Kukhupuka ndi Kugwa kwa Dongosolo Lamalonda

Gawo 4: Kusintha kwa Maindasitale—Kodi Kwatsogolera ku Chiyani?

KUSINTHA kwa maindasitale kunayamba m’zaka za zana la 18 ndipo kunasintha dziko monga momwe zinthu zochepa zinachitira kumbuyoko. Luso lazopangapanga, ndalama zokwanira, kupezeka kwa milimo yopangira zinthu, ndi kunyamula kosavuta milimoyo ndi zopangidwa zake—zofunikira zoyambirira zonsezi ndi zina za kupita patsogolo kwa maindasitale tsopano zinasonkhanitsidwa m’Mangalande. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuwonjezereka kosayerekezereka ndi kofulumira kwa zinthu zopangidwa.

Komabe, zochitika zimene zidachita poyambirira ndizo zinatsegula njira. Malasha amiyala, opezeka mosavuta mu Briteni, anayamba kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga nkhuni. Ndiponso, ngakhale kuti Kontinenti ya Yuropu yonse inagaŵanikana chifukwa cha nkhondo, ku Mangalande kunaliko mtendere. Dziko limeneli linali ndi dongosolo labwino koposa la kuikitsa ndalama kubanki. Ngakhale kupatukana kwake ndi Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika kunalidi koyenera, pakuti Chiprotesitanti chinagogomezera mkhalidwe wabwino wamwamsanga wa zachuma, poyesa kusanduza dzikolo kukhala paradaiso, titero kunena kwake.

Kuyambira m’ma 1740, chiŵerengero cha anthu cha Briteni chinawonjezereka. Maindasitale anayenera kupeza njira zatsopano zokwaniritsira zofunika za anthu zowonjezekazo. Mwachiwonekere, mkhalidwe wofala unali wofuna makina abwinopo owonjezereka. Popeza kuti mabanki anapereka ndalama zokhazikitsira malonda atsopano, anthu ambirimbiri anakagwira ntchito m’mafakitale okhala ndi makina ochuluka. Zipani za antchito, zimene kale zinali zoletsedwa, zinaloledwa mwalamulo. Antchito Achibuliteni, osaletsedwa kwenikweni ndi malamulo a zigwirizano kuposa mmene analiri antchito a m’Kontinenti ya Yuropu yonse, ankalipiridwa ndalama kaamba ka ntchito zaganyu. Zimenezi zinaŵasonkhezeranso kupeza njira zabwinopo zopangira zinthu mofulumira.

Briteni analinso ndi antchito ophunzitsidwa bwino. Profesa Shepard B. Clough ananena kuti “mayunivesiti a Glasgow ndi Edinburgh analibe opikisana nawo m’nkhani za sayansi zofufuza ndi kuyesa zinthu kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachikhumi mphambu lachisanu ndi chitatu.” Chotero, pokhala ndi Briteni patsogolo, kusintha kwa maindasitale kunafalikira m’Yuropu yense ndi United States. M’maiko osatukuka kusinthako kwapitirizabe ndi lerolino.

Mbali Zake Zoipa

Chifukwa cha zochitika zimenezi, inatero The Columbia History of the World, “matauni a Angelezi anakhupuka modabwitsa, zowonekera m’kakhalidwe kowongolereka, mizinda yaikulu yomakulakula, ndi kukula kwa kunyada ndi kudzitama kwa anthu.” Briteni “anapezadi mphamvu yaikulu m’zankhondo, makamaka zapanyanja, imene pambuyo pake inampatsa mphamvu ‘zaulamuliro.’” Kudziŵa njira zakutizakuti za maindasitale kunachititsa dzikolo kupambana maiko opikisana nalo m’zachuma. Zinsinsi zake za maindasitale zinali zamtengo wapatali kotero kuti malamulo anapangidwa oletsa kuzidziŵikitsa kwa ena.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene Samuel Slater anachoka ku Briteni mu 1789, anabisa dzina lake kuti asadziŵike chifukwa ogwira ntchito m’mafakitale ansalu sanaloledwe kuchoka m’dziko. Anazemba malamulo oletsa kugulitsa mapulani opangira nsalu kunja kwa dziko mwakuloŵeza pamtima kawonekedwe konse ka makina oluka nsalu Achibuliteni. Zimenezi zinamkhozetsa kumanga fakitale yoyamba yopotera thonje mu United States.

