Kodi Ndani Amene Akupha Nkhalango Zamvula?

KAŴIRIKAŴIRI funso limenelo limayankhidwa mwa kupatsa liŵongo osauka a padziko. Kwa zaka mazanamazana, alimi wamba m’maiko otentha alima minda mwa ulimi wogwetsa mitengo ndi kuwotcha. Iwo amalikha mbali imodzi ya nkhalango ndi kuitentha, ndipo asanawotche kapena mwamsanga pambuyo pa kuwotchako, amabzala mbewu. Phulusa la nkhalangoyo limapereka chakudya ku mbewuzo.

Mtundu umenewu wa malimidwe kalekalelo unavumbula chowonadi chodabwitsa chonena za nkhalango zamvula za kumalo otentha. Chifupifupi 95 peresenti yawo imakula pa nthaka yoipa kwambiri. Nkhalangoyo imakonzanso chakudyacho mofulumira kotero kuti kwakukulukulu chimasungidwa m’mitengo ndi zomera pamwamba penipeni pa nthaka, zotetezereka ku mvula imene ingazikokolole mu nthaka. Chotero nkhalango yamvula njoyenerera ku malo ake oizinga. Nkhaniyo siyosangalatsa kwambiri kwa mlimi.

Tsoka la Osauka

Posakhalitsa, mvulayo imakokolola chakudya chimene phulusa limasiya kuchokera ku nkhalango yowotchedwayo. Pang’onopang’ono, ulimi umakhala loto lowopsya. Mlimi wosauka wa ku Bolivia akuzilongosola motere: “Chaka choyamba, ndimadula mitengo ndi kuitentha. Ndipo chimanga chimatalika ndi kukula bwino m’phulusamo, ndipo tonse tinaganiza kuti tapambana. . . . Koma chiyambire nthaŵiyo, zinthu zaipa. Nthaka imaumiraumira, ndipo sibala chirichonse koma tchire. . . . Bwanji ponena za tizirombo? Sindinawonepo mitundu yambiri chotero. . . . Tangotsala pang’ono kutsirizika.”

M’nthaŵi zakale, mlimi ankangolikha gawo latsopano la nkhalango ndi kugoneka malo akalewo. Nkhalangoyo itabwerera ku mkhalidwe wake wakale, ikanalikhidwanso. Komabe, kuti njira imeneyi igwire ntchito, magawo olambulidwawo ayenera kuzingidwa ndi nkhalango yoyambirira kotero kuti tizirombo, mbalame, ndi zinyama zingamwaze mbewu ndi kuika pollen ku mitengo yatsopanoyo. Zimenezi zimatenga nthaŵi.

Kuchulukitsitsa kwa anthu kwasinthanso zinthu. Pamene alimi akukhala pamodzi, nyengo yogoneka malo imacheperachepera. Kaŵirikaŵiri, alimi oyendayenda amagugitsa nthaka yawo m’zaka zochepa nasamukira ku nkhalango, akumatentha gawo lalikulu.

Nsonga ina imakulitsa mkhalidwewo. Zigawo zina ziŵiri mwa zitatu za anthu m’maiko osatukuka kwenikweni amadalira pa nkhuni monga zophikira ndi kuwotha. Anthu oposa chikwi miliyoni imodzi angakumanitse zosoŵa zawo za nkhuni mwa kudula nkhuni koposa mmene zikuloŵedwera m’malo.

Zochititsa Zakuya

Nchapafupi kupatsa liŵongo osauka. Koma monga mmene katswiri wa zamoyo ndi malo ozizinga James D. Nations ndi Daniel I. Komer akunenera, kuli kofanana ndi “kupatsa liŵongo asilikali chifukwa choyambitsa nkhondo.” Iwo akuwonjezera kuti: “Ali kokha chikole m’manja mwa wamkulu wankhondo. Kuti timvetsetse mbali ya atsamunda m’kulikha nkhalango, tiyenera kufunsa chifukwa chimene poyambapo mabanja ameneŵa analoŵera m’nkhalango. Yankho nlosavuta: chifukwa kunalibe malo kaamba ka iwo kwina kulikonse.”

M’dziko lina la kumalo otentha, 72 peresenti ya dzikolo liri la eni dziko 2 peresenti okha. Pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo, 83 peresenti ya mabanja aulimi ali ndi malo osakwanira opulumukirapo kapena alibiretu. Dongosolo limenelo limabwerezedwa pa dziko lonse ku mlingo wosiyanasiyana. Malo aakulu a dziko laumwini amagwiritsiridwa ntchito, osati kubzalapo chakudya cha anthu akumaloko, koma mbewu zokagulitsa ku mitundu yolemera m’malo ozizira.

