Kuzungulira mu Europe yonse, madzi amenewa mwamsanga anasintha kukhala ofiira ndi mwazi wa zikwi zomwe zinafutukulidwa pa makwerero a kusagwirizana kwa chipembedzo.

Kulikonse kumene chisonkhezero cha kukonzanso chinatenga mphamvu, chuma cha tchalitchi ndi minda zinakoka chidwi. Mu zaka zinayi zokha, Ufumu wa Chingelezi unalanda maulamuliro 560, ena okhala ndi mapindu okulira. Maiko ena anawona mafumu limodzi ndi anthu wamba akulanda malo a tchalitchi. Pamene Roma iyemwini anapasulidwa, nkhanza sinadziŵe malire. “Nkhanza ndi ludzu la mwazi la owukirawo ‘likanapangitsa mwala kumvera chifundo,’” ndi mmene Barbara Tuchman analongosolera icho. “Kulira ndi kubuula kunadzaza mbali iriyonse; Tiber anayandama ndi matupi akufa.” Ochepera, ponse paŵiri Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti anazunzidwa mochititsa mantha. Mu Bohemia, Aprotestanti analandidwa chuma chawo, pamene mu Ireland inali nthaŵi ya Akatolika. Maprotestanti a French Huguenots anathamangitsidwa, monga mmene anachitira aPresbyterian a ku Scotland ndi maPuritan a ku England. Chinawoneka ngati kuti kuphana kopanda chifundo kozungulira zungulira kunali kutayambidwa, ndipo chipembedzo chinali mafuta enieni. Kodi nkhanzazo sizidzatha?

Tchalitchi chinalibe mtengo wa azitona wopereka. Koma mafumu, otopa ndi kusakaza kwa nkhondo ya chiweniweni, anafikira pa chigwirizano chomwe chinakhazikitsa mwalamulo malire pakati pa zikhulupiriro zotsutsanazo. Peace of Augsburg mu 1555 ndi Peace of Westphalia mu 1648 zinabweretsa chipembedzo ndi malire autundu m’chigwirizano, kulola kaamba ka kalonga wa kumaloko kusankha ndi chikhulupiriro chiti chimene anthu ake adzatsatira. Europe chotero ananyamuka pa ulendo wina watsopano, umodzi umene unayenera kutha zaka 300. Chinali kufikira ku mapeto a Nkhondo ya Dziko ya II kuti chisonkhezero cha Europe chinalongosoledwanso kotheratu ndi amene panthaŵiyo anali Mphamvu Zogwirizana za chipambano.

Chikhumbo kaamba ka ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi kukonzanso chinamangirira chididikizo kumbuyo kwa damu la chiletso cha tchalitchi. Pambuyo pa zaka mazana a kudidikiza kosaphula kanthu, madziwo pomalizira pake anaphulika, kugwera m’zigwa za Europe, kusiya dziko losakazidwa m’chigalamuko chawo. Pamene fundelo linakhazikika, chitsogozo m’nkhani za chikhulupiriro m’maiko a chiProtestanti chinali chitasesedwa kuchokera kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi kukhazikitsidwa mphepete m’magombe a mphamvu za kudziko. Europe anali adakali womizidwa m’kusalekerera kwa chipembedzo, ngakhale kuli tero, ndipo othaŵa nkhondo anathaŵira kuchokera kudziko limodzi kupita ku linzake. Dziko lonselo silikanakupatiranso madzi omasulidwawo. Iwo mwamsanga anayamba kusefukira. Zana la 17 linapereka ngalande ya madzi osefukirawo. New World inali kugwirizanitsidwa.

Madzi Osefukira Apititsidwa Kunja

“Chimodzi cha zochititsa zazikulu za kusamukira koyambirira kupita ku America,” akulemba A. P. Stokes mu Church and State in the United States, “chinali chikhumbo chaufulu wa chipembedzo.” Anthu anatopa ndi kuvutitsidwa. Baptists, Quakers, Roma Katolika, Huguenots, Puritans, Mennonites, ndi ena anali ofunitsitsa kuchita ndi mavuto aulendo wautaliwo ndi kukhala ku malo osadziŵika. Stokes akugwira mawu munthu mmodzi akunena kuti: “Ndinafuna dziko kumene ndikanakhala waufulu kulambira Mulungu mogwirizana ndi zimene Baibulo limandiphunzitsa ine.” Ukulu wa kusalekerera umene osamuka amenewa anasiya kumbuyo ungaweruzidwe ndi zovuta zimene anali ofunitsitsa kuzipirira. Molingana ndi wodziŵa mbiri yakale David Hawke mu The Colonial Experience, kunyamuka kwakuswa mtima kuchokera ku dziko la kwawo kunali mwachidziŵikire koyenera kutsatiridwa ndi “miyezi iŵiri, itatu, kapena inayi yothera m’chiyembekezero cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha kumizidwa ndi mafunde kapena mbala za nkhalwe za pamadzi.” Pambuyo pa chimenecho, woyenda wokanthidwa ndi mphepo ameneyu angafike “pakati pa anthu aku India opulukira, otchuka osati ndi chinachake koma nkhanza . . . [ndipo adzakhalabe otero] m’mkhalidwe waumphaŵi kwa nthaŵi yaitali.”

