Kupita m’Kamphindi Kamodzi!

MUKUYENDAYENDA mkati mwa bwalo la chizirezire chobiriŵira, pakati pa midadada yochilikiza ya mitengo imene imatalika kwa nyumba 15 pamwamba. Pamwamba panu pali mpombonezo wa zamoyo, mbali yokhalika ndi zamoyo yochindikila koposa, yolemeretsa ya dziko lapansi. Mitengoyo njokongoletsedwa ndi mipesa imene nthaŵi zina imafika mamita mazanamazana kapena zikwizikwi mlitali ndipo njoyangidwa ndi zomera zimene zimadzichilikiza ku matsinde ndi nthambi. Maluŵa a mitengo yogudira ya kumalo otentha amanunkhiritsa mpweya wa malo obzala zinthu osungidwa ndi mphepo yotentha.

Imeneyi ndiyo nkhalango yamvula ya kumalo otentha. Koma iyo njoposa kungokhala malo okongola, mipata yoyanga mopambanitsa ya nkhalango yankhungu younikiridwa ndi cheza cha kuwala. Liri dongosolo lozizwitsa locholoŵanacholoŵana limene mbali zake zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi molondola kwambiri.

Zamoyo nzambirimbiri kuno, mitundu yosayerekeza ndi kwina kulikonse pa dziko la pulaneti lathu. Nkhalango zamvula zimatenga kokha 6 peresenti ya malo a dziko lapansi koma ziri ndi theka la zomera ndi mitundu ya zinyama. Zimatulutsa chifupifupi magawo atatu a zinthu zamoyo zonse pa dziko. Pamwamba panu penipeni, denga la nkhalangoyo ndiyo mudzi wa tizirombo ndi mbalame zachilendo, anyani ndi zinyama zina zoyamwitsa. Zambiri sizimatsikira konse pansi. Mitengoyo imadyetsa ndi kupereka nyumba kwa izo, ndipo nazonso zimasamutsira pollen ku mitengoyo kapena kudya zipatso zake, kumwazamwaza mbewu m’zitosi zawo.

Mvula imagwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kunyowetsa mitengoyo ndi kufulumiza zungulirezungulire wawo wosamalitsa wa moyo. Mvula imachotsa masamba ndi zoipa m’matsinde mu nsuzi wopatsa thanzi umene umadyetsa zomera zotchedwa epiphytes zimene zimamera pa mitengo. Maepiphyte nawonso amathandiza mtengowo kukoka chakudya chake chenicheni, nitrogen, kuchokera m’mlengalenga. Maepiphyte ambiri ali ndi “matanki” amasamba amene amasunga magaloni a madzi, kupanga mathawale m’mlengalenga amene ali malo okhala a achule amumtengo, salamanders, ndi mbalame.

Chakudya chirichonse chimene chimafika pansi pa nkhalangoyo chimatengedwa mwamsanga. Nyama zoyamwitsa, unyinji wa tizirombo, ndi bacteria zonse zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi kuchepetsa mtedza, mitembo ya nyama, ndi zomera kukhala zinthu zopanda pake. Kenaka pansipo pamalandira zinthuzi moyamikira. Ngati munati muchotse zoipa zimene ziri kuphazi kwanu, mungapeze muyalo wochindikila, woyera wa ziyangoyango, choloŵanecholoŵane wa mizu ndi fungi. Fungi imeneyi imathandiza mizuyo kumwerera zakudyazo mofulumira, mvula isanazikokolole.

Koma tsopano bwanji ngati kuyendayenda kwanu m’nkhalango yamvula kunali kolekezera ku gawo laling’ono, dera la ukulu wa bwalo lampira wa ku America. Mwadzidzidzi, gawo lonselo la nkhalango lizimiririka. Lawonongedwa kotheratu—m’kamphindi kamodzi kokha! Ndipo pamene mukuyang’ana mochititsidwa mantha, gawo lapafupi nanu, la ukulu wofananawo, likusesedwa m’kamphindi kotsatira, ndipo inanso m’kotsatira, ndi kupitirizabe. Pomalizira pake, mwaima nokha pa chidikha chopanda kanthu, pa dziko lapansi lophikidwa ndi dzuŵa lowotcha la kumalo otentha.

Mogwirizana ndi kuyerekezera kwina, limenelo ndilo liŵiro limene nkhalango zamvula za kumalo otentha za dziko zikuwonongedwera. Ena amaika liŵirolo pa mlingo waukulu. Mogwirizana ndi magazine a Newsweek, dera la ukulu wa theka la California limamwetedwa chaka chirichonse. Magazine a Scientific American a September 1989 akulitcha ilo kukhala dera la ukulu wa Switzerland kuphatikiza ndi Netherlands.