Lamulo lotetezera zinsinsi zopangira zinthu likalipobe. Magazini a Time ananena kuti “makampani ndi maiko amalondola zinsinsi za ziungwe mofanana ndi nsomba za shark zomalimbana panthaŵi yakudya.” Kuba luso la wina kungachepetse zaka zakufufuza ndi zowonongedwa zosaneneka. Choncho “kaya chopangidwacho chikhale mankhwala kapena makeke, makampani ngotanganidwa kwambiri kuposa ndi kalelonse kufunafuna njira zotetezera zinsinsi zawo zopangira zinthu.” Wolemba anthu ntchito paindasitale yopanga zamagetsi anavomereza kuti: “M’dongosolo lamalonda muli umbombo wadzawoneni. Ngati ungapeze mpata wabwino, ukhoza kukhala mponda matiki tsiku lomwelo.”

Maindasitale opanga nsalu amapereka chitsanzo china chakuipa kwa kukhupuka kwa chuma. Pamene njira zatsopano zolukira nsalu zinatheketsa kupangidwa kwa zinthu zathonje ndi makina, kufunika kwa thonje weniweni kunakula. Koma panafunikira nthaŵi yochuluka yomtonogola kotero kuti unyinji woperekedwa sunakhoze kukwaniritsa kusoŵako. Ndiyeno, mu 1793, Eli Whitney anatumba makina opukusira thonje. M’zaka 20 zokha kulimidwa kwa thonje mu United States kunafutukuka kuŵirikiza nthaŵi 57 kuposa kale! Koma monga momwe Profesa Clough ananenera, makina otumbidwa ndi Whitney ndiwo anayambitsa “kulima minda yaikulu ndi kugwira Anegro [anthu akuda] ukapolo.” Chotero ngakhale kuti anali othandiza, analongosola tero Clough, makina opukusira thonje “anawonjezera kwambiri udani umene unayambika pakati pa madera a Kumpoto ndi Kum’mwera kwa United States, umene pomalizira pake unadzetsa Nkhondo pakati pa Maderawo.”

Kusintha kwa maindasitale kunathandiza kupanga dongosolo la mafakitale aakulu oyang’aniridwa ndi anthu achuma. Olemera okha ndiwo anali okhoza kugula makina odula, amene ukulu wake ndi kulemera kunafunikiritsa kuti aikidwe m’nyumba zachikhalire, zomangidwa bwino. Zimenezi zinamangidwa kumene mphamvu yoyendetsera makinawo inali yosavuta kupeza ndi kumene milimo ikaperekedwa pamtengo wotsika. Choncho malonda anachuluka kwambiri m’malo aakulu amaindasitale.

Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvuyo—poyambirira madzi ndi nthunzi pambuyo pake—yomwe inafunikira kuyendetsera makinawo kunafunikiritsa kuti makina angapo azigwira ntchito panthaŵi imodzi. Chotero mafakitale anafutukuka. Ndipo pamene anakula chotero, mpamenenso analeka kukhala a munthu mmodzi. Olembedwa ntchito sanagwirirenso anthu ntchitoyo; ankagwirira makampani.

Pamene ntchito yamalonda inakula, mpamenenso vuto lazandalama linakulirako. Zigwirizano zinachuluka kwambiri, ndipo zigwirizano za makampani, zoyambidwa m’zaka za zana la 17, zinayamba mwadzidzidzi. (Onani bokosi.) Koma zimenezi zinathandiza kuwonjezera mphamvu za anthu ochepa, popeza kuti oikizira ndalama, kapena ma stockholders (eni malonda), anali ndi ulamuliro wochepa wauyang’aniro. Eni malonda amene ankatumikira pamodzi monga oyang’anira makampani angapo kapena mabanki anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu kwabasi. Clough anasimba za “mabungwe a oyang’anira ogwirizana” kupyolera mwa amene “kagulu kakang’ono kakakhazikitsa mlingo wa ngongole zimene ntchito zamalonda zikalandira, kukana kukongoletsa opikisana nawo, ndipo kamene kakapeza mphamvu zochuluka kotero kuti kakakhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo a maboma ndipo ngakhale kulanda maulamuliro amene anali kukada.”—Kanyenye ngwathu.

Chotero, kusintha kwa maindasitale kunapatsa dongosolo lamalonda mphamvu zowonjezereka. Kodi zikagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’njira yabwino?

Chabwino Nchiti—Malonda Odziyendetsera Kapena Chuma Choyendetsedwa ndi Boma?

