Kukhupuka ndi Kugwa kwa Dongosolo Lamalonda

Magwero a Nkhaŵa za Ndalama

MBALI zina zachipembedzo ndi zandale m’chitaganya cha anthu zinayambira m’nthaŵi ya Nimrode, amene anakhazikitsa Babulo zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo. Ngakhale kuti mwina ziri zosadziŵika bwino, zirinso choncho ponena za mbali zina za dongosolo labizinesi ndi lamalonda.—Genesis 10:8-12.

Mlengi wa anthu, Amene moyenerera amapereka miyezo ya chabwino ndi choipa, akanakhoza kulinganiza mosavuta dongosolo la zachuma limene likanakhozetsa kugaŵira mokwanira zofunika za banja laumunthu lonse limene iye anawoneratu mtsogolo. Koma pamene okwatirana oyambirira anakana chitsogozo cha Mulungu ndi kuthamangitsidwa m’Paradaiso, anthu anakhala paokha. (Genesis 3:1-24) Pokhala osadalira chitsogozo cha Mulungu, anthu anayamba mtundu wawowawo wa chipembedzo ndi boma m’kupita kwanthaŵi. Ndipo pamene anawona kuti panafunikira dongosolo lakutilakuti lopezera zosoŵa zakuthupi za banja lawo lomakulakulabe, iwo mwamsanga anayamba kupanga chimene timatcha dongosolo la zachuma. Mofananamo anachita zimenezi paokha popanda chitsogozo cha Mulungu.

Mwachiwonekere podzafika nthaŵi ya Nimrode (pafupifupi 2270 B.C.E.), maziko a dongosolo loterolo anali atayamba kale. Bukhu la The Collins Atlas of World History limalongosola kuti “kuyambira m’zaka za chikwi chachitatu kumka mtsogolo Mesopotamiya [Babulo] anayamba zigwirizano zamphamvu za eni mabizinesi. Iwo anaunjika katundu, anaika mitengo ya katundu, anagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana monga ndalama, ndi makobiri, makamaka a siliva, opangidwa ndi kulemera kwakutikwakuti ndi ukulu ndipo nthaŵi zina okhala ndi zizindikiro zotsimikiziritsa.” Bukhu lanazonse la The Encyclopedia Americana limanena kuti nzika zamakedzana za Sinala—dzina loyambirira la malo amene pambuyo pake anatchedwa Babulo—zinali ndi “dongosolo locholoŵana lodabwitsa la kubwereketsa, kubwereka, kusungitsa ndalama, ndi kupereka zikalata zotengera ngongole.”

Mwachiwonekere kachitidwe kotchuka ka ku Mesopotamiya kanali kakugwiritsira ntchito chuma monga katundu wamalonda ndi kulipiritsa chiwongola dzanja amene anafuna kuchigwiritsira ntchito chumacho. Chotero, ndalama zinakhala njira yoperekera chitsenderezo chazachuma. Zolembedwa zofukulidwa m’mabwinja a ku Babulo zimavumbula machitachita a bizinesi amene anadyera anthu masuku pamutu chifukwa cha mikhalidwe yawo ya kusoŵa. Ngakhale panthaŵiyo, kachitidwe kamakono kakupindulira mosayenera pa mavuto a ena kanali kofala. Nzosadabwitsa kuti kaŵirikaŵiri anthu amasimba za amalonda a ku Babulo ndi Nineve mowada ndi moipidwa nawo.

Ntchito zamalonda za nthaŵi ya Nimrode sizimasonyezedwa mwachindunji m’Baibulo. Komabe, mawu opezeka m’bukhu lake loyamba, onga ngati ‘kugula,’ ‘kugulitsa,’ ndi ‘kuchita malonda,’ amasonyeza kuti zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, ntchito zamalonda zinali zowanda kumlingo wakutiwakuti.—Onani Genesis 25:31; 34:10, 21; 39:1; 41:56, 57.

Nzowonanso kuti kwanyengo yaitali, malemba ozokotedwa samatchula ntchito zamalonda za chitaganya cha Babulo. Povomereza kuti zimenezi nzovuta kulongosola, bukhu lakuti Ancient Mesopotamia limanenabe kuti “munthu sangalingalire kuti ntchito zogulitsa zinthu zinatha m’zaka chikwizo, makamaka popeza kuti zimadziŵika kukhala zitafunga kwakukulu m’nyengo yapambuyo pake.” Bukhuli likupereka lingaliro lakuti panthaŵiyo malonda angakhale anali makamaka m’manja mwa Aramaiki ndikuti gumbwa ndi zikopa zinkagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga zinthu zolembapo.

Maiko aŵiriwo Mesopotamiya ndi Igupto anali otchuka chifukwa cha maulendo amalonda. Pambuyo pake, kumlingo waukulu, Afoinike anayambitsa malonda apanyanja amene analoŵa mmalo malonda apamtunda. Madoko a Carthage, Turo, ndi Sidoni anakhala malo apakati otchuka azamalonda. Malonda ankachitidwa pamaziko a kusinthana katundu kufikira pafupifupi zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu B.C.E., pamene Agiriki anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zakobiri monga zogulira zinthu. Ndipo malinga ndi The Collins Atlas of World History, “zaka mazana zotsatira [500 B.C.E.] zinatchuka ndithu chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa malonda, ndalama, mabanki, ndi zoyendera, kwakuti olemba mbiri angapo anaziyerekezera ndi nyengo ya chikapitolizimu, lingaliro lomveka ngakhale kuti nlowonjezera.”

