Dziko Lathu Losakazidwa Kusakazako Kumakantha Madera Ambiri

MU JUNE wa chaka chatha, Msonkhano wa Dziko Lapansi wonena za malo okhala unachitidwa ku Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Panthaŵi yofananayo, m’mwezi umodzimodziwo, India Today inafalitsa nkhani yolembedwa ndi mmodzi wa akonzi ake Raj Chengappa. Nkhaniyo inali ndi mutu wakuti “Dziko Lovulala.” Ndime zake zotsegulira zinapereka malongosoledwe atsatanetsatane:

“Mu 1971 pamene Edgar Mitchell anapita kumwezi ndi Apollo 14, kuwona kwake koyamba dziko lapansi ali mumlengalenga kunamsangalatsa kwambiri. ‘Likuwoneka ngati juwelo lonyezimira la bluwu ndi loyera . . . Lokutidwa ndi mitambo yoyera yoyenda pang’onopang’ono mozungulira . . . Monga ngale yaing’ono m’nyanja yaikulu yakuda bi yosafotokozeka,’ iye anatumiza uthengawu mokondwera ku Houston pawailesi.

“Zaka makumi aŵiri ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, ngati Mitchell anati atumizidwenso mumlengalenga, nthaŵi ino atavala magalasi apadera amene angamtheketse kuwona mpweya wosiyanasiyana wa m’mpweya wophimba dziko lapansi, angawone zosiyana kwambiri. Iye angawone ziboo zazikulu m’miyalo yotetezera ya ozone ku Antarctica ndi North America. Mmalo mwa juwelo lonyezimira la bluwu ndi loyera iye angawone dziko lapansi lachimbuuzi, lauve, lodzala mitambo yakuda yomazungulira ya madioxide a carbon ndi sulphur.

“Ngati Mitchell angatulutse kamera yake ndi kujambula zithunzithunzi za nkhalango zokuta dziko lapansi naziyerekezera ndi zimene anajambula mu ’71, iye angadabwe kuwona mmene zachepera. Ndipo ngati angatsegule telesikopo yake yapadera yoti imthandize kupenda zinyansi ziri m’madzi a padziko lapansi, akhoza kuwona miyalo ya paizoni yolukanalukana kumtunda ndi ntchintchi zakuda za phula la msewu zokuta mbali yaikulu ya pansi pa nyanja. ‘Kalanga ine. Houston,’ iye akanatero pawailesi, ‘kodi nchiyani chimene tachita padziko lapansi?’

“Kwenikweni, sitifunikira kupita pamtunda wa 36,000 km mumlengalenga kuti tidziŵe zimene tachita. Lerolino, timamwa, kupuma, kununkhiza ndi kuwona kuipitsa. Mkati mwa zaka 100, ndipo mamakaka zaka 30 zapitazo, anthu achititsa dziko lapansi kuyandikana kwambiri ndi tsoka. Mwakutaira mpweya wosiyanasiyana wochulukitsitsa wosunga kutentha mumpweya wophimba dziko lapansi tikuyambitsa kusintha kosakaza kwa mkhalidwe wa mphepo. Mpweya wosiyanasiyana umene mafiriji athu ndi makina oziziritsa ndi kutenthetsa zipinda amagwiritsira ntchito tsopano ukuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa muyalo wa ozone wotetezera dziko, kukumatichititsa kukhala okhoza kuyambukiridwa ndi kansa ya khungu ndipo kumasintha mpangidwe wa majini m’nyama zazing’ono. Pakali pano, tawononga malo aakulu, kusakaza nkhalango mowopsa, mosasamala kutaya matani ambiri a paizoni m’mitsinje ndi kuthira mankhwala akupha m’nyanja zathu.

“Tsopano chiwopsezo chachikulu koposa pa anthu chikuchokera m’kuwonongedwa kwa malo a dziko lapansi. Ndipo pafunikira kuyesayesa kwa padziko lonse kuti chipiyoyocho chiletsedwe.”

Atalongosola mavuto ambiri amene mitundu iyenera kuyesayesa kuthetsa okhudza malo a dziko, Raj Chengappa akumaliza nkhani yake ndi mawu aŵa: “Zonsezi ziyenera kuchitidwa mofulumira. Pakuti chiwopsezocho sichirinso mtsogolo mwa ana anu. Chiripo tsopano lino. Ndipo chafika.”

