Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 3: Kodi ‘Boma Lolamulidwa ndi Abwino’ Nlabwinodi?

Aristocracy: ili ndi boma lolamulidwa ndi anthu aluntha, anthu ochepa amwaŵi, kapena gulu la apamwamba olingaliridwa kukhala oyenerera kulamulira; oligarchy: ili ndi boma lolamulidwa ndi anthu ochepa, kaya la anthu kapena mabanja, kaŵirikaŵiri kaamba ka zifuno zoipa ndi zadyera.

KUKUWONEKERA kukhala kwanzeru kuti boma lamtundu wabwino likadakhalapo likadapangidwa ndi anthu abwino. Anthu abwino ndi aja ophunzira bwino, oyeneretsedwa kwenikweni, ndi ofikapo kwabasi—amatsutsana tero—ndipo chotero ngokhoza kutsogolera ena bwino. Boma la aristocracy lotsogoleredwa ndi gulu la apamwamba loterolo lingakhale limodzi la mitundu yambiri; mwachitsanzo, pali plutocracy, komwe kuli kulamulira kwa achuma okha; pali teokratiki, kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo; kapena bureaucracy, kulamulira kwa nduna zokha.

Ziungwe zachikale zambiri, zokhala pansi pa kulamulidwa kwa akulu amwambo kapena anyakwaŵa, zinali maufumu a aristocracy. Panthaŵi yakutiyakuti, Roma, Mangalande, ndi Japan, kungotchula atatu okha, onsewo anali ndi maboma a aristocracy. M’Grisi wakale, liwu lakuti “aristocracy” linkagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulozera ku ulamuliro wa mzinda ndi madera oyandikana nawo, kapena poleis, mmene gulu laling’ono linkalamulira. Kaŵirikaŵiri mabanja otchuka angapo ankathandizana kulamulira. Komabe, nthaŵi zina, banja limodzi linkalanda ufumu popanda lamulo ndikukhazikitsa kulamulira kwa mtundu wankhalwe.

Mofanana ndi mzinda ndi madera ena Achigiriki, Atene poyambapo anali ufumu wa aristocracy. Pambuyo pake, pamene kusintha kwamwambo kunafooketsa tsankho la gulu lakutilakuti ndi kusokoneza kugwirizana kwake, mzinda unakupatira kulamulira kwamtundu wa democracy. Komabe, Sparta, yokhazikika motchuka m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chinayi B.C.E., inalamuliridwa ndi magulu ankhondo a ufumu wa oligarchy. Mzindawu mwamsanga unalimbana ndi mzinda wakale kwambiri wa Atene, ndipo mizinda yonse iŵiriyi inamenyanirana ukulu m’dziko Lachigiriki la m’nthaŵi yawo. Chotero, kulamulira kwa anthu ambiri, monga komwe kunali mu Atene, kunalimbana ndi kulamulira kwa anthu ochepa, monga komwe kunali mu Sparta. Ndithudi, kulimbana kwawo kunalidi kozunguza mutu, uku kunaphatikiza zoposa kusamvana pankhani zokhudza boma.

Dongosolo Lotchuka Loipitsidwa

Kaŵirikaŵiri kusiyana kwa ndale zadziko ndiko kunali nkhani ya kupikisana kwa nthanthi pakati pa anthanthi Achigiriki. Yemwe kale anali wophunzira wa Plato wotchedwa Aristotle anapanga kusiyana pakati pa maufumu a aristocracy ndi a oligarchy. Iye anapatula aristocracy yeniyeni kukhala mtundu wabwino wa boma, dongosolo lotchuka limene linatheketsa anthu okhala ndi maluso apadera ndi makhalidwe abwino kudzipereka okha kutumikira anthu kaamba ka kupindulitsa ena. Koma ufumu weniweni wa aristocracy utatsogoleredwa ndi munthu wapamwamba koma wankhalwe ndi wadyera, unanyonyotsoka kukhala ufumu wopanda chilungamo wa oligarchy. Uwu anaulingalira kukhala mtundu wa boma woipitsidwa.

Pamene ankapititsa patsogolo lingaliro la kulamulira kwa anthu ‘abwino,’ Aristotle anavomereza kuti kuphatikiza ufumu wa aristocracy ndi wa democracy mwinamwake kukatulutsa zotulukapo zokhumbidwa, lingaliro limene lidakakondedwabe ndi anzeru za ndale zadziko ena. Kwenikweni, Aroma akale anaphatikizadi maboma aŵiriwa ndi chipambano chaching’ono. “Ndale zadziko [mu Roma] zinali ntchito ya munthu aliyense,” yatero The Collins Atlas of World History. Komabe, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, “nzika zolemera ndi anthu amene analiko ndi mwaŵi wobadwira m’banja lokhupuka anapanga ufumu wa oligarchy umene unagawana pakati pake udindo wa woweruza, mkulu wamagulu ankhondo ndi wansembe.”

