Ulamuliro wa Anthu Uyesedwa Pamiyeso

Gawo 4: “Anthufe”

“Democracy”: Iri ndi boma lolamulidwa ndi anthu onse, mwakukusonyeza kaya mwachindunji kapenakupyolera mwa oimira.

“ANTHUFE mu United States . . . tikuika ndi kukhazikitsa Mpambo uwu wa Malamulo.” Mawu otsegulira awa a mawu oyamba mu Mpambo wa Malamulo a U.S. ngoyenerera, popeza kuti ngwazi zimene zinayambirira kuwakhazikitsa zinali ndi cholinga chakuti United States ikhale ya ufumu wa democracy. Liwu lochokera ku Lachigiriki la, “democracy” limatanthauza “kulamulira kwa anthu,” kapena monga mmene Abraham Lincoln, prezidenti wa nambala 16 wa United States, anafotokozera motere: “boma la anthu, lolamulidwa ndi anthu, lopangidwira anthu.”

Grisi wakale, wotchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala woyambitsa ufumu wa democracy, amadzitama kuti ufumu wa democracy unkatsatiridwa m’mizinda ndi madera oyandikana nawo ake aakulu, makamaka mu Atene, kalekale kwambiri m’zaka za zana lachisanu B.C.E. Koma democracy panthaŵiyo siinali mmene irili lerolino. Pakuti, nzika Zachigiriki zinali zolowetsedwamo mwachindunji kwenikweni m’dongosolo la kulamulira. Nzika yachimuna iriyonse inali chiwalo cha bungwe limene linakumana m’chaka chonsecho kukambirana mavuto apanthaŵiyo. Mwa kusankha kokhweka kwa anthu ambiri, bungwelo linatsimikizira dongosolo la ndale za mizinda ndi madera oyandikana nawo, kapena mabande ake.

Komabe, akazi, akapolo, ndi nzika zogonera, sizinaphatikizidwe m’kusangalala ndi kuyenerera kwa ndale kumeneku. Chotero, ufumu wa democracy wa Atene unali wa mtundu wa ufumu wa democracy ya aristocracy kaamba ka anthu amwaŵi oŵerengeka okha. Mwinamwake theka la anthu mpaka anayi mwa asanu a nzikazo analibe mpata ndiung’ono womwe m’nkhani za ndale zadziko.

Komabe, makonzedwewa anapititsa patsogolo kukhalapo kwa ufulu wa kunenapo kanthu pa chinthu, popeza kuti nzika zochita masankhozo zinapatsidwa ufulu wa kufotokoza malingaliro awo zosankha zisanapangidwe. Udindo wa ndale zadziko unali wotseguka kwa nzika yachimuna iriyonse, siunalekezere kwa apamwamba oŵerengeka basi. Dongosolo lolamulira linalinganizidwa kuletsa kugwiritsiridwa molakwa kwa udindo wa ndalewo ndi munthu aliyense kapena magulu.

“Atene eniokha anaunyadira ufumu wawo wa democracy,” watero katswiri wa mbiri yakale D. B. Heater. “Iwo anakhulupirira kuti uwu unapita patsogolo nkukhala nenene kufikitsa munthu kuungwiro wokwanira kuposa ufumu wa monarchy kapena aristocracy yosankhidwa.” Democracy mwachiwonekere inali idayambadi bwino.

“Democracy” Yapatuka pa Maziko Ake

Kupatulapo womwe ukuchitidwa mwapang’ono mu New England, U.S.A., mabungwe a m’matauni ndipo mwapang’ononso ku madera a Switzerland, ufumu wa democracy yeniyeni kulibeko. Mutalingalira ukulu wa maboma amakono ndi nzika zawo mamiliyoni ambiri, mudzavomereza kuti kulamulira mwanjirayi mosabisa kukakhala kosathekera. Kuwonjezera apa, kodi ndi nzika zingati m’dziko lotanganitsidwa la lerolino zimene zingakhale ndi nthaŵi yoyenerera kudzipereka okha ku makambitsirano andale zadziko akudya maola ambiri tere?

Mmalo mwake democracy yangokula kukhala munthu wamkulu wampikisano—wokhala ndi zolinga zambiri. Time magazine yalongosola motere: “Nkosatheka kuligawa dzikoli kukhala m’magulu a ufumu wa democracy yeniyeni ndi ufumu wosakhala wa democracy. Mu wotchedwa ufumu wa democracy, muli maufulu olekanalekana, kuyenerera pa zinthu zonse ndi ufulu wa anthu, mongatu mmene mumakhalira malamulo osiyanasiyana opondereza mu ufumu wotsendereza.” Komabe, anthu ambiri amayembekezera kupeza zinthu zazikulu zakutizakuti pansi pa ufumu wa maboma a democracy, zinthu zonga ngati ufulu wa munthu mwini, kulinganiza, kulemekeza zoyenera anthu, ndi chilungamo chochitidwa ndi lamulo.