Chotero madokotala a dziko lapansi amalizinga. Misonkhano imachitidwa, mankhwala ake amaperekedwa, koma madokotalawo satha kumvana. Iwo amatsutsana. ‘Dziko silikudwala kwenikweni,’ ena amatero. ‘Liri pafupi kufa!’ enanso amafuula. Kukanganako kumakula, mankhwala amachuluka, madokotala amazengereza, pamene dziko lodwalalo likufookerapo. Palibe chimene chikuchitidwa. Iwo afunikira kuchita kufufuza kowonjezereka. Amalemba mankhwala ofunikira amene samaperekedwa. Kalanga ine, zonsezo zangokhala njira yochedwetsera zinthu kulola kuipitsa kupitirizabe ndi mapindu kuwonjezereka. Wodwalayo sakulandira mankhwala, matenda ŵake akukula, tsokalo likuzama, ndipo kusakazidwa kwa dziko lapansi kukupitirizabe.

Dziko lapansi ndi moyo umene ulipo nzocholoŵana kwambiri, nzolukana mocholoŵana. Mamiliyoni a zolengedwa zamoyo zodalirana anenedwa kukhala ngati lukanelukane wa moyo. Mutadula nkhosi imodzi, lukanelukaneyo amayamba kutombosoka. Chotupitsa pang’ono, chitupitsa mtanda wonse. Kugwetsedwa kwa nkhalango zamvula za m’malo otentha kumasonyeza zimenezi.

Mwa njira ya photosynthesis zomera za m’nkhalango yamvula zimakoka carbon dioxide m’mpweya ndi kubwezeramo oxygen. Zimatsopa madzi a mvula ochuluka koma zimagwiritsira ntchito ochepa kwambiri popanga chakudya chake. Ochuluka amatulutsidwiranso m’mpweya monga nthunzi. M’menemo amapanga mitambo yatsopano ya mvula imene iri yofunika kwambiri kuvumbitsira mvula nkhalangoyo ndi zomera zina ndi zinyama mamiliyoni ambiri zimene nkhalango yobiriŵirayo imasunga.

Ndiyeno nkhalangoyo imagwetsedwa. Carbon dioxide umakhalabe pamwamba monga bulanjeti kusunga kutentha kwa dzuŵa. Oxygen wochepa umawonjezedwa mumpweya kupindulitsa zinyama. Mvula yochepayo imaphwanso kuti ikapangenso mvula ina. Mmalo mwake, mvula iriyonse imene imagwa imathamangira m’mitsinje, ikumakokolola dothi lapamwamba lofunikira kukulitsa zomera. Mitsinje ndi nyanja zimadzala matope, nsomba zimafa. Matopewo amatengeredwa kunyanja ndipo amakwirira mathanthwe a m’mphepete mwa nyanja a kumalo otentha, ndipo mathanthwewo amazimiririka. Zomera ndi zinyama mamiliyoni ambiri zimene panthaŵi ina zinali zochuluka m’nkhalango yobiriŵira zimazimiririka, mvula yaikulu imene panthaŵi ina inathirira malowo imachepekera, ndipo pang’onopang’ono malowo amayamba kukhala chipululu. Kumbukirani, Chipululu cha Sahara chachikulucho mu Afirika panthaŵi ina chinali nkhalango yobiriŵira, koma tsopano chigawo cha mchenga chachikulu koposa padziko lapansi chimenechi chafutukukira kumbali zina za Yuropu.

Pa Msonkhano wa Dziko Lapansi, United States ndi maiko ena otukuka anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu kuyesa kuchititsa Brazil ndi maiko ena osatukuka kuleka kugwetsa nkhalango zawo zamvula. Malinga ndi nkhani ya mu New York Times, “United States akunena kuti nkhalango, makamaka nkhalango za m’malo otentha, zikuwonongedwa paliŵiro lowopsa m’maiko osatukuka ndi kuti pulaneti lonse lidzakhala mumkhalidwe woipa. Nkhalango, iye akutero, ziri chuma cha dziko lonse chimene chimathandizira kusintha mkhalidwe wa mphepo mwakutsopa carbon dioxide wosunga kutentha ndipo ziri nkhokwe ya zamoyo zamitundu yambiri za padziko lapansi.”