Ngakhale kumapeto kwa nyengo yapakati ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa nthaŵi zamakono, ziungwe za m’mizinda ya ku Yuropu zinaphatikiza malamulo a ufumu wa democracy ndi wa aristocracy m’boma lawo. Collier’s Encyclopedia ikuti: “Ripabuliki yotsutsa kwenikweni ya Venetia, imene Napoleon pomalizira pake analanda, imatipatsa chitsanzo chapadera cha ufumu wa oligarchy woterowo; koma yotchedwa Free Cities (Mizinda Yaufulu) ya Ufumu Woyera wa Roma, mizinda ya Chigwirizano cha Hansa, ndi matauni ogwirizana a ku Mangalande ndi kumadzulo kwa Yuropu amavumbula chikhoterero chofala chofananacho kulinga ku kulamulira kwa ufumu wa oligarchy kochitidwa ndi anthu ochepa koma onyada kwenikweni mwamwambo [aristocracy].”

Kwanenedwa molungamitsidwa kuti, maboma onse ngamtundu wa aristocracy, popeza kuti onsewa amakalamira kukhala ndi anthu oyeneretsedwa kwabasi kukhala olamulira. Chigomeko cha gulu la anthu olamulirawo chatumikira kulimbitsa lingaliroli. Chotero bukhu lina la zilozero lafotokoza motere kumapeto kwake: “Gulu lolamulira ndi apamwamba akufikira pa miyezo yogwirizana kutsimikiziradi chimene Plato ndi Aristotle anachinena kukhala chadongosolo.”

Kufunafuna ‘Wabwino’

Zaka mazana ambiri anthanthi Achigirikiwa asanakhaleko, chitaganya chobwereketsa minda (chozikidwa pa ambuye ndi akapolo) chinkabweretsa kukhazikika ndi mtendere m’China wakale wolamulidwa ndi banja lachifumu la Chou. Koma pambuyo pa 722 B.C.E., mkati mwa nyengo yotchedwa Ch’un Ch’iu, kachitidwe kobwereketsa mindako kanafooka. M’chigawo chotsirizira cha nyengoyi, apamwamba atsopano anawonekera, awa anaphatikiza omwe kale anali “amuna aufulu,” amene anatumikira m’mabanja a obwereketsa mindawo, ndi mbadwa za apamwamba akalekale. Ziŵalo za apamwamba atsopanowa zinatenga maudindo aakulu m’boma. Confucius, m’China wotchuka wanzeru, monga mmene The New Encyclopædia Britannica ikunenera, anagogomezera kuti “luso ndi kupambana kwa makhalidwe, mmalo mwa chibadwa, nzomwe zinayenerera kwa munthu kukhala mtsogoleri.”

Koma mu Yuropu zaka zoposa zikwi ziŵiri pambuyo pake, njira yosankhira apamwamba, anthu oyenerera bwino kulamulira, silinaphatikizepo “luso ndi kupambana kwa makhalidwe.” Carl J. Friedrich profesa wa ku Harvard anadziŵitsa kuti “apamwamba muufumu wa aristocracy ku Mangalande m’zaka za zana lakhumi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu anali apamwamba choyambirira pamaziko ambadwa zapachibale ndi kulemera. Chofananacho chinachitika mu Venice.” Iye akuwonjezera motere: “M’maiko ena monga ngati Prussia wa m’zaka za zana lakhumi mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu, kusankha apamwamba kunazikidwa pa mbadwa zapaubale ndi maluso ankhondo.”

Lingaliro lakuti mikhalidwe yabwino ya ‘anthu abwinopo’ inasiidwira mbadwa zawo n’lomwe linachititsa machitidwe aukwati wa mamonarch m’masiku akalewo. Mkati mwa Nyengo Zapakati, lingaliro la kupambana kwachibadwa linafalikira. Kukwatira munthu wamba kunafanana ndi kusuliza kutchuka kwa banja, kunali kulakwira lamulo laumulungu. Mamonarch analoledwa kukwatira mbadwa zotchuka zokha. Lingaliro la kupambana kwachibadwali pambuyo pake linaloŵedwa mmalo ndi kulungamitsa magulu akutiakuti—kwa kupambana kozikidwa pamwaŵi wabwino, maphunziro, maluso, kapena zokwaniritsa.