Chikapitolizimu chinakula kufika pachimake m’Mangalande. Chodziŵikanso monga malonda odziyendetsera kapena dongosolo lachuma m’limene zinthu zambiri zopangidwa zimagulitsidwa kwa odziyendetsera malonda awo ndi kudziikira okha mitengo, chikapitolizimu chatulutsa amponda matiki ambiri ndithu limodzinso ndi kakhalidwe kotsungula koposa m’mbiri.

Komabe, ngakhale ochirikiza chikapitolizimu enieni amavomereza kuti chiri ndi zifooko zake. Mwachitsanzo, kukula kwa chuma m’chikapitolizimu nkosadalirika. Kusakhazikika kwake nthaŵi zina kumachititsa mavuto azachuma, kukwera ndi kutsika kwa malonda. Kukwera ndi kutsika komasinthasintha komwe kale kunkachititsidwa ndi mphamvu zakunja monga nkhondo kapena mphepo yakunja yoipa kungachititsidwe ndi dongosolo lachuma lenilenilo.

Chifooko chachiŵiri nchakuti ngakhale kuti chimatulutsa katundu wabwino wamalonda, kaŵirikaŵiri chikapitolizimu chimatulutsa ziyambukiro zoipa zapambuyo pake—utsi, zotaidwa zaululu wakupha, kapena malo ogwiriramo ntchito oipa. Kusintha kwa maindasitaleko kunapangitsa zonsezi kuchuluka kwambiri, kuwonjezerapo kutentha kopambanitsa kwa dziko lapansi kokhala ndi zotulukapo zaupandu.a

Chopinga chachitatu nchakuti chikapitolizimu sichimagaŵira chuma kapena zinthu zopangidwazo molinganiza. Mwachitsanzo, tatengani dziko la United States. Mu 1986 chigawo chimodzi mwa zisanu cha mabanja osauka koposa analandira ndalama zosakwanira 5 peresenti ya ndalama zonse zopezedwa ndi dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti chigawo chimodzi mwa zisanu cha olemera analandira ndalama zokwanira pafupifupi 45 peresenti.

Pamene chikapitolizimu chinakhwima m’nyengo yakusintha kwa maindasitale, zifooko zake sizinabisike. Amuna monga Karl Marx anachitsutsa, akufuna kuyambitsa dongosolo lachuma loyendetsedwa ndi boma kuti litenge malo ake. Anapereka malingaliro akuti boma lidzikhazikitsa zonulirapo za kupanga zinthu, kulamulira mitengo, ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zamalonda mmalo mokhala m’manja mwa anthu. Komabe lerolino, pambuyo pa zaka makumi angapo zakuyesa zimenezi ku Soviet Union ndi Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu, dongosolo limeneli silikufunidwanso ndi ambiri. Kulinganiza kwa boma kumagwira ntchito bwino pamene makonzedwe amwamsanga onga kumenya nkhondo kapena kuyambitsa maprogramu opita mumlengalenga kumafunikira. Koma m’nkhani zatsiku ndi tsiku za zofunika za moyo, kumalephera kwambiri.

Komabe, ochirikiza chikapitolizimu amavomereza zimene Adam Smith, amene ziphunzitso zake zazikidwapo chikapitolizimu, ananena kuti kuloŵetsedwa kwa boma m’zachuma sikungapeŵedwe kotheratu. Ngati kukwera mitengo ndi ulova ziti zichepetsedweko, boma ndilo liyenera kuchita nazo. Chifukwa chake, maiko ochuluka amene ali ndi dongosolo lamalonda odziyendetsera asiya chikapitolizimu chenicheni natenga dongosolo losakanizika kapena losinthidwa.

Ponena za mkhalidwewu 1990 Britannica Book of the Year inalosera kuti: “Zikuwonekera zothekera . . . [kuti] kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kwa madongosolo a zachuma kumene kwawadziŵikitsa kumbuyoku kudzatha ndiyeno adzasankha njira imodzi yolola mbali ziŵiri zonsezo za madongosolo amalonda kuyendera pamodzi. Zitaganya zina zotenga njira yotero zidzapitiriza kudzitcha kukhala zolondola chikapitolizimu ndi zinazo chisosholizimu, koma kufanana kwawo m’mbali zambiri kudzawonekera m’njira zothetsera mavuto awo achuma pamene akupitirizabe kusonyeza mbali zazikulu zakusiyana kwawo.”

Kunawonjezera Mavuto

Mu 1914, Nkhondo Yadziko ya I inayamba. Pamene inatero, malonda aumbombo anali okonzekera kupereka mfuti, akasinja, ndi ndege zankhondo zimene maiko omenya nkhondo anafunikira ndi zimene kusintha kwa maindasitale kunatheketsa.