Chinenezo cha chinyengo chinaperekedwa mofulumira ndi maiko osatukuka. Malinga ndi kunena kwa The New York Times, iwo “amaipidwa ndi zimene amawona kukhala kuyesayesa kuchepetsa ulamuliro wawo kochitidwa ndi maiko amene kale anadula mitengo yawo kuti apeze phindu koma amene tsopano akufuna kuika mtolo waukulu wa kusungitsa nkhalango za padziko lonse pa maiko amene akuyesayesa mwamphamvu kudzutsa chuma.” Woimira dziko la Malaysia ananena mosapita m’mbali: “Ndithudi, nkhalango zathu sitidzazisungira konse awo amene anawononga nkhalango zawozawo ndi amene tsopano akuyesa kunena kuti nkhalango zathu ziri mbali ya choloŵa cha mtundu wa anthu.” Kuchigawo cha Pacific Northwest, United States ali ndi 10 peresenti yokha ya nkhalango zake zakale zotsala, ndipo zikali kudulidwa, komabe iye akufuna kuti Brazil, amene akali ndi 90 peresenti ya nkhalango zake za Amazon, asiiretu kudula mitengo.

Awo amene amalalikira kwa ena kuti, ‘Musawononge nkhalango zanu,’ ngakhale pamene iwo akuwononga zawo, amafanana ndi aja ofotokozedwa pa Aroma 2:21-23: ‘Ndiwe tsono wakuphunzitsa wina, kodi ulibe kudziphunzitsa mwini? Iwe wakulalikira kuti munthu asabe, kodi uli kuba mwini wekha? Iwe wakunena kuti munthu asachite chigololo, kodi umachita chigololo mwini wekha? Iwe wakudana nawo mafano, umafunkha za m’kachisi kodi? Iwe wakudzitamandira pachilamulo, kodi uchitira Mulungu mwano ndi kulakwa kwako m’chilamulo?’ Kapena kunena m’lingaliro lokhudza malo a dziko, ‘iwe, wolalikira kuti, “Sungani nkhalango zanu,” umadula zako kodi?’

Zogwirizana kwambiri ndi kuwonongedwa kwa nkhalango ndizo nkhaŵa zonena za kutentha kwa dziko lonse. Sayansi ya mankhwala ndi kutentha njocholoŵana, koma nkhaŵa ikusumikidwa kwakukulukulu pa mankhwala a mtundu umodzi m’mpweya wophimba dziko lapansi, carbon dioxide. Ndiyo mbali yaikulu yochititsa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. Ofufuza a pa Byrd Polar Research Center anapereka lipoti chaka chatha kuti “miyulu ya chipale chofeŵa ya pamapiri a m’madera otsika ndi okwezeka pang’ono tsopano ikusungunuka ndi kugumuka—ina ya iyo mofulumirapo—ndi kuti mlingo wa aisi imene iri m’miyulu ya chipale chofeŵa imeneyi umasonyeza kuti zaka 50 zapitazo zakhala zotentha kwambiri koposa nyengo ina iriyonse ya zaka 50” yodziŵika. Carbon dioxide wochepa kwambiri ungachititse nyengo zozizira kwambiri; wochuluka koposa ungachititse kusungunuka kwa aisi wachikhalire wa kumadera ozizira ndi kwa miyulu ya chipale chofeŵa ndi chigumula m’mizinda ya kunyanja.

Ponena za carbon dioxide, India Today inati:

“Ungakhale mbali yochepa chabe ya mpweya wosiyanasiyana wokhala m’mpweya wophimba dziko lapansi: 0.03 peresenti ya chiwonkhetso chonse. Koma popanda carbon dioxide, pulaneti lathu lingakhale lozizira ngati mwezi. Mwa kusunga kutentha kotulutsidwa ndi dziko lapansi, umasintha mlingo wa kutentha ndi kuzizira wa padziko lonse kukhala 15 digiri celsius yochirikiza moyo. Koma ngati kuchuluka kwake kuwonjezeka, dziko lapansi lingakhale lotentha koposa.

“Ngati masteshoni opima mkhalidwe wa mphepo ya padziko lonse akupereka chidziŵitso chodalirika, kutenthako kwachititsadi kupanikizika. Ma 1980 anali ndi zilimwe zisanu ndi chimodzi mwa zisanu ndi ziŵiri zotentha koposa kuyambira pamene kupima mkhalidwe wa mphepo kunayamba pafupifupi zaka 150 zapitazo. Nakatande wodziŵikiratu: kuwonjezeka kwa carbon dioxide m’mpweya wophimba dziko ndi 26 peresenti kuposa mlingo wa panthaŵi imene kusintha kwa maindasitale kunali kusanachitike.”