Munthu aliyense payekha anafikira kaamba kaufulu, mphamvu za ulamuliro kaamba ka chuma. Mosasamala kanthu za chisonkhezero, okhazikikawo anatenga limodzi nawo chipembedzo chawo chawo. Germany, Holland, ndi Britain anapanga North America kukhala wamphamvu mu chiProtestanti. Makamaka boma la chiBritain linafuna “kuletsa chiRoma Katolika . . . kufika ku malo apamwamba mu North America.” Canada anabwera pansi pa chisonkhezero cha ponse paŵiri France ndi Britain. Lamulo la boma la chiFrench linali la “kusunga France Watsopano m’chikhulupiriro cha Roma Katolika,” ngakhale kukaniza maHuguenots kulowa kupita ku Quebec. Kum’mwera kwa Africa ndi mbali zina za Kumadzulo kwa Africa zinabwera pansi pa chisonkhezero cha Protestanti. Chisonkhezero chimenechi chinawonjezeka ndi kupita kwanthaŵi pamene Australia, New Zealand, ndi zisumbu zambiri za mu Pacific zinawonjezeredwa kumbali ya chiProtestanti.

Spain ndi Portugal anali kale kulowetsa chiKatolika mu South ndi Central America. French ndi Portuguese anachotsa chiletso cha chiKatolika mu Central Africa. Mu India, Goa anali pansi pa chisonkhezero cha chiPortuguese, chotero Chikatolika chinazika malo kumeneko.

Society ya Yesu (Jesuits) inapangidwa m’zana la 16 kupititsa patsogolo chisonkhezero cha Chikatolika. Pofika mkati mwa zana la 18, munali maJesuits oposa 22,000 ogwira ntchito kuzungulira pa chiwunda chonse, ndipo iwo analimbikitsa chisonkhezero cha Chikatolika mu China ndi Japan.

Zochitika Zatsopano

Madzi osatseguliridwa amakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu koposa, monga mmene mboni yogwidwa mawu kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi yatsimikizira. Iwo amasakaza dziko, kupanga zigwa ndi maphompho atsopano, kuphwanya zokhumudwitsa panjira yake. Mtsinje wa madzi othamanga mwaukali sumadziŵa mbuye, sungathe kulamuliridwa kapena kutsogozedwa. Zinali mofananamo ndi chigumula cha Kukonzanso.

“Chimene chinachitika . . . chotero, chinali chakuti, osati kwenikweni chipambano cha chikhulupiriro chatsopano cha opatuka,” akutero G. R. Elton mu The Reformation Crisis, “monga kulandira kwachiwawa ndi kwapang’onopang’ono kwa Dziko la Chipembedzo logawanikana limene palibe ndi mmodzi yemwe analifuna.” Dziko la Chipembedzo linagawanika, kukankhidwa ndi mafunde, kutheredwa mphamvu yake. Kugwirizana kunakhala komangilira mwathithithi ku maulamuliro a kumaloko ndi m’matchalitchi a ang’ono a utundu. Lamulo lokhazikitsidwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kuchokera ku Roma linanyalanyazidwa. Utundu unazika mizu m’dziko lonyowetsedwa la chiProtestanti. Britain ndi United States, mwamphamvu okhala m’manja mwa atsogoleri a kudziko a chiProtestanti, pamodzi anapanga mphamvu ya dziko lonse yachisanu ndi chiŵiri ya mbiri yakale ya Baibulo, kutenga ulamuliro m’zana la 18.

Komabe, machitachita a Kukonzanso sanachite chinthu chimodzimodzicho chimene icho chinayembekezera kukwaniritsa. Kodi chimenecho chinali chiyani? Ndi kupita kwanthaŵi, ziphunzitso zenizeni za matchalitchi a chiProtestanti, kaya matchalitchi autundu kapena ena ake, anagwa mokulira m’chigwirizano ndi awo a Roma. Okonzanso oyambirira analota za kubwezeretsa kaimidwe ka Baibulo, ku Chikristu choyera. Pamene funde la kuchirikiza linakula msinkhu ndi m’mphamvu, kusokonezeka m’chitsogozo kunangotsira madzi ozizira pa maloto amenewo.

Kufufuma kwa madzi a Kukonzanso kunasiya mayenje ngakhale m’zana lathu la 20. Kodi mungazindikire ena a iwo? Chofunikabe koposa, tikuima pamapeto penipeni pa kusokonozedwa komalizira kwa dziko lonse kwa zipembedzo. Kale la chipembedzo likuyendera limodzi ndi ilo. Kodi inu mudzapulumuka kusanthulanso mbali yatsopanoyo? Mafunso amenewa adzayankhidwa m’kope lathu la November la magazini ino.