Democracy yeniyeni yakale makono yapangidwa kukhala ndi oimira. Mabungwe opanga malamulo, kaya akhale mphala imodzi, ndiko kuti, kukhala ndi bungwe limodzi lopanga malamulo, kapena mphala ziŵiri, kutanthauza kukhala nawo mabungwe aŵiri, ngwopangidwa ndi anthu osankhidwa ndi anthu—kapena apo phuluzi kuikidwa ndi iwo—kuti aŵaimire ndikupanga malamulo, oyembekezeredwa kuwapindulitsa.

Chikhoterero ichi cha ufumu wa democracy wokhala ndi oimira chinayambira m’Nyengo Zapakati. Podzafika m’zaka za zana la 17 ndi 18, mipambo ya malamulo a m’zaka za zana la 13, yonga ngati Magna Charta [Ndandanda ya Malamulo Oti Atsatiridwe] ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Mangalande, limodzi ndi nthanthi zonena za kufanana kwa anthu, kuyenerera kwa zinthu zolengedwa, ndi ufumu wa anthu, inkafalikira kwabasi.

Podzafika cha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, liwu lakuti “democracy” lidagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofala, chinkana kuti padali olisuliza. The New Encyclopædia Britannica ikuti: “Ngakhale omwe anapanga Mpambo wa Malamulo a United States mu 1787 adali onyumwabe ponena za kuphatikiza anthu onse m’dongosolo la ndale zadziko. Mmodzi wa awa, Elbridge Gerry, anatcha ufumu wa democracy kukhala ‘mdani woipa wa adani onse a ndale zadziko.’” Mosasamala kanthu za chimenecho, anthu onga ngati mwamuna Wachingelezi John Locke anapitirizabe kutsutsana nawo naati boma limaima nji mwa kumvana kwa anthu, amene kuyenerera kwawo pa zinthu zolengedwa kuyenera kutetezeredwa.

Maripabuliki

Maufumu a democracy ambiri ndi maripabuliki, uku nkutanthauza kuti ali maboma okhala ndi nyakwawa osati ndi mfumu yadziko, imene tsopano ikudziŵika kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala prezidenti. Imodzi ya maripabuliki oyambirira m’dziko inali Roma wakale, chinkana kuti ufumu wake wa democracy unali ndi pomwe unkalekezera. Komabe, ripabuliki imene mwapang’ono inali ufumu wa democracy imeneyi inakhalako kwa zaka 400 isanasiire mpata ku ufumu wa monarchy ndi Ufumu wa Roma.

Tsopano lino maripabuliki ndiwo maboma a mtundu wotchukadi. Pamaboma ndi magulu a mitundu yonse 219 ondandalitsidwa ndi bukhu la zilozero lina mu 1989, 127 andandalitsidwa kukhala maripabuliki, chinkana kuti sionse amene ali maufumu a democracy yolamulidwa ndi oimira. Kwenikweni, mpangidwe wa mitundu ya maboma a ripabuliki ngowanda.

Maripabuliki ena ndi madongosolo okonda umodzi, uku ndiko kutanthauza kuti, ngolamulidwa ndi bungwe lalikulu la boma. Ena ndi madongosolo okhala ndi bungwe lalikulu koma lokhala ndi polekezera, kutanthauza kuti pali kugawidwa kwa ulamuliro pa zigawo ziŵiri m’bomalo. Monga mmene kumasuliraku kukumvekera, United States of America liri ndi dongosolo la mtundu womwe watchulidwa pomalizirawo wotchedwa federalism. Boma lalikulu la dzikolo limasamalira zikondwerero za dzikolo, pamene maboma ena ogawidwawo amasamalira zosowa za m’dziko mwawomo. Ndithudi, m’magulu aakuluwa, muli magulumagulu ambiri.

Maripabuliki ena amachita masankho ophatikiza munthu aliyense. Nzika zawo zingagawiridwenso zipani za ndale zadziko ndi anthu oyenera kuwasankha. Maripabuliki ena amalingalira masankho ophatikiza munthu aliyense kukhala osayenerera, akumatsutsa kuti zikhumbo za democracy za anthu zingasonyezedwe m’njira zina, monga ngati kupititsa patsogolo kukhala mwini kwa munthu aliyense pa zopangapanga. Grisi wakale panopa akutumikira monga chitsanzo, popeza kuti masankho ochitidwa ndi munthu aliyense analinso osadziŵika. Akuluakulu ankasankhidwa mwa kuchita mayere ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri analoledwa kutumikira m’nyengo ya chaka chimodzi chokha kapena ziŵiri. Aristotle anali wotsutsa masankho, naati awa anayambitsa mfundo za ufumu wa aristocracy za kusankha “anthu abwino.” Komabe, ufumu wa democracy unafunikira kukhala boma la anthu onse, osati la “abwino” okha.