Magwero ake akulingaliridwa kukhala 1.8 ya matani mamiliyoni chikwi chimodzi ya carbon dioxide yotulutsidwa chaka ndi chaka mwa kutentha malasha. Pangano loyembekezeredwa kulamulira kwambiri kutulutsidwa kwa carbon dioxide linaluluzidwa pa Msonkhano wa Dziko Lapansi waposachedwapa kotero kuti zamveka kuti “linaputa mkwiyo” wa akatswiri openda mkhalidwe wa mphepo omwe analipo. Mmodzi wa iwo anakwiya kwambiri kotero kuti anati: “Sitingangopitiriza kuchita ntchito ngati kuti zonse ziri bwino. Ndiwo umboni wosatsutsika wakuti akaunti ya kubanki ya padziko lonse ya mpweya wosiyanasiyana yaleka kuchita balansi. Kanthu kena kayenera kuchitidwa apo phuluzi tidzakhala ndi othaŵa kwawo mamiliyoni ambiri posachedwapa.” Iye anali kunena za awo amene angathaŵe midzi yawo yokanthidwa ndi zigumula.

Nkhani ina yofulumira ndiyo yonena za zimene zimatchedwa zibowo zowonekera mumuyalo wa ozone umene umatetezera dziko lapansi ku mitsitsi yadzuŵa ya ultraviolet yochititsa kansa. Chochititsa chachikulu ndicho CFC (chlorofluorocarbons). Zimenezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mafiriji, makina oziziritsa ndi kutenthetsa zipinda, ndi madzi otsukira zinthu ndipo monga zinthu zovutirira popanga makushoni a pulasitiki. M’maiko ambiri zimenezi zikali kutulutsidwa mwa kuwaza mankhwala a pefyumu ndi ophera tizilombo. Pamene zifika m’chigawo cha thambo chotchedwa stratosphere, mitsitsi ya dzuŵa ya ultraviolet imazinyonyotsola, ndipo chlorine weniweni umawonjoka, umene atomu yake iriyonse ikhoza kuwononga mamolecule a ozone osachepera pa 100,000. Zibowo, zigawo zokhala ndi ozone wochepa kwambiri, zimatsala mumuyalo wa ozone, ponse paŵiri ku Antarctica ndi kumadera a Kumpoto, kutanthauza kuti mitsitsi yochuluka ya ultraviolet imafika padziko lapansi.

Mitsitsi imeneyi imapha phytoplankton ndi krill, zimene ziri mbali yoyamba ya mchitidwe wopereka chakudya m’nyanja. Masinthidwe amachitidwa m’mamolecule a DNA amene ali ndi pulani yamajini ya moyo. Dzinthu dzimayambukiridwa. Mitsitsiyo imachititsa ng’ala m’maso ndi kansa ya khungu mwa anthu. Pamene ofufuza a NASA anapeza chlorine monoxide wochuluka kwambiri kumadera a kumpoto kwa United States, Canada, Yuropu, and Russia, mmodzi wa ofufuzawo anati: “Aliyense ayenera kuchita mantha ndi zimenezi. Nzoipa koposa zimene tinaganiza.” Lester Brown, prezidenti wa Worldwatch Institute, anati: “Asayansi akuyerekezera kuti kuchepekera komawonjezereka kwa muyalo wa ozone kuchigawo cha dziko chakumpoto kudzachititsa imfa zowonjezereka 200 000 mu [United States] mokha za kansa ya khungu m’zaka 50 zotsatira. Padziko lonse, miyoyo mamiliyoni ambiri iri paupandu.”

Biodiversity, kusunga zomera ndi zinyama zochuluka monga momwe kungathekere m’malo awo achibadwa, irinso nkhaŵa ina yatsopano. Magazini a Discover anafalitsa nkhani yotengedwa m’bukhu laposachedwapa la Edward O. Wilson lakuti The Diversity of Life, m’mene anandandalika kusoloka kwa mitundu ya mbalame, nsomba, ndi ziwala zikwizikwi, kudzanso mitundu ya zamoyo zomwe kaŵirikaŵiri zimawonedwa kukhala zosafunika: “Zambiri za mitundu yosoloka ndizo bowa wa mycorrhiza, mitundu yodalira pa inzake imene imafulumiza kutsopedwa kwa chakudya ndi mizu ya zomera. Akatswiri a malo okhala anthu ndi zinyama kwanthaŵi yaitali akhala ofunitsitsa kudziŵa zimene zingachitike ku kudalirana kwa nthaka ndi zamoyo ngati bowa umenewu ungachotsedwe, ndipo tidzapeza zimenezo posachedwa.”