Lamulo lakuti mwaŵi ngwathayo linalinganizidwira kutsimikizira chipambano cha maufumu a aristocracy. Uku kwenikweni kumatanthauza kuti “kutchuka kumapatsa mathayo,” kumatanthauza “thayo la mkhalidwe wolemekezeka, woolowa manja, ndi wathayo wogwirizanitsidwa ndi mbadwa zapamwamba.” Chifukwa cha “ukulu” wawo, mbadwa zotchukazo zinali ndi lamulo la kutumikira ena mwathayo. Lamuloli linapezedwa m’maufumu a aristocracy onga a mu Sparta wakale, amene ankhondo ake analamulidwa kuika zikondwerero za ena pamwamba pa zawo, ndipo mu Japan pakati pa fuko lankhondo, lotchedwa samurai.

Maufumu a “Aristocracy” Apezedwa Operewera

Zophophonya za kulamulira kwa ufumu wa aristocracy zingafotokozedwe mwafanizo mopepuka. M’Roma wakale, anthu abanja la apamwamba okha, otchedwa patricians, ndiwo anali oyenerera kukhala ziŵalo za Bungwe Lamalamulo a Roma. Anthu wamba, otchedwa plebeians, sanakhalemo. Koma kutalitali nkukhala amuna okhala ndi “luso ndi kupambana kwa makhalidwe,” monga mmene Confucius anafuna kuti olamulira akhale, ziŵalo za Bungwe Lamalamuloli zinakhala zokonda ziphuphu mowonjezerekawonjezereka ndi zotsendereza. Chotulukapo chake chinali nkhondo yachiweniweni.

Mosasamala kanthu za kukhalapo kwa nyengo zamasinthidwe, bungwe lamalamulo la ufumu wa oligarchy linapitirizabe, kufikira pafupifupi pamene Julius Caesar anakhazikitsa kulamulira kotsendereza zaka zoŵerengeka asanaphedwe mu 44 B.C.E. Pambuyo pa imfa yake, boma laufumu wa aristocracy linabwezeretsedwanso, koma podzafika mu 29 B.C.E. linali linaloŵedwanso m’malo. Collier’s Encyclopedia ikulongosola motere: “Ndikukula kwa ulamuliro, chuma, ndi dziko la Roma, ufumu wa aristocracy udakhala ufumu wa oligarchy woipa, ndipo kutaikiridwa kwake ukumu walamulo kunasonyezedwa m’kutaikiridwa ulemu wa anthu. Kugwa kwake kunabweretsa ufumu wa monarchy wolamulidwa ndi munthu mmodzi.”

M’zaka zotsatira 1,200 kapena kuposapo, maboma a ufumu wa aristocracy, ngakhale kuti mwa dzina anadziŵika kukhala maufumu a monarchy, anakondedwa mu Yuropu. M’kupita kwanthaŵi masinthidwe ambiri a ndale zadziko, chuma, ndi mwambo anasintha dongosololo pang’onopang’ono. Koma m’nyengo yonseyo, ufumu wa aristocracy wa ku Yuropu unakhalabe wamphamvu, wokhoza kukhala nawobe eni minda ake ndi kumamatira kwake ku maudindo ankhondo, pamene unkakhala wankhokera kwenikweni, wopambanitsa, wodzitama, ndi wosasamalitsa.

M’ma 1780 ufumu wa aristocracy unakanthidwa mowopsya. Louis XVI wa ku Falansa, pozindikira yekha kuti anali m’mavuto azachuma, anachonderera kwa ziŵalo za ufumu wa aristocracy Zachifalansa kuti zithandizire wina wa mwaŵi wawo. Koma mmalo mom’chilikiza, iwo anadyerera mavuto akewo, akumayembekezera kudodometsa ufumu wa monarchy ndi kupeza kulamulira kwawo kwina kotaikiridwa. “Pokhala osakhutiritsidwa ndi boma la anthu, lolamulidwa ndi mfumu, kaamba ka ufumu wa aristocracy, iwo [ufumu wa aristocracy] anafunafuna boma la anthu, lolamulidwa ndi ufumu wa aristocracy, kaamba ka ufumu wa aristocracy,” walongososla tero Herman Ausubel, profesa wa mbiri yakale pa Yunivesiti ya ku Columbia. Mkhalidwewu unathandizira kufooketsa Kusinthika kwa Chifrench a mu 1789.

