Kodi Fuko Nchiyani?

FUKO! Kodi liwuli limakukumbutsani chiyani? Kwa ena limatanthauza kusankhana ndi kuponderezana. Kwa ena, limatanthauza chidani, ziwawa, ndipo ngakhale kuphana.

Kuyambira paziwawa za mafuko mu United States kufikira ku tsankho la fuko mu South Africa, kuyambira pankhondo pakati pa magulu a mafuko Kummawa kwa Ulaya mpaka pakulimbana m’malo osiyanasiyana monga Sri Lanka ndi Pakistan—fuko lakhala choyambitsa chachikulu cha kuvutika kwa anthu ndi kusakaza kosaneneka.

Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji zili choncho? Ngakhale m’maiko mmene anthu akuonekera kukhala ololera pafupifupi chilichonse, kodi nchifukwa ninji nkhani ya fuko ili yoopsa motero? Kodi nchiyani chimapangitsa fuko kukhala choyambitsa cha chipoloŵe chochuluka ndi kupanda chilungamo kwakukulu motero? Mwachidule, kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu a mafuko osiyanasiyana sangamvane?

Kuti tiyankhe mafunso ameneŵa, tifunikira kudziŵa zochuluka kuposa chabe chimene fuko lili ndi njira zimene mafuko amasiyanirana. Tiyeneranso kumvetsetsa mbali imene mbiri ikuchita m’maunansi amene ali pakati pa mafuko tsopano. Komabe, choyamba tiyeni tione zimene sayansi imanena pankhani imeneyi.

Vuto la Kusiyanitsa Anthu

Anthu okhala m’malo osiyanasiyana a dziko ali ndi mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yathupi. Imeneyi imaphatikizapo maonekedwe a khungu, mpangidwe wa nkhope, mtundu wa tsitsi, ndi zina zotero. Kusiyanasiyana kwathupi koteroko kumasiyanitsa mafuko.

Chotero, anthu mofala amalankhula za anthu oyera ndi akuda, chifukwa cha maonekedwe a khungu. Koma anthu amalankhulanso za Ahispanic, Aasia, Ascandinavia, Ayuda, ndi Arussia. Maina ameneŵa samanena kwenikweni za mikhalidwe yathupi koma kusiyanasiyana kwa malo, mtundu, kapena miyambo. Chotero kwa anthu ambiri, fuko limadziŵidwa osati kokha ndi mikhalidwe yathupi komanso ndi miyambo, chinenero, makhalidwe, chipembedzo, ndi dziko lawo.

Komabe, mokondweretsa, alembi ena pankhaniyi amazengereza kotheratu kugwiritsira ntchito liwu lakuti “fuko”; nthaŵi zonse pamene liwulo lionekera amaliika m’zizindikiro. Ena samaligwiritsira ntchito konse ndipo m’malomwake amagwiritsira ntchito mawu onga “magulu a anthu,” “magulu,” “anthu,” ndi “anthu osiyanasiyana.” Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti liwu lakuti “fuko,” monga momwe limadziŵikira mofala, lili ndi matanthauzo ochuluka audani kwakuti kuligwiritsira ntchito, popanda kulimveketsa bwino, kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphimba mfundo yokambitsiridwayo.

Kwa akatswiri a thupi la munthu ndi a mitundu ya anthu, fuko kaŵirikaŵiri limanenedwa kungokhala “mtundu wina wa anthu okhala ndi mikhalidwe yathupi yousiyanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya anthu.” Komabe, funso nlakuti, Kodi ndimikhalidwe iti imene ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusiyanitsa magulu osiyanasiyana a mitundu ya anthu?

Zinthu zonga ngati maonekedwe a khungu, maonekedwe a tsitsi ndi mtundu wake, mpangidwe wa maso ndi mphuno, ukulu wa ubongo, ndi mtundu wa mwazi zonsezo zalingaliridwa, koma palibe ndi chimodzi chomwe chimene chatsimikiziridwa kukhala chokhutiritsa monga chosiyanitsira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu. Zimenezi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti palibe gulu limodzi limene anthu ake onse ali ofanana m’zinthu zimenezo.

Talingalirani za maonekedwe a khungu. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu angasiyanitsidwe mosavuta m’mafuko asanu mwa maonekedwe a khungu: oyera, akuda, ofiirira, achikasu, ndi ofiira. Fuko lachiyera limalingaliridwa kukhala la khungu loyera, tsitsi lotuŵa, ndi maso a bluu. Komabe, kwenikweni, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu m’maonekedwe a tsitsi, maso, ndi khungu pakati pa otchedwa fuko lachiyera. Buku lakuti The Human Species limasimba kuti: “Sikokha kuti mu Ulaya lerolino mulibenso mitundu ya anthu amene ziŵalo zake zambiri nzofanana; simunakhalepo mitundu yotero ndi kalelonse.”

Ndithudi, kusiyanitsa mafuko a anthu nkovuta, monga momwe buku lakuti The Kinds of Mankind limanenera kuti: “Zokha zimene tikuonekera kukhala okhoza kunena ndi izi: ngakhale kuti sianthu onse amene amaoneka ofanana, ndipo ngakhale kuti tikhoza kuona bwino lomwe njira zambiri zimene anthu amaonekera osiyana, asayansi samavomerezanabe pa chiŵerengero cha mitundu ya anthu imene ilipo. Iwo sanakhoze ngakhale kusankha njira imene angagwiritsire ntchito kudziŵikitsa munthu kukhala wa fuko lakutilakuti. Asayansi ena akukhumba kuleka kufufuzako ndi kunena kuti ntchitoyo njovuta kwambiri—njosatheka!”

Zonsezi zingaoneke kukhala zodabwitsa. Ngakhale kuti zikuoneka kukhala zosavuta kwa asayansi kusiyanitsa zinyama ndi zomera m’magulu, mitundu, ndi mitundu yaing’ono, kodi nchifukwa ninji iwo alephera kulekanitsa anthu m’mafuko?

“Nthanthi Yaupandu Koposa ya Munthu”

Malinga nkunena kwa katswiri wa mitundu ya anthu Ashley Montagu, anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti “mikhalidwe yathupi ndi maganizo njogwirizana, kuti kusiyana kwathupi nkogwirizana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maluso a maganizo, ndi kuti kusiyana kumeneku kumayezedwa ndi IQ [mlingo wa luntha] ndipo ndi zipambano za anthu ameneŵa.”

Chotero, ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa chakuti mafuko amakhala ndi mikhalidwe yathupi yosiyanasiyana, mafuko ena ngapamwamba m’luntha ndipo ena ngotsika. Komabe, Montagu akutcha kulingalira koteroko kukhala “nthanthi yaupandu koposa ya munthu.” Akatswiri ena akuvomereza zimenezo.

Morton Klass ndi Hal Hellman akufotokoza m’buku la The Kinds of Mankind kuti: “Anthu amasiyanadi; m’mitundu yonse ya anthu muli anzeru kwambiri ndi zitserekwete. Koma, pambuyo pa kufufuza konseko, akatswiri odalirika sanaone umboni uliwonse umene angavomereze wa kusiyanasiyana kwa majini pakati pa mitundu ya anthu ponena za luntha kapena maluso.”

Komabe, kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu ambiri amakhulupirirabe kuti kusiyana koonekera kunja kumatanthauza kuti mafuko ali kwenikweni osiyana? Kodi ndimotani kwenikweni, mmene fuko linadzakhalira nkhani yaikulu chotero? Tidzalingalira zimenezi m’nkhani yathu yotsatira.