The Columbia History of the World inanena kuti pamene kuli kwakuti “kupita patsogolo kwa maindasitale kwathandiza kuthetsa mavuto ochuluka a munthu,” kwachititsanso “kuwonjezereka kwa mavuto owopsa kwambiri ndi ocholoŵana akakhalidwe.”

Lerolino, pambuyo pa zaka 78 chiyambire 1914, tili ndi zifukwa zokwanira kuposa ndi kalelonse zovomerezera mawu ameneŵa. Moyenerera, chigawo chotsatiracho cha mpambo umenewu ncha mutu wakuti “Malonda Aakulu Aning’itsa Msampha Wake.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

Stock Market (Msika wa Zikole Zamalonda)—Chiyambi ndi Mapeto Ake

Pofika m’zaka za zana la 17, chinali chizoloŵezi chofala kuyamba malonda atsopano mwakuika pamodzi ndalama za oikizira angapo. Zigawo za chikole chamalonda zinkagulitsidwa pamtengo woikidwa. Makonzedwe ameneŵa a joint-stock (chigwirizano cha makampani) anenedwa kukhala njira yofunika koposa imene sinapangidwepo m’dongosolo lamalonda. Angelezi anayesa kukhazikitsa ziungwe zotero m’ma 1500, koma zinadzafalikira pambuyo pa kupangidwa kwa English East India Company mu 1600.

Pamene zigwirizano za makampani zinachuluka, panafunikiranso ma stockbrokers (ogulitsira zikole zamalonda). Poyambirira ankakumana ndi makasitoma awo m’malo osiyanasiyana, nthaŵi zina m’malo ogulitsira zakudya zokhwasula. Pambuyo pake, misika inakhazikitsidwa kupereka malo amodzi kogulira ndi kugulitsira zikole zamalonda. Msika wa London Stock Exchange unakhazikitsidwa mu 1773. Koma msika wakale kwambiri padziko uyenera kukhala umene uli mu Amsterdam, umene anthu ena amati unatsegulidwa mu 1642, kapena umene uli mu Antwerp, umene ena amanena kuti ngwa mu 1531.

Zigwirizano za makampani zili ndi maubwino otsatiraŵa: zimapereka ndalama zokwanira zoyambira malonda aakulu; zimapatsa anthu onse mwaŵi wakugwiritsira ntchito ngakhale ndalama zochepa; zimachepetsa upandu wa kutaikiridwa kwakukulu kwa woikizira aliyense pamene pakhala kugwa kwa zandalama; zimalola eni malonda kupeza ndalama zamwamsanga mwakugulitsa zigawo zawo zina kapena zonse; ndipo zimalola zigawozo kupitirizidwa kwa ena monga choloŵa.

Komabe, kusinthasintha kosayembekezera kwa mitengo ya zikole zamalonda kungatanthauze tsoka. Ndiponso, monga momwe mbiri zoipa za ku Wall Street zimasonyezera, msikawo ungagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwa, mwanjira yotchedwa insider trading (malonda ogulitsa zinsinsi), kachitidwe kamene kakufalikira. Anthu amagwiritsira ntchito kapena kugulitsa chidziŵitso chofunika chapasadakhale—mwina chidziŵitso chonena za kuphatikana kwa makampani aŵiri komwe kuli pafupi kuchitika—motero kupindulira pakusamutsidwa kwa zikole zamalonda za makampani amenewo. Bwenzi la mwamuna wina yemwe anaimbidwa mlandu wakuchita zimenezi mu 1989 anati umbombo ndiwo umachititsa. Ngakhale kuti maiko ambiri atenga njira yoletsa malonda ogulitsa zinsinsi, Magazini a Time anati: “Malamulo okha sangathetse vutolo.”

Patsiku lachiweruzo la Yehova lomwe likubwera mofulumira, vutolo lidzathetsedwa kosatha. Siliva ndi golidi zidzakhala zachabe, ndipo zikole zamalonda ndi zipangano za ngongole zidzatha ntchito mofanana ndi pepala limene zimasainidwapo. Ezekieli 7:19 amati: ‘Adzataya siliva wawo kumakwalala, nadzayesa golidi wawo chinthu chodetsedwa.’ Zefaniya 1:18 amawonjezera kuti: ‘Ngakhale siliva wawo, ngakhale golidi wawo sizidzakhoza kuwalanditsa tsiku la mkwiyo wa Yehova.’

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Kutumbidwa kwa makina opukusira thonje kunakulitsa ntchito yaukapolo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Old Print Shop/Kenneth M. Newman