Zochitika zimenezi m’Falansa zinabweretsa masinthidwe adzawoneneni omwe anazindikiridwadi kunja kwa dzikolo. Ufumu wa aristocracy unataikiridwa mwaŵi wake wapadera, dongosolo lobwereketsa minda linathetsedwa, Chilengezo cha Zoyenerera Munthu ndi Nzika ndicho chinatengedwa, monga mmene mpambo wamalamulo unachitira. Kuwonjezera apa mphamvu za kulamulira kwa atsogoleri achipembedzo zinapatsidwa polekezera.

Boma lolamulidwa ndi anthu oŵerengeka okha—ngakhale kuti oŵerengekawo analingaliridwa kukhala abwino—linayesedwa pamiyeso ndi ambiri ndipo linapezedwa loperewera.

Pomalizira Pake Apeza ‘Abwino’

Nsonga yeniyeni yakuti ‘abwino’ kaŵirikaŵiri samachita momvana ndi dzina lawo imaloza ku chimodzi cha zifooko zazikulu za ‘boma lolamulidwa ndi abwino,’ kuzitchula, kuvuta kwakutsimikizira amene alidi ‘abwino.’ Kufikitsa zofunikira kukhala woyenerera bwino kulamulira, nzambiri zofunikira kuposa kungokhala wolemera, wa mbadwa ya apamwamba, kapena wokhala ndi maluso ankhondo.

Nkosavuta kutsimikizira amene ali adokotala abwino, ophika abwino, kapena opanga nsapato abwino. Timawazindikira ndi ntchito yawo kapena zomwe amapanga. “Komabe, ponena za boma, sizimakhala zopepuka motero,” wadziŵitsa tero Profesa Friedrich. Vuto nlakuti anthu samamvana ponena za mmene boma liyenera kukhalira ndi chimene liyenera kuchita. Ndiponso, zonulirapo za boma zimasintha nthaŵi zonse. Chotero, monga mmene Friedrich akunenera: “Nkosatsimikizirika kudziŵa amene ali apamwamba.”

Kuti ‘boma lolamulidwa ndi abwino’ likhaledi labwino, apamwamba ayenera kusankhidwa ndi munthu wina wokhala ndi chidziŵitso choposa cha munthu ndi wosalakwa pachiweruzo. Osankhidwawo akafunikira kukhala anthu okhala ndi umphumphu wa makhalidwe osasweka, odzipereka kotheratu ku zonulirapo zofikirika za boma lawo. Kufunitsitsa kwawo kuika ubwino wa ena pamwamba pa zawo sikukayenera kukaikiridwa.

Baibulo limasonyeza kuti Yehova Mulungu wasankhadi gulu loterolo—Mwana wake Yesu Kristu ndi atsatiri ake oŵerengeka okhulupirika—ndipo waŵaika kulamulira padziko lapansi kwa zaka chikwi. (Luka 9:35; 2 Atesalonika 2:13, 14; Chibvumbulutso 20:6) Awa saali ngati anthu olakwa koma ali zolengedwa zauzimu zosalakwa zosafa, Kristu ndi olamulira anzake adzadzaza dziko lapansi ndi madalitso a mtendere, chisungiko ndi chimwemwe chosatha, ndikubweretsa anthu kuungwiro. Kodi pali boma lirilonse la munthu—ngakhale ‘boma lolamulidwa ndi abwino’—limene lingachite zambirizi?

[Bokosi patsamba 24]

Ufumu wa Oligarchy Wamakono

“Zikhoterero za ufumu wa oligarchy . . . zapezeka m’mipangidwe yonse yaikulu ya ufumu wa bureaucracy ya dongosolo lopambana la ndale zadziko. Kukula kopambanitsa kwa chitaganya chamakono ndi boma lake kumaikabe mphamvu zazikulu m’manja mwa olamulira ndi makomiti a akatswiri. Ngakhale m’maufumu okhala ndi mpambo wa malamulo, mulibe yankho lokhutiritsa mokwanira limene lapezedwa ku funso la mmene opanga zigamulo za maufumu a bureaucracy ameneŵa angapatsidwire milandu ndi kulandidwa mphamvu, panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, popanda kuika pachiswe dongosolo latawatawa ndi lamyaa lopanga malamulo.”—The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Aristotle anakhulupirira kuti ufumu wa aristocracy ndi wa democracy utaphatikizidwa ungatulutse boma lamtundu wabwino

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

National Archaeological Museum, Athens