Kodi Ubwino Umapezedwa ndi Kuyerekeza Kokha?

Ngakhale mu Atene wakale, kulamulira kwa ufumu wa democracy kunali kodzetsa mkangano. Plato anali wosuliza. Kulamulira kwa ufumu wa democracy kunalingaliridwa kukhala kofooka chifukwa chakuti kunatulidwa m’manja mwa anthu omwe anali mbuli osavuta kukopedwa ndi mawu osyasyalika a anthu anthabwala omwe angabuke. Socrates anatanthauza kuti ufumu wa democracy sunali kanthu kalikonse kuposa kungokhala kulamulira kwa chipwirikiti. Ndipo Aristotle, wachitatu wa anthu atatu otchuka awa a anthanthi akalekale Achigiriki, anatsutsa, likutero bukhu lakuti A History of Political Theory, kuti “ufumu wa democracy utakhaliratu wa democracy, umakhotereranso kwabasi kulamulidwa mwa chipwirikiti, . . . nunyonyotsokera m’kulamulira kwankhalwe.”

Anthu ena afotokoza mbuna zofananazi. Jawaharlal Nehru, yemwe kale anali nduna yaikulu ya boma la India, anatcha ufumu wa democracy kukhala wabwino, komano anawonjezera mawu omwe anaukhalitsa bwinowo naati: “Izitu ndazinena chifukwa chakuti madongosolo ena ngoipiratu.” Ndipo William Ralph Inge, ngwazi ya Chingelezi ndi mlembi wa nkhani, nthaŵi ina analemba motere: “Ufumu wa democracy ndiwo boma limene mwapang’ono lingachinjirizidwe, osati kukhala labwino, komatu kukhala losaipa kwenikweni mofanana ndi ena.”

Ufumu wa democracy uli ndi zifooko zambiri. Choyamba, kuti ukhale ndi chipambano, munthu aliyense payekha ayenera kukhala wofunitsitsa kuika ubwino wa ena pamwamba pa zikondwerero zake. Ichi chingatanthauze kuchilikiza malamulo olipiritsa misonkho kapena malamulo ena amene angakhale osavomerezedwa ndi munthu payekha koma oyenerera ubwino wa dzikolo. Zikondwerero zopanda dyera zoterozo nzovuta kuzichita, ngakhale m’maiko a ufumu wa democracy “Yachikristu.”

Chifooko china chinazindikiridwa ndi Plato. Mogwirizana ndi A History of Political Theory, iye anawonjezerapo “umbuli ndi kusayenerera kwa andale zadziko, kukhala temberero lapadera m’maufumu a democracy.” Andale zadziko ophunzira ambiri ngachisoni ndi kukhalapo kwa vuto la kupeza anthu oyeneretsedwa ndi aluso oti atumikire m’boma. Ngakhale akuluakulu oikidwa mwa masankho angakhale oposa pang’ono opanda chidziŵitso chokwanira m’ndale zadziko. Ndipo m’nyengo ino ya wailesi ya kanema, kukongola kapena kujintcha kwa munthu woimirira pamasankho kungam’pezere mavoti ambiri amene luso lake la kulamulira silingathe kuwapeza.

Chifooko china chodziŵikiratu cha maufumu a democracy nchakuti kupita kwawo patsogolo nkwaliŵiro lankhono. Mfumu yotsendereza imalankhuladi, ndipo zinthu zimachitidwa! Kupita patsogolo mu ufumu wa democracy kungachedwetsedwe ndi makambitsirano opanda polekezera. Ndithudi, kukambirana mosamalitsa nkhani zopikisanirapo kungakhale ndi ubwino wake. Komabe, monga mmene Clement Attlee, yemwe kale anali nduna yaikulu ya boma la Briteni, nthaŵi ina ananenera kuti: “Ufumu wa democracy umatanthauza kuti ndiwo boma lopezedwa mwa kukambirana koma umakhala wokhutiritsa ngati mungaletse anthu kulankhula.”