Ndithudi, kuyambira kalelo mpaka lerolino, madongosolo azachuma azikidwa pa ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti Mulungu amalola kugwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenera kwa ndalama, samalola kuzigwiritsira mosayenera. (Mlaliki 7:12; Luka 16:1-9) Chikhumbo chopambanitsa chofuna ndalama chachititsa anthu kupotoza chilungamo, kunyenga mabwenzi awo, kukhotetsa chowonadi, ndi kuchita mbanda. Komabe, onani kuti umenewu suli mlandu wa ndalama zenizenizo koma lingaliro laumbombo la anthu ozifunafuna. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, sikusinjirira kunena kuti ‘ndalama ndizo zimalankhula,’ kapena kuti zakhala zikutero mwa njira zosiyanasiyana kwazaka zikwi zambiri.—Onani bokosi, patsamba 7.

Chotero, m’zaka mazana akale Chikristu chisanadze maziko a mbali zambiri zamalonda ndi zachuma amene tidziŵa lerolino anayalidwa. Koma mosasamala kanthu za mbiri yake yaitaliyo, dongosolo lamalonda lalephera kupanga madongosolo azachuma osalakwa okhoza kuletsa nkhaŵazo. Chikhalirechobe sitiyenera kutaya mtima. Mapeto a nkhaŵa za ndalama ayandikira. M’nkhani zathu zisanu zotsatira, tidzafotokoza zowonjezereka.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 8]

Chikhumbo chopambanitsa chofuna ndalama chachititsa anthu kupotoza chilungamo, kunyenga mabwenzi awo, kukhotetsa chowonadi, ndi kuchita mbanda

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kuchokera ku Mchere Nkukhala Pulasitiki

Mchere:

Malipiro amchere anapatsidwa kwa asirikali Achiroma, koma malipiroŵa pambuyo pake analoŵedwa mmalo ndi ndalama, kapena salarium. Ng’ombe (pecus) zinali zogulira zinthu m’Roma wamakedzana. Mawu akuti “salary” (malipiro) ndi “pecuniary” (ndalama) anatengedwa ku mawu Achilatini ameneŵa.

Zitsulo:

Mu Mesopotamiya wamakedzana (m’zaka za zana la 18 mpaka la 16 B.C.E.), siliva anali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito nthaŵi zonse m’zabizinesi. Mu Igupto wamakedzana, mkuwa, siliva, ndi golidi zinkagwiritsiridwa ntchito. Hans Bielenstein, profesa wa mbiri ya ku Tchaina akulemba kuti m’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Ming wa ku Tchaina (1368-1644 C.E.), “mkuwa unakhalabe muyezo wa zigawo zotsika [za ndalama], pamene kuli kwakuti siliva anayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mowonjezereka m’zigawo zapamwamba.”

Makobiri:

Makobiri okhala ndi kulemera ndi mtengo wovomerezeka, opangidwa ndi msanganizo weniweni wa golidi ndi siliva wotchedwa electrum, anapangidwa ndi nzika za Lydia wa Anatolia m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri B.C.E. ndipo mwina anali makobiri enieni oyambirira; pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi pambuyo pake, kusula makobiri kunayamba m’Grisi.

Pepala:

Ndalama zapepala zoyambirira m’dziko zinawonekera mu 1024 ku Tchaina, pamene kukula kwazamalonda kosachitikapo kunapangitsa kusoŵeka kwa makobiri. Profesa Bielenstein akunena kuti: “Kuyesa kugwiritsira ntchito Ndalama Zapepala kunachitidwapo kalelo mu 811, m’nthaŵi ya T’ang. Panthaŵiyo boma linapereka zikalata zolipirira ndalama zimene zikagwiritsiridwa ntchito pochita malonda ndipo potsirizira pake kusinthira ndalama.” Kuyambira ku Mangalande mu 1821, maiko ambiri anavomereza muyezo wa golidi, kutanthauza kuti nzika zawo zikakhoza panthaŵi iriyonse kusinthitsa ndalama zapepala ndi golidi weniweni wosungidwa ndi maboma awo. Komabe, chiyambire pamene muyezo wa golidi unasiidwa, maboma lerolino amangolengeza ndalama zawo kukhala za mtengo wake, popanda chinthu chenicheni chouimira.

Macheke:

Oyambidwa ndi eni mabanki a ku Mangalande m’zaka za zana la 17, macheke ndizikalata zolembedwa zolipirira ndalama kupyolera m’banki; njira imeneyi ya bizinesi, pokhala ponse paŵiri yotetezereka ndi yoyenerera, yakhala yotchuka kwambiri ndi yofala.

Pulasitiki:

Makadi angongole, amene anthu ena amawatcha ndalama zapulasitiki, anayambira ku United States m’ma 1920 ndipo mwamsanga anakopa anthu padziko lonse. Komabe, ubwino ndi mapindu ena omwe makadiwo amapereka zimadodometsedwa ndi upandu wa kugula kwansontho ndi kuwawanya ndalama.