M’bukhu limenelo Wilson anafunsanso ndiyeno kuyankha funsoli lonena za kufunika kwa kupulumutsa mitundu ya zamoyo:

“Kodi pangakhale kusiyana kotani ngati mitundu ina ya zamoyo yawonongedwa, ngati ngakhale theka la mitundu yonse ya zamoyo pa Dziko Lapansi ingasoloke? Taimani ndiŵerengere zimenezo. Magwero atsopano a chidziŵitso cha sayansi angataike. Chuma chochuluka choyembekezeredwa chophatikizapo zamoyo chingawonongeke. Zitsamba za mankhwala zosatumbidwabe, dzinthu, mankhwala, matabwa, nkhosi, zopangira mapepala, therere lobwezeretsa dothi, zoloŵa m’malo mwa mafuta, ndi zinthu zina ndi zofunika zina sizingatulukiridwe konse. Anthu ena ali ndi chizoloŵezi cha kunyalanyaza tinthu tating’ono ndi tosadziŵika bwino, tizilombo ndi udzu, akumaiŵala kuti chifukufuku chosadziŵika bwino cha ku Latin America chinapulumutsa mabusa a ku Australia ku kuŵirira ndi nkhadze, kuti chitsamba cha periwinkle yofiirira chinapereka mankhwala ochiritsira nthenda ya Hodgkin ndi leukemia yochititsidwa ndi kuchulukitsitsa kwa malymphocyte paubwana, kuti khungwa la mtengo wa yew wa ku dera la Pacific likupereka chiyembekezo kwa akazi odwala kansa ya bere ndi ya chimake cha dzira lawo, kuti mankhwala a m’malobvu a msundu amasungunula mwazi woundana pochita opaleshoni, ndi zina zotero pandandanda imene yakhala kale yaitali ndi yowonekera bwino mosasamala kanthu za kufufuza kochepa kumene kwachitidwa pofuna kutulukira mankhwala.

“Chifukwa chosadziŵa kulinso kosavuta kunyalanyaza mautumiki amene kudalirana kwa zamoyo ndi malo ake okhala kumapereka kwa anthu. Kumachititsa nthaka kukhala yachonde ndi kupanga mpweya weniweniyo umene timapuma. Popanda zinthu zofunika zimenezi kukhalapo kwa banja laumunthu padziko lapansi kungakhale kovuta ndi kwakanthaŵi.”

Monga momwe mawu otsatira akunenera—ozoloŵereka mwa kubwerezedwabwerezedwa chifukwa chabe chakuti ali oyenerera kwambiri—zotchulidwazo zangokhala zapamwamba basi. Kodi ndiliti pamene kusakazidwa kwa dziko lapansi kudzatha? Ndipo kodi ndani amene adzakuthetsa? Nkhani yotsatira idzapereka mayankho.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 22]

Chipululu cha Sahara chachikulucho cha mu Afirika panthaŵi ina chinali nkhalango yobiriŵira

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 23]

‘Iwe, wolalikira kuti, “Sungani nkhalango zanu,” umadula zako kodi?’

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 23]

Carbon dioxide wochepa kwambiri—nyengo zozizira kwambiri Wochuluka koposa—miyulu ya chipale chofeŵa yomasungunuka

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

“Kodi pangakhale kusiyana kotani ngati mitundu ina ya zamoyo yasoloka?”

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

Popanda tizilombo tating’ono, kukhalapo kwa banja laumunthu padziko lapansi kungakhale kwakanthaŵi ndi kovuta

[Zithunzi patsamba 25]

Nkhalango yamvula ya Amazon, kukongola kwake konse pamene inali yosaipitsidwa

Nkhalango zambiri, pambuyo pa kusakazidwa ndi munthu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Abril Imagens/João Ramid

F4/R. Azoury/Sipa

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Mankhwala akupha otaidwa akuipitsa mpweya, madzi, ndi nthaka

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Feig/Sipa