Indasitale yocheka matabwa iri nkhole wina wotchuka. Pambali pa kusakaza kwachindunji kumene imapanga ku nkhalango, kucheka matabwa kumapangitsanso nkhalango zamvula kukhala zothekera kukolera moto—ndi anthu. Njira zopitira kocheka matabwa zopangidwa ndi bulldozer kupita ku nkhalango yosayambidwa kwapangitsa njira yopitira makamu a alimi oyendayenda.

Ndipo pamene mindayo ikanika, monga mmene imachitira nthaŵi zambiri, alimi a ng’ombe amagula dzikolo ndi kulisandutsa pabusa pa ng’ombe. Zimenezi zimakonda kuchitika ku South ndi Central America. Nyama yambiri imene amapha imatumizidwa ku mitundu yolemera. Mphaka wapanyumba wa ku United States amadya nyama yambiri pachaka kuposa mmene amachitira wa ku Central America.

Pomalizira pake, imakhala mitundu yotukuka imene imalipirira kuzimirika kwa nkhalango zamvula za kumalo otentha—kuti ikhutiritse chikhumbo chawo chachikulu cha chakudya. Mitengo yakumaiko akunja ya kumalo otentha, mbewu, nyama, zimene amagula mofunitsitsa kuchokera ku mitundu ya kumalo otentha zonsezo zimafunikira kuloŵedwa m’malo kapena kululuza nkhalango. Chikhumbo cha America ndi Europe kaamba ka cocaine chatanthauza kulimidwa kwa maekala mazana zikwizikwi a nkhalango zamvula mu Peru kuti abzalemo mbewu zopatsa phindu za coca.

Mapindu Oipa

Maboma ambiri amachilikiza mokangalika kulikha nkhalango. Iwo amapereka msonkho kwa alimi a ng’ombe, makampani a matabwa, ndi ulimi wotumiza mbewu kumaiko akunja. Mitundu ina imapereka gawo la dziko kwa mlimi ngati “aliwongolera” mwa kuchotsapo nkhalango. Dziko lina la ku Southeast Asia latumiza alimi oyendayenda mamiliyoni angapo ku nkhalango zake zamvula zakutali.

Malamulo oterowo amachinjirizidwa kukhala kugwiritsira ntchito nkhalango kaamba ka phindu la osauka kapena kuwongolera chuma chodzandira. Koma monga mmene osuliza akuziwonera, mapindu a nthaŵi yochepa ameneŵa amakhala achinyengo. Mwachitsanzo, dziko limene silinali labwino ku mbewu za mlimi silingakhale labwinopo kwa ng’ombe za mlimi wa ng’ombe. Kaŵirikaŵiri malo a ulimi wang’ombe amasiyidwa patatha zaka khumi.

Indasitale yocheka matabwa nayonso sichita bwino. Pamene mitengo yolimba ya kumalo otentha ichotsedwa m’nkhalango osalingalira za mtsogolo, nkhalango zimatha mofulumira. World Bank likuyerekeza kuti oposa maiko 20 mwa 33 amene pa nthaŵi ino akutumiza ku maiko akunja mitengo yawo ya kumalo otentha sadzakhala nayo mkati mwa zaka khumi. Nkhalango za mu Thailand zinalikhidwa mofulumira kotero kuti analetsa kucheka matabwa konse. Kukuyerekezeredwa kuti Philippines idzakhala yopanda matabwa pofika pakati pa ma 1990.

Koma nkhani yoipitsitsa ndi iyi: Maphunziro asonyeza kuti nkhalango yamvula ingabweretse ndalama zambiri pamene isiyidwa ndi zobala zake—mwachitsanzo, zipatso ndi mpira—zimakololedwa. Inde, ndalama zambiri kuposa ulimi, ulimi wa ng’ombe, kapena kucheka matabwa pa dziko limodzimodzilo. Komabe kusakazako kukupitirizabe.

Dziko lonse silingathe kuchilikiza kosatha kuchitira kotereku. Monga mmene bukhu lakuti Saving the Tropical Forests likulongosolela kuti: “Ngati tipitiriza kusakaza kwapanthaŵi inoku funso silakuti ngati nkhalango yamvula idzazimiririka koma liti.” Koma kodi dziko lingavutikedi ngati nkhalango zonse zamvula zinawonongedwa?

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Zochititsa Kulikha Nkhalango

Kusefukira kwamadzi kochititsidwa ndi madamu

Ntchito yocheka matabwa

Ulimi wa ng’ombe

Ulimi wogwetsa mitengo ndi kutentha