Koma mosasamala kanthu za ukuluwo, kusakazako m’kochititsa mantha. Kulikha nkhalango kwadzutsa mkwiyo wa dziko lonse, ndipo kwakukulukulu kukulunjikitsidwa pa dziko limodzi.

Nkhani Yokhudzidwayo: Brazil

Mu 1987 zithunzithunzi za mlengalenga za chidikha cha Amazon zinasonyeza kuti liŵiro la kulikha nkhalango m’dera limodzi limeneli linali lalikulu kwambiri kuposa mmene zinaliri ziyerekezo zina za kulikha nkhalango kwa pulaneti lonse! Pamene anthu ankatentha nkhalango kuti alimepo, moto zikwizikwi unkaunikira usiku. Mtambo wa utsi unali waukulu wolingana ndi India ndipo unali wochindikila kwambiri kotero kuti mabwalo ena andege anayenera kutsekedwa. Ndi kuyerekezera kwina, chaka chirichonse chidikha cha Amazon chimataya dera la nkhalango yamvula la ukulu wa Belgium.

Katswiri wa malo otizinga wa ku Brazil José Lutzenberger anaitcha kukhala “chipululutso chachikulu koposa m’mbiri ya moyo.” Padziko lonse, akatswiri a malo otizinga akwiya ndipo ngwokonzekera kumenya nkhondo. Iwo amaonetsa poyera tsoka la nkhalango zamvula. Ngakhale masikipa ndi nyimbo za roko zinalengeza kuti, “Pulumutsani nkhalango yamvula.” Ndiyeno panabwera chididikizo chandalama.

Brazil ali ndi ngongole ya madola mamiliyoni zikwi zana limodzi ku maiko ena ndipo ayenera kuwononga chifupifupi 40 peresenti ya zopeza zake za zinthu zogulitsidwa kumaiko ena kulipirira chiwongola dzanja chokha. Iye amadalira koposa pa thandizo lakumaiko ena ndi ngongole. Chotero mabanki a mitundu yonse anayamba kuleka kupereka ngongole zimene zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuwononga nkhalango. Mitundu yotukuka inadzipereka kusinthanitsa ngongole ina ya Brazil ndi kuwongolera kuchinjiriza kwa malo awo owazinga. Prezidenti Bush wa U.S. anapempha Japan kusabwereka Brazil ndalama zomangira msewu waukulu wodutsa mu nkhalango zamvula zosawonongedwa.

Vuto la Dziko Lonse

Kwa anthu ambiri a ku Brazil, kudidikiza konseku kumadzutsa chinyengo. Maiko otukuka akhala akulikha nkhalango zawo kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndipo sakanalola konse mphamvu ina yakunja kuwaletsa kuchita zimenezo. Pakali pano United States ikutsiriza nkhalango yake yamvula yomalizira. Ndithudi, izi siziri za kumalo otentha; izo ziri nkhalango zamvula za kumalo ozizira za ku Pacific Northwest. Mitundu ya zinthu idzazimiririka kumenekonso.

Chotero kulikha nkhalango kuli vuto la dziko lonse, osati la Brazil yokha. Kutayika kwa nkhalango zamvula za kumalo otentha nkoipitsitsa pa nthaŵi ino. Loposa theka la kutayika kumeneku kumachitika kunja kwa Brazil. Pakati pa Africa ndi Southeast Asia ziri zigawo zina ziŵiri za nkhalango zamvula zazikulu za dziko, nakonso nkhalango zikuzimiririka mofulumira.

Kulikha nkhalango kuli ndi ziyambukiro zimene ziri za dziko lonse. Kumatanthauza njala, ludzu, ndi imfa pakati pa mamiliyoni. Ndilo vuto limene limafika pa moyo wanu. Limakhudza chakudya chimene mumadya, mankhwala amene mumagwiritsira ntchito, mkhalidwe wa mphepo ya kumene mumakhala—mwinamwake ngakhale mtsogolo mwa mtundu wa anthu.

Koma mungazizwe kuti: ‘Kodi nkhalango zamvula zimenezi zingakhale bwanji ndi ziyambukiro zofika patali zoterozo? Kodi bwanji ngati zitazimiririka m’zaka makumi oŵerengeka, monga mmene akatswiri ena akunenera kuti zidzatero? Kodi idzakhaladi ngozi yaikulu motero?’

Tisanayankhe mafunso amenewo, linalake liyenera kufunsidwa choyamba: Kodi nchiyani chimene chimapangitsa kuwononga kwa nkhalango zamvula?

[Mapu/Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Nkhalango Zamvula Zomazimiririka (Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Kulikha nkhalango kusanachitike

Ukulu wa nthaŵi ino

Chaka cha 2000 pa liŵiro la lerolino la kulikha nkhalango