Ngakhale pamene kulankhula kwalekedwa, kuti mutsimikizire kuti zosankha zomwe zapangidwa nzomwe “anthu” akufuna kumafunikira kukambirana. Kodi oimira anthuwa amachita masankho okomera zokhumba unyinji wa anthu okhala m’chigawo chawo kapena, kaŵirikaŵiri, zimakhala zawo? Kapena kodi iwo amangoika chidindo palamulo la chipani chawo?

Lamulo la ufumu wa democracy la kukhala ndi dongosolo lofufuza ndi kulamulira kuti atetezere chiphuphu limalingaliridwa kukhala lingaliro labwino koma limakhala lokhutiritsa pang’ono pokha. Mu 1989 magazine ya Time inasimba za “kuwola kwa boma m’zigawo zonse,” ndikutcha boma lotsogolera laufumu wa democracy kukhala “chimphona chofufuma, cholephera, cholobodoka.” Tcheyamani wa bungwe lokhazikitsidwa m’ma 1980 kufufuza zoipa m’boma lina anafulumizidwa kufuula mwachisoni kuti: “Boma likulamulidwa mowopsya.”

Kaamba ka zifukwa izi ndi zina zambiri, maufumu a democracy sangatchedwepo kukhala maboma abwinopo. Chowonadi chosabisa, monga momwe chinatchulidwira ndi John Dryden, wolemba ndakatulo Wachingelezi wa m’zaka za zana la 17, nchakuti “khamu la anthu lingaphophonye kwakukulu mofanananso ndi anthu oŵerengeka.” Henry Miller, wolemba nkhani wa ku Amereka, sanabise mawu, komabe ananena mawu omveka, pamene anati: “Wakhungu kutsogolera wakhungu. Ndiyo njira ya ufumu wa democracy.”

Kunka ku Manda Ake Eti?

Kulamulira kwa ufumu wa democracy kwavomerezedwa kwambiri m’zaka za zana lino kuposa ndi kalelonse. M’gwedegwede wa ndale zadziko waposachedwapa Kum’mawa kwa Yuropu ukuchitsimikizira chimenechi. Komabe, “democracy yaufulu tsopano ili m’vuto loipitsitsa m’dziko,” analemba tero mtola nkhani wotchedwa James Reston zaka zingapo kumbuyoko. Daniel Moynihan anachenjeza kuti “democracy yaufulu sindiyo nthanthi yabwinopo” ndikuti “maufumu a democracy akuwoneka ngati akuzimiririka.” Katswiri wa mbiri yakale wa ku Briteni, Alexander Tyler anati boma laufumu wa democracy silingakhalepo kosatha chifukwa chakuti “nthaŵi zonse limagwa kaamba ka malamulo osasamalitsa a zachuma.” Ndithudi, lingaliro lake nlodzetsa mkangano.

Pamlingo uliwonse, ufumu wa democracy nkupitirizidwadi kwa chikhoterero chomwe chinayambidwa mu Edene, pamene anthu anasankhapo kuchita zinthu m’njira yawo, osati m’njira ya Mulungu. Wonsewo ngwolamulidwa ndi anthu, popeza kuti umafikira kuphatikiza chifupifupi munthu aliyense, m’dongosolo la kulamulirako. Komatu mwambi Wachilatini wakuti Vox populi, vox Dei, “zomwe anthu anena nzomwenso Mulungu wanena,” ngwabodza. Chotero, awo omwe akuchilikiza kulamulira kwa ufumu wa democracy wa anthu ayenera kukhala ofunitsitsa kugawana thayo la zochita zake.—Yerekezerani ndi 1 Timoteo 5:22.

Nsongayi yakhala yosamalitsa mowonjezerekawonjezereka chiyambire 1914. M’chaka chowopsya chimenecho, kulamulira kwaumulungu kunayamba kugwira ntchito m’njira yapadera. Ufumu wa Mulungu Waumesiya tsopano ngwokonzekera kutengeratu ulamuliro wadziko lonse. Mitundu yonse ya ulamuliro wa anthu—kuphatikizapo mitundu ya ufumu wa democracy—ikuyesedwa pamiyeso. Ku ukulu umene ife timakhala tikuwupititsira patsogolo, ku ukuluwo timakhalanso tikuyesedwera pamodzi nawo.—Danieli 2:44; Chibvumbulutso 19:11-21.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

‘Sikuli kwa munthu woyenda kulongosola mapazi ake.’—Yeremiya 10:23

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 26]

“Pali njira imene imawonekera ngati yabwino kwa munthu, koma pomalizira pake imatsogolera ku imfa.”—Miyambo 14:12, “New International Version”

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Awo omwe akuchilikiza kulamulira kwa ufumu wa democracy wa anthu ayenera kukhala ofunitsitsa kugawana thayo la zochita zake

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 23]

U.